Factors Associated with a Lack of Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 in Poland: A 2021 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Population
2.3. Measures
2.4. Statistical Analysis
2.5. Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Population
3.2. Percentage of Respondents, Who Declared a Lack of Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 by Sociodemographic Factors
3.3. Factors Associated with the Intention to Not Pursue COVID-19 Vaccination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | n | % |
---|---|---|
Overall | 1131 | 100 |
Gender | ||
Female | 598 | 52.9 |
Male | 533 | 47.1 |
Age (years) | ||
18–29 | 197 | 17.4 |
30–44 | 328 | 29.0 |
45–59 | 250 | 22.1 |
60–74 | 281 | 24.8 |
75 and over | 76 | 6.7 |
Educational level | ||
Primary | 186 | 16.4 |
Vocational | 265 | 23.4 |
Secondary | 357 | 31.6 |
Higher | 323 | 28.6 |
Place of residence | ||
Rural | 459 | 40.6 |
City up to 99,000 residents | 396 | 35.0 |
City between 100,000–499,000 residents | 165 | 14.5 |
City above 500,000 residents | 112 | 9.9 |
Occupational Status | ||
Active | 620 | 54.8 |
Passive | 511 | 45.2 |
Having children under 18 years of age | ||
No | 752 | 66.5 |
Yes, one child | 187 | 16.5 |
Yes, two children | 144 | 12.7 |
Yes, three children or more | 48 | 4.3 |
Participation in religious practices | ||
Yes, at least once a week | 417 | 36.9 |
Yes, several times a year | 384 | 34.0 |
Not at all | 329 | 29.1 |
Willingness to vote for one of the right-wing political parties | ||
Yes | 40 | 3.5 |
No | 1091 | 96.5 |
Using the Internet | ||
Yes | 840 | 74.2 |
No | 291 | 25.8 |
Variable | n * | % (95%CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | |||
Female | 598 | 31.6 (28.0–35.4) | 0.217 |
Male | 533 | 28.2 (24.5–32.1) | |
Age (years) | |||
18–29 | 197 | 45.9 (38.8–52.7) | <0.001 |
30–44 | 328 | 35.6 (30.6–41.0) | |
45–59 | 250 | 26.4 (21.2–32.1) | |
60–74 | 281 | 14.8 (11.1–19.5) | |
75 and over | 76 | 31.9 (22.0–42.6) | |
Educational level | |||
Primary | 186 | 33.5 (26.9–40.3) | <0.01 |
Vocational | 265 | 31.1 (25.6–36.7) | |
Secondary | 357 | 34.6 (29.9–39.8) | |
Higher | 323 | 21.9 (17.7–26.7) | |
Place of residence | |||
Rural | 459 | 36.1 (31.9–40.6) | <0.001 |
City up to 99,000 residents | 396 | 31.4 (26.9–36) | |
City between 100,000–499,000 residents | 165 | 20.5 (15.0–27.3) | |
City above 500,000 residents | 112 | 13.5 (8.0–20.6) | |
Occupational Status | |||
Active | 620 | 33.6 (29.9–37.3) | <0.01 |
Passive | 511 | 25.6 (22.0–29.6) | |
Having children under 18 years of age | |||
No | 752 | 26.3 (23.3–29.6) | <0.001 |
Yes, one child | 187 | 31.9 (25.7–39.0) | |
Yes, two children | 144 | 39.6 (31.9–47.7) | |
Yes, three children or more | 48 | 51 (38.2–65.7) | |
Participation in religious practices | |||
Yes, at least once a week | 417 | 25.2 (21.2–29.5) | <0.05 |
Yes, several times a year | 384 | 34.1 (29.5–39.0) | |
Not at all | 329 | 31.2 (26.5–36.5) | |
Willingness to vote for one of the right-wing political parties | |||
Yes | 40 | 72.3 (57.5–84.4) | <0.001 |
No | 1091 | 28.4 (25.8–31.1) | |
Using the Internet | |||
Yes | 840 | 33.1 (30.0–36.3) | <0.001 |
No | 291 | 21.0 (16.6–25.9) |
Variable | n | p-Value | OR | 95%CI OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Gender | |||||
Female | 598 | <0.001 | 1.68 | 1.25 | 2.27 |
Male | 533 | Ref. * | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Age (years) | |||||
18–29 | 197 | 0.518 | 1.27 | 0.61 | 2.63 |
30–44 | 328 | 0.459 | 0.75 | 0.36 | 1.60 |
45–59 | 250 | 0.081 | 0.53 | 0.26 | 1.08 |
60–74 | 281 | <0.001 | 0.30 | 0.16 | 0.58 |
75 and over | 76 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Educational level | |||||
Primary | 186 | <0.001 | 3.12 | 1.84 | 5.27 |
Vocational | 265 | <0.001 | 3.10 | 1.96 | 4.89 |
Secondary | 357 | <0.001 | 2.17 | 1.48 | 3.18 |
Higher | 323 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Place of residence | |||||
Rural | 459 | <0.001 | 3.20 | 1.71 | 6.01 |
City up to 99,000 residents | 396 | <0.001 | 2.93 | 1.56 | 5.50 |
City between 100,000–499,000 residents | 165 | 0.46 | 1.31 | 0.65 | 2.65 |
City above 500,000 residents | 112 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Occupational Status | |||||
Active | 620 | 0.20 | 1.27 | 0.88 | 1.82 |
Passive | 511 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Having children under 18 years of age | |||||
No | 752 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes, one child | 187 | 0.58 | 0.89 | 0.59 | 1.34 |
Yes, two children | 144 | 0.23 | 1.33 | 0.84 | 2.10 |
Yes, three children or more | 48 | <0.01 | 2.54 | 1.30 | 4.95 |
Participation in religious practices | |||||
Yes, at least once a week | 417 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Yes, several times a year | 384 | 0.05 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 1.97 |
Not at all | 329 | <0.05 | 1.50 | 1.04 | 2.16 |
Willingness to vote for one of the right-wing political parties | |||||
Yes | 40 | <0.001 | 8.01 | 3.65 | 17.60 |
No | 1091 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
Using the Internet | |||||
Yes | 840 | <0.05 | 1.76 | 1.13 | 2.75 |
No | 291 | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. | Ref. |
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Share and Cite
Raciborski, F.; Samel-Kowalik, P.; Gujski, M.; Pinkas, J.; Arcimowicz, M.; Jankowski, M. Factors Associated with a Lack of Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 in Poland: A 2021 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091000
Raciborski F, Samel-Kowalik P, Gujski M, Pinkas J, Arcimowicz M, Jankowski M. Factors Associated with a Lack of Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 in Poland: A 2021 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey. Vaccines. 2021; 9(9):1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091000
Chicago/Turabian StyleRaciborski, Filip, Piotr Samel-Kowalik, Mariusz Gujski, Jarosław Pinkas, Magdalena Arcimowicz, and Mateusz Jankowski. 2021. "Factors Associated with a Lack of Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 in Poland: A 2021 Nationwide Cross-Sectional Survey" Vaccines 9, no. 9: 1000. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091000