Durability and Abrasion Resistance of Innovative Recycled Pervious Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate of Different Quality under Sulfate Attack
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Materials
2.2. Preparation Process of IRPC
2.3. Testing Procedures
2.3.1. Coarse Aggregate Property
2.3.2. Permeability
2.3.3. Compressive Strength
2.3.4. Abrasion Resistance
2.3.5. Sulfate Wetting-Drying Test
2.3.6. SEM Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Compressive Strength
3.2. Permeability
3.3. Mass Loss
3.4. Abrasion Resistance
3.4.1. Surface Layer
3.4.2. Internal Layer
3.5. SEM Analysis
4. Conclusions
- IRPC can not only reach a higher compressive strength but also meet a higher permeability coefficient at the same time, even at a 100% replacement rate. After 60 sulfate wetting-drying cycles, the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of IRPC slightly decreased. With the increase of the replacement rate and the decrease of aggregate quality, their drops continued to increase. However, overall, the decline of compressive strength and permeability coefficient of IRPC was modest, representing the sulfate resistance of IRPC was fine.
- The abrasion resistance of IRPC was mainly influenced by the RCA replacement rate. The abrasion loss of IRPC increased with the increase of the replacement rate. Yet, up to a 50% RCA replacement rate could be adopted without significantly affecting the abrasion resistance of IRPC. However, when the RCA quality grade was high (attached mortar content < 25%), this threshold replacement rate can be increased to 100%.
- The influence of sulfate attack on the compressive strength and abrasion resistance of IRPC could be divided into two stages. The first stage was the enhancement or slow declining stage. In this stage, the sulfate erosion products could fill the micro pores and cracks in the ITZ and the attached mortar. This filling effect could improve the compactness of IRPC; thus, improving its strength and abrasion resistance. The next stage was the declining stage. In this stage, the volume of sulfate erosion products gradually expanded and made the ITZ and matrix of IRPC loose and fragmented, resulting in a reduction in the strength and abrasion resistance of IRPC.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Zheng, Y.; Zhuo, J.; Zhang, P. A review on durability of nano-SiO2 and basalt fiber modified recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 304, 124659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chan, R.; Liu, X.; Galobardes, I. Parametric study of functionally graded concretes incorporating steel fibres and recycled aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 242, 118186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Revilla-Cuesta, V.; Skaf, M.; Santamaría, A.; Ortega-López, V.; Manso, J.M. Assessment of longitudinal and transversal plastic behavior of recycled aggregate self-compacting concrete: A two-way study. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 292, 123426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sahraei Moghadam, A.; Omidinasab, F.; Abdalikia, M. The effect of initial strength of concrete wastes on the fresh and hardened properties of recycled concrete reinforced with recycled steel fibers. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 300, 124284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Silva, R.V.; de Brito, J.; Dhir, R.K. Establishing a relationship between modulus of elasticity and compressive strength of recycled aggregate concrete. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 2171–2186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, P.; Hua, M.; Liu, H.; Wang, X.; Chen, C. Interfacial evaluation of geopolymer mortar prepared with recycled geopolymer fine aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2020, 259, 119849. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rockson, C.; Tamanna, K.; Shahria Alam, M.; Rteil, A. Effect of rebar embedment length on the bond behavior of commercially produced recycled concrete using beam-end specimens. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 286, 122957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lo, F.-C.; Lee, M.-G.; Lo, S.-L. Effect of coal ash and rice husk ash partial replacement in ordinary Portland cement on pervious concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 286, 122947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elizondo-Martínez, E.-J.; Andrés-Valeri, V.-C.; Jato-Espino, D.; Rodriguez-Hernandez, J. Review of porous concrete as multifunctional and sustainable pavement. J. Build. Eng. 2020, 27, 100967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shabalala, A.N.; Ekolu, S.O.; Diop, S.; Solomon, F. Pervious concrete reactive barrier for removal of heavy metals from acid mine drainage—Column study. J. Hazard. Mater. 2017, 323, 641–653. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bhutta, M.A.R.; Tsuruta, K.; Mirza, J. Evaluation of high-performance porous concrete properties. Constr. Build. Mater. 2012, 31, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vázquez-Rivera, N.I.; Soto-Pérez, L.; St John, J.N.; Molina-Bas, O.I.; Hwang, S.S. Optimization of pervious concrete containing fly ash and iron oxide nanoparticles and its application for phosphorus removal. Constr. Build. Mater. 2015, 93, 22–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Feng, J.; Zong, N.; Zhu, P.; Liu, H.; Yao, L.; Geng, J. The Frost-resisting Durability of High Strength Self-Compacting Pervious Concrete in Deicing Salt Environment. J. Wuhan Univ. Technol. Sci. Ed. 2020, 35, 167–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, P.; Hao, Y.; Liu, H.; Wang, X.; Gu, L. Durability evaluation of recycled aggregate concrete in a complex environment. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 273, 122569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saberian, M.; Li, J. Investigation of the mechanical properties and carbonation of construction and demolition materials together with rubber. J. Clean. Prod. 2018, 202, 553–560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kazmi, S.M.S.; Munir, M.J.; Wu, Y.-F.; Patnaikuni, I.; Zhou, Y.; Xing, F. Effect of different aggregate treatment techniques on the freeze-thaw and sulfate resistance of recycled aggregate concrete. Cold Reg. Sci. Technol. 2020, 178, 103126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vieira, G.L.; Schiavon, J.Z.; Borges, P.M.; da Silva, S.R.; de Oliveira Andrade, J.J. Influence of recycled aggregate replacement and fly ash content in performance of pervious concrete mixtures. J. Clean. Prod. 2020, 271, 122665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonçalves, T.; Silva, R.V.; de Brito, J.; Fernández, J.M.; Esquinas, A.R. Mechanical and durability performance of mortars with fine recycled concrete aggregates and reactive magnesium oxide as partial cement replacement. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2020, 105, 103420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, Q.; Wang, L.; Lu, Q. Influence of recycled coarse aggregate replacement percentage on fatigue performance of recycled aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 169, 347–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, P.; Hao, Y.; Liu, H.; Wei, D.; Liu, S.; Gu, L. Durability evaluation of three generations of 100% repeatedly recycled coarse aggregate concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 210, 442–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.-Y.; Xing, Y.-Y.; Wang, Q.-W.; Zhang, N.; Deng, W.; Gao, E.-Q. Two new CuI compounds with zwitterionic tetrazolate ligand: In situ synthesis, crystal structures, luminescence and photocatalytic properties. J. Solid State Chem. 2015, 232, 19–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, J.-X.; Yan, X.; He, P.; Poon, C.S. Sustainable design of pervious concrete using waste glass and recycled concrete aggregate. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 234, 1102–1112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- El-Hassan, H.; Kianmehr, P.; Zouaoui, S. Properties of pervious concrete incorporating recycled concrete aggregates and slag. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 212, 164–175. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, H.; Gong, W.; Yu, H.; Sun, W. Durability of concrete subjected to dry-wet cycles in various types of salt lake brines. Constr. Build. Mater. 2018, 193, 286–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bagheri, A.; Ajam, A.; Zanganeh, H. Investigation of chloride ingress into concrete under very early age exposure conditions. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 225, 801–811. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xie, F.; Li, J.; Zhao, G.; Wang, C.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, P. Experimental investigations on the durability and degradation mechanism of cast-in-situ recycled aggregate concrete under chemical sulfate attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 297, 123771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarkar, S.; Mahadevan, S.; Meeussen, J.C.L.; van der Sloot, H.; Kosson, D.S. Numerical simulation of cementitious materials degradation under external sulfate attack. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2010, 32, 241–252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tam, V.W.Y.; Gao, X.F.; Tam, C.M. Microstructural analysis of recycled aggregate concrete produced from two-stage mixing approach. Cem. Concr. Res. 2005, 35, 1195–1203. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- ASTM C33/C33M-18. Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates; ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- GB/T 25177-2010. Recycled Coarse Aggregate for Concrete. Beijing, China. 2010. Available online: http://codeofchina.com/standard/GBT25177-2010.html (accessed on 1 September 2021).
- CJJ/T 135-2009. Technical Specification for Pervious Cement Conerete Pavement. Beijing, China. 2009. Available online: https://www.chinesestandard.net/PDF/English.aspx/CJJT135-2009 (accessed on 1 September 2021).
- ASTM C109/C109M-20a. Standard Test. Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens); ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- JC/T 421-2004. Method of Wear Abrasion for Harden Mortar. Beijing, China. 2004. Available online: https://www.chinesestandard.net/PDF/English.aspx/JCT421-2004 (accessed on 1 September 2021).
- GB/T 50082-2009. Standard for Test. Methods of Long-Term Performance and Durability of Ordinary Concrete. Beijing, China. 2009. Available online: https://www.standardsofchina.com/standard/GBT50082-2009 (accessed on 1 September 2021).
- Yu, X.; Chen, D.; Feng, J.; Zhang, Y.; Liao, Y. Behavior of mortar exposed to different exposure conditions of sulfate attack. Ocean Eng. 2018, 157, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rozière, E.; Loukili, A.; El Hachem, R.; Grondin, F. Durability of concrete exposed to leaching and external sulphate attacks. Cem. Concr. Res. 2009, 39, 1188–1198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Liu, K.; Deng, M.; Mo, L. Influence of pH on the formation of gypsum in cement materials during sulfate attack. Adv. Cem. Res. 2015, 27, 487–493. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Colman, C.; Bulteel, D.; Thiery, V.; Rémond, S.; Michel, F.; Courard, L. Internal sulfate attack in mortars containing contaminated fine recycled concrete aggregates. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 272, 121851. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mata, L.A.; Leming, M.L. Vertical Distribution of Sediments in Pervious Concrete Pavement Systems. ACI Mater. J. 2012, 109, 149–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tang, Z.; Li, W.; Ke, G.; Zhou, J.L.; Tam, V.W.Y. Sulfate attack resistance of sustainable concrete incorporating various industrial solid wastes. J. Clean. Prod. 2019, 218, 810–822. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Z.; Jin, X.; Luo, W. Long-term behaviors of concrete under low-concentration sulfate attack subjected to natural variation of environmental climate conditions. Cem. Concr. Res. 2019, 116, 217–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wei, Y.; Chai, J.; Qin, Y.; Li, Y.; Xu, Z.; Li, Y.; Ma, Y. Effect of fly ash on mechanical properties and microstructure of cellulose fiber-reinforced concrete under sulfate dry–wet cycle attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 302, 124207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hisseine, O.A.; Wilson, W.; Sorelli, L.; Tolnai, B.; Tagnit-Hamou, A. Nanocellulose for improved concrete performance: A macro-to-micro investigation for disclosing the effects of cellulose filaments on strength of cement systems. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 206, 84–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onuaguluchi, O.; Banthia, N. Long-term sulfate resistance of cementitious composites containing fine crumb rubber. Cem. Concr. Compos. 2019, 104, 103354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Çakır, Ö. Experimental analysis of properties of recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) concrete with mineral additives. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 68, 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhao, G.; Guo, M.; Cui, J.; Li, J.; Xu, L. Partially-exposed cast-in-situ concrete degradation induced by internal-external sulfate and magnesium multiple coupled attack. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 294, 123560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Yang, X.; Lou, P.; Wang, R.; Li, Y.; Si, Z. Sulfate attack resistance of recycled aggregate concrete with NaOH-solution-treated crumb rubber. Constr. Build. Mater. 2021, 287, 123044. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dilbas, H.; Şimşek, M.; Çakır, Ö. An investigation on mechanical and physical properties of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) with and without silica fume. Constr. Build. Mater. 2014, 61, 50–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | MgO | K2O | TiO2 | MnO | LOI a | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | 61.03 | 20.41 | 7.42 | 3.74 | 2.06 | 1.26 | 0.75 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 1.39 |
FA | 3.72 | 51.50 | 29.33 | 3.77 | 1.69 | 1.16 | 1.70 | 0.98 | 1.16 | 1.18 |
SF | 0.28 | 87.04 | 1.13 | 0.98 | 0.85 | 0.87 | - | - | 0.13 | 0.86 |
Aggregate Types | Apparent Density (kg/m3) | Water Absorption at 24 h (%) | Crushing Index (%) | Attached Mortar Content (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
NA | 2703 | 1.8 | 5.3 | - |
RCA1 | 2621 | 3.1 | 12.4 | 24.2 |
RCA2 | 2543 | 6.6 | 16.1 | 41.6 |
Concrete Types | NA | RCA | Sand | Cement | FA | SF | SP | Water | Additional Water |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
INPC | 1102 | 0 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 0 |
IRPC1-25 | 827 | 267 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 3.5 |
IRPC1-50 | 551 | 535 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 7.0 |
IRPC1-75 | 276 | 802 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 10.4 |
IRPC1-100 | 0 | 1069 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 13.9 |
IRPC2-25 | 827 | 259 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 12.5 |
IRPC2-50 | 551 | 519 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 24.9 |
IRPC2-75 | 276 | 778 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 37.4 |
IRPC2-100 | 0 | 1037 | 962 | 428 | 53 | 53 | 5.3 | 248 | 49.8 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hua, M.; Chen, B.; Liu, Y.; Liu, H.; Zhu, P.; Chen, C.; Wang, X. Durability and Abrasion Resistance of Innovative Recycled Pervious Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate of Different Quality under Sulfate Attack. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 9647. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11209647
Hua M, Chen B, Liu Y, Liu H, Zhu P, Chen C, Wang X. Durability and Abrasion Resistance of Innovative Recycled Pervious Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate of Different Quality under Sulfate Attack. Applied Sciences. 2021; 11(20):9647. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11209647
Chicago/Turabian StyleHua, Minqi, Bo Chen, Yun Liu, Hui Liu, Pinghua Zhu, Chunhong Chen, and Xinjie Wang. 2021. "Durability and Abrasion Resistance of Innovative Recycled Pervious Concrete with Recycled Coarse Aggregate of Different Quality under Sulfate Attack" Applied Sciences 11, no. 20: 9647. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11209647