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Applied Sciences
Volume 16
Issue 19
10.3390/app16199952
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Assessment of Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure in Urban Stray Cats Through Hair Sample Analysis

by
Slawomir Gonkowski
1,*,
Manolis Tzatzarakis
2,
Nariste Kadyralieva
3,
Elena Vakonaki
2,
Thomas Lamprakis
2 and
Krystyna Makowska
4,*
1
Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13, 10-957 Olsztyn, Poland
2
Laboratory of Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Crete, Greece
3
Department of Histology and Embryology, Veterinary Faculty, Kyrgyz-Turkish Manas University, Bishkek 720042, Kyrgyzstan
4
Department of Clinical Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Oczapowskiego 14, 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2026, 16(19), 9952; https://doi.org/10.3390/app16199952 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 September 2026 / Revised: 2 October 2026 / Accepted: 6 October 2026 / Published: 8 October 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analysis and Monitoring of Emerging Contaminants and Pollutants)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an important environmental contaminant with documented adverse effects on both human and animal health. The present study provides the first assessment of BPA concentrations in the hair of stray cats inhabiting a highly urbanized and industrialized environment. Utilizing liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) with a validated analytical method, BPA concentrations were quantified in stray female cats (n = 100) living in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan. BPA was detected in 100% of the analyzed samples. Concentrations ranged from 56.2 pg/mg to 1768 pg/mg, with a mean (±SD) of 281.6 ± 252.5 pg/mg and a median of 211.7 pg/mg. Furthermore, a weak age-related association in BPA accumulation in hair was identified. These findings indicate that stray cats are exposed to substantial levels of BPA, likely reflecting a high environmental burden of this substance in urban areas of Bishkek, and warrant further investigation of shared exposure pathways between stray cats and city residents. The limitations of the study include the absence of environmental measurements, approximate age assessment, and the inclusion of only female cats. Nevertheless, the results suggest that stray cats may serve as bioindicators and sentinel species for monitoring BPA contamination in the environment.
Keywords: endocrine disrupting chemical; environmental pollution; bisphenol A; toxicology; Bishkek endocrine disrupting chemical; environmental pollution; bisphenol A; toxicology; Bishkek

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gonkowski, S.; Tzatzarakis, M.; Kadyralieva, N.; Vakonaki, E.; Lamprakis, T.; Makowska, K. Assessment of Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure in Urban Stray Cats Through Hair Sample Analysis. Appl. Sci. 2026, 16, 9952. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16199952

AMA Style

Gonkowski S, Tzatzarakis M, Kadyralieva N, Vakonaki E, Lamprakis T, Makowska K. Assessment of Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure in Urban Stray Cats Through Hair Sample Analysis. Applied Sciences. 2026; 16(19):9952. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16199952

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gonkowski, Slawomir, Manolis Tzatzarakis, Nariste Kadyralieva, Elena Vakonaki, Thomas Lamprakis, and Krystyna Makowska. 2026. "Assessment of Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure in Urban Stray Cats Through Hair Sample Analysis" Applied Sciences 16, no. 19: 9952. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16199952

APA Style

Gonkowski, S., Tzatzarakis, M., Kadyralieva, N., Vakonaki, E., Lamprakis, T., & Makowska, K. (2026). Assessment of Bisphenol A (BPA) Exposure in Urban Stray Cats Through Hair Sample Analysis. Applied Sciences, 16(19), 9952. https://doi.org/10.3390/app16199952

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