Effect of Ionicity of Three Protic Ionic Liquids as Neat Lubricants and Lubricant Additives to a Biolubricant
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of PILs
2.3. Ionicity, Thermal Stability, and Viscosity of PILs
2.4. Friction and Wear Tests
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. NMR Spectra of PILs
3.2. Ionicity of PILs
3.3. Viscosity and Thermal Stability of PILs and Mixtures
3.4. Tribological Properties
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Density (g/mL at 15°C) | Kinematic Viscosity (mm2/s at 100 °C) | Kinematic Viscosity (mm2/s at 40 °C) | Viscosity Index | Flash Point (°C) | Pour Point (°C) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.91 | 9.91 | 49.90 | 190 | 312 | −45 |
0.92 | 9.87 | 49.22 | 192 | 290 | −45 |
Code | Structure | IUPAC name | |
---|---|---|---|
Cation | Anion | ||
Eet | 2-hydroxyethylammonium 2-ethylhexanoate | ||
Met | 2-hydroxymethylammonium 2-ethylhexanoate | ||
Det | 2-hydroxydimethylammonium 2-ethylhexanoate |
PILs | Ionic Conductivity (µS/cm) |
---|---|
Eet | 95 |
Met | 405 |
Det | 680 |
Lubricant | Dynamic Viscosity (cP) | ||
---|---|---|---|
25 °C | 40 °C | 100 °C | |
BO | 85.02 | 45.48 | 8.76 |
BOA | 86.44 | 45.86 | 8.89 |
1% Eet | 87.88 | 46.76 | 8.69 |
1% Met | 85.88 | 45.80 | 8.67 |
1% Det | 84.29 | 44.94 | 8.61 |
Eet | 8943.75 | 2405.56 | 59.4 |
Met | 926.86 | 301.58 | 14.72 |
Det | 61.74 | 27.74 | 3.71 |
Lubricant | Onset Temperature (°C) |
---|---|
BO | 364.8 |
BOA | 350.7 |
1 wt.% Eet | 343.5 |
1 wt.% Met | 353.8 |
1 wt.% Det | 350.5 |
2 wt.% Eet | 341.3 |
2 wt.% Met | 353.6 |
2 wt.% Det | 351.5 |
Eet | 177.5 |
Met | 174.8 |
Det | 141.4 |
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Guo, H.; Adukure, A.R.; Iglesias, P. Effect of Ionicity of Three Protic Ionic Liquids as Neat Lubricants and Lubricant Additives to a Biolubricant. Coatings 2019, 9, 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110713
Guo H, Adukure AR, Iglesias P. Effect of Ionicity of Three Protic Ionic Liquids as Neat Lubricants and Lubricant Additives to a Biolubricant. Coatings. 2019; 9(11):713. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110713
Chicago/Turabian StyleGuo, Hong, Angela Rina Adukure, and Patricia Iglesias. 2019. "Effect of Ionicity of Three Protic Ionic Liquids as Neat Lubricants and Lubricant Additives to a Biolubricant" Coatings 9, no. 11: 713. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings9110713