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Volume 14
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10.3390/app14166969
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Article

Measurement of Water Drop Sizes Generated by a Dripping Rainfall Simulator with Drippers in the Form of Hypodermic Needles

by
Vukašin Rončević
1,*,
Nikola Živanović
2,
John H. van Boxel
3,
Thomas Iserloh
4,
Nevena Antić
1,
Carla Sofia Santos Ferreira
5,6 and
Marko Spasić
7
1
Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
2
Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
3
Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
4
Department of Physical Geography, Trier University, Universitätsring 15, 54296 Trier, Germany
5
Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Applied Research Institute, Rua da Misericórdia, Lagar dos Cortiços-S. Martinho do Bispo, 3045-093 Coimbra, Portugal
6
Research Centre of Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
7
Department of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 16500 Praha, Czech Republic
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Appl. Sci. 2024, 14(16), 6969; https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166969
Submission received: 23 June 2024 / Revised: 26 July 2024 / Accepted: 5 August 2024 / Published: 8 August 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in Environmental Engineering: Methods and Applications)
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Abstract

Dripping rainfall simulators (DRS) for soil research generate water drops with different types of drippers, but metal tubes are most commonly used, often in the form of hypodermic needles. However, scientific papers using dripping rainfall simulators are often incomplete in terms of data on hypodermic needle characteristics, as well as data on drops produced by hypodermic needles under different water pressures. This study determines which drop sizes and dripping speeds are generated by various hypodermic needles at different water pressures. For the purpose of this study, a dripping rainfall simulator was designed and constructed for laboratory use. Water drops were generated with 11 different needles, ranging in size from 16 G to 32 G (tube gauge number), at different water pressures. Measured water drop sizes ranged from 1.42 to 3.69 mm at a dripping speed between 10 and 360 drops per minute and water head from 14 to over 1970 mm. Measured drop sizes, supplemented with data from previous studies, provided information on the relation between drop sizes and the size of the hypodermic needles. Van Boxel’s numerical model provided estimations of the fall velocity for different drop diameters and their kinetic energy for falling heights up to 11.5 m. The results of this research can be used to design dripping rainfall simulators for soil research.
Keywords: soil research; rainfall simulator with drippers; water drop diameter; dripping speed; water drop kinetic energy soil research; rainfall simulator with drippers; water drop diameter; dripping speed; water drop kinetic energy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Rončević, V.; Živanović, N.; Boxel, J.H.v.; Iserloh, T.; Antić, N.; Ferreira, C.S.S.; Spasić, M. Measurement of Water Drop Sizes Generated by a Dripping Rainfall Simulator with Drippers in the Form of Hypodermic Needles. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 6969. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166969

AMA Style

Rončević V, Živanović N, Boxel JHv, Iserloh T, Antić N, Ferreira CSS, Spasić M. Measurement of Water Drop Sizes Generated by a Dripping Rainfall Simulator with Drippers in the Form of Hypodermic Needles. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):6969. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166969

Chicago/Turabian Style

Rončević, Vukašin, Nikola Živanović, John H. van Boxel, Thomas Iserloh, Nevena Antić, Carla Sofia Santos Ferreira, and Marko Spasić. 2024. "Measurement of Water Drop Sizes Generated by a Dripping Rainfall Simulator with Drippers in the Form of Hypodermic Needles" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 6969. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166969

APA Style

Rončević, V., Živanović, N., Boxel, J. H. v., Iserloh, T., Antić, N., Ferreira, C. S. S., & Spasić, M. (2024). Measurement of Water Drop Sizes Generated by a Dripping Rainfall Simulator with Drippers in the Form of Hypodermic Needles. Applied Sciences, 14(16), 6969. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166969

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