The expansion induced by sulfate attack on cement-treated aggregates (SACA) is a well-known problem that can be solved. It causes obvious heaves in road bases and railway subgrades. In this paper, the effects of the sodium sulfate content, cement con...
Sulfate attack is one of the crucial causes for the structural performance degradation of reinforced concrete infrastructures. Herein, a comprehensive multiphase mesoscopic numerical model is proposed to systematically study the chemical reaction-dif...
Shotcrete is the primary material for tunnel support due to its early rapid hardening characteristics. During tunnel construction in a sulfate environment, the hardening law of concrete will be affected. In this study, samples were prepared at six di...
For concrete structures in marine or groundwater environments, sulfate attack is a major factor contributing to the degradation of concrete performance. This paper analyzes the existing literature on the chemical reactions and physical crystallizatio...
In order to study the durability of concrete materials subjected to sulfate attack, in a sulfate attack environment, a series of concrete tests considering different fly ash contents and erosion times were conducted. The mechanical properties and the...
Sulfate attack tests were performed on concrete samples with three water-to-cement ratios, and micro-crack growth patterns on concrete surfaces were recorded. The expansive stress and crack nucleation caused by delayed ettringite formation (DEF) were...
Dry–wet cycle conditions have significant effects on the corrosion of concrete under sulfate attack. However, previous studies have only applied them as a method for accelerating sulfate attack and not systematically studied them as an object....
The service life of concretes exposed to sulfate decreases as the concrete body expands due to the formation of gypsum and ettringite. Bacteria-based repair coating layers, which have been studied lately, are aerobic and very effective on the sulfate...
External sulfate attack is an important factor causing a decrease in the mechanical properties of cement-based materials. In this paper, a computational prediction model of elastic modulus, considering the characteristics of sulfate corrosion from ou...
The durability of zero-cement concrete or alkali-activated materials (AAMs) is a subject of controversy, especially when exposed to sulfate attacks. This can be due to the different elemental and microstructural compositions of the broad alkali-activ...
The durability of C3S-C3A paste with varied C3A content (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%) against sulfate attack at various attack ages (3 d, 7 d, 28 d, and 180 d) was investigated in this study through the examinations of corrosion product composition, Ca/Si a...
This paper comprehensively summarizes moisture transport, ion transport, and mechanical damage models applied to concrete under sulfate attack and drying–wetting cycles. It highlights the essential aspects and principles of each model, emphasiz...
The mechanism of sulfate attack on alkali-activated materials, particularly the alkali-activated self-consolidating concrete (AASCC), is complex and contradictory. This could be due to the wide range of precursor and activator materials used in the p...
Damage to concrete structures with gypsum-contaminated aggregate occurs frequently. Aggregates in much of the southern part of China are contaminated with gypsum. Therefore, in this study, the effects of using different quantities of gypsum-contamina...
Recycling coal gangue as aggregate to produce concrete in situ is the most effective way to solve the problem of deposited coal gangue in mines. Nevertheless, the mine environment underground is rich in sulfate ions, posing a threat to the durability...
Sulfate attack is one of the non-negligible factors that induces deterioration in the performance and life cycle of soil stabilizers. In this paper, the degradation mechanism of the durability of slag–fly-ash-based geopolymer stabilized soft so...
Early degradation of cast-in-situ concrete induced by multiple internal–external sulfate combined attacks significantly affects the development of concrete strength. An experimental study regarding the effects of Ca2+ on the early degradation o...
Concrete structures face significant challenges in sulfate-rich environments, where sulfate attack can affect their durability and structural integrity. This study explores innovative approaches to enhancing concrete performance by integrating hydrop...
External sulfate attack (ESA) of cementitious materials has been studied worldwide for a very long time. This physical/chemical interaction between sulfate ions and the cement hardened elements affects the long-term durability of concrete structures:...
In order to study the deterioration and mechanism of dry–wet cycles and sulfate attack on the performance of concrete in seaside and saline areas, the deterioration of compressive strength of concrete with different water cement ratios under di...
Nano-silica (NS) is an effective material to improve the strength and durability of high-performance concrete (HPC), but little information is available regarding its role in HPC response to long-term sulfate attack. In this study, six different dosa...
Lithium mica slag is a byproduct acquired via the sulfate method of lithium extraction, and it contains a certain quantity of soluble sulfates. The improper storage of lithium mica slag not only takes up a large amount of land resources, but also pos...
Sulfate induced degradation of concrete brings great damage to concrete structures in saline or offshore areas. The degradation mechanism of cast-in-situ concrete still remains unclear. This paper investigates the degradation process and correspondin...
The concrete of numerous buildings and structures is at increased risk due to various kinds of aggressive pollutants. In this regard, it is necessary to implement and take additional actions, among which the so-called technological methods for concre...
Hydraulic fracturing may be induced easily in a cement-based structure in a sulfate-rich environment, which threatens engineering safety. In order to investigate the evolution of critical water pressure, a series of hydraulic fracturing tests and spl...
In salt lake areas, cast-in situ concrete structures are subjected to long-term corrosion by sulfate and magnesium ions. The properties of concrete can be improved by adding materials like basalt fiber (BF). To investigate the degradation process and...
Concrete will deteriorate and damage under sulfate attack.In order to study the degradation characteristics of HDC under sulfate attack, the mechanical properties of high-ductility concrete (HDC) were investigated using the uniaxial compressive stren...
This research provides a strategy for partially replacing cement with municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash (BA) to improve the performance of concrete against sulphate attack. Mortar strength tests were performed firstly to evaluate t...
In this paper, a 2D mesoscale finite element (FE) numerical model of mortar, considering the influence of the ITZ, was proposed to evaluate the corrosion of mortar in sodium sulfate. On the mesoscale, the corroded mortar was regarded as a three-phase...
Cementitious concrete structures serving in sulfate environments suffer from serious durability challenges caused by chemical sulfate attacks (CSA), which lead to the volume expansion, cracking, and spalling of concrete and the early failure of struc...
Among the most significant causes of concrete degradation is ESA (external sulfate attack). The majority of studies are currently conducted on samples that have been saturated and matured. Concrete structures, however, are exposed to the environment...
In this study, the effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on the sulfate attack resistance of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and slag-blended mortars were investigated. OPC and slag-blended mortars (OPC:Slag = 50:50) were made with water to...
This paper presents two original methods for monitoring and evaluating concrete specimens/structures affected by external sulfate attack (ESA). The first is a drying method developed to assess the penetration depth of sulfate ions in a concrete struc...
High-volume fly ash replacing cement helps to improve the fluidity, volume stability, durability, and economy of self-compacting concrete (SCC). Sulfate attack is the most common form of the durability damage of hydraulic concrete; in particular, the...
Sulfate attack is the most common form of the durability damage of hydraulic concrete, and the performance degradation of cracked structural components is more significant at the position of water level change. Fly ash, a widely utilized supplementar...
Placed in a sulfate-rich environment, concrete reacts with sulfate ions, influencing the long-term durability of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. This external sulfate attack (ESA) degrades the cement paste through complex and coupled physicochem...
This study aims to investigate the influence of exposure conditions on the behavior of mortar subjected to an external sulfate attack (ESA). Three different exposure conditions (full immersion, semi-immersion, and drying/wetting cycles) were tested o...
As one of the most harmful ions in the environment, sulfate could cause the deformation and material deterioration of concrete structures. Models that accurately describe the whole chemo–transport–mechanical process of an external sulfate...
Sulfate and chloride in the marine environment threaten the lifespan of concrete structures. Predicting the strength of concrete under different degrees of ion erosion is essential for marine structure design and maintenance. In this paper, a novel m...
In recent years, many studies have been performed on the crack repairing technique in concrete or the protection of the concrete surface against sulfate ions. Bacterial immobilization and survival rate are the dominant influencing factors for the rep...
Construction and demolition wastes (C&DWs) have raised a large number of ecological and environmental problems. Recycling C&DWs into arecycled concrete aggregate (RCA) will help save natural resources effectively and reduce the negative impac...
The high porosity of recycled coarse aggregate, which results in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) more vulnerable to freeze–thaw (FT) damage and chemical attack, is a dominant factor that limits the industrialization of recycled aggregate conc...
To investigate the mechanical properties and a compressive constitutive model of recycled concrete under sulfate attack considering the effects of multiple factors, two waste concrete strengths (i.e., C30 and C40), four replacement ratios of recycled...
The synergistic interaction between freeze–thaw cycles and sulfate attack induces a more severe and complex deterioration mechanism in concrete than either factor in isolation. This review elucidates this process by first examining the individual dam...
In this paper, firstly, the effects of graphene oxide on the mechanical properties of concrete were investigated. Secondly, the degradation and mechanism of the mechanical properties of graphene oxide concrete (GOC) under sulfate attack and a freeze&...
Sulfate attack is one of the main factors affecting the durability of concrete structures. In recent years, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have attracted the attention of scholars for their excellent mechanical properties and durability perfo...
Cement-stabilized macadam often shows salt expansion deformation under the action of a sulfate attack, and its pore structure determines its ability to accommodate this deformation. In this paper, the influence of the pore structure of cement-stabili...
This paper investigated the influence of dry–wet cycles and sulfate attack on the performance of magnesium potassium phosphate cement (MKPC) as well as the effect of waterglass on MKPC. X-ray diffraction (XRD), TG-DTG, and scanning electron mic...
In order to study the mechanical properties of rubber concrete (RC) with different rubber particle sizes after dry–wet cycles in a sulfate environment, apparent morphology analysis, mass loss analysis, relative dynamic elastic modulus analysis,...
Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) combustion is a clean technology for burning, with advantages of adapting to a large variety of fuel, high combustion efficiency, lower NOx emissions, and stable operation. The residue collected from the ash-hoppers of...
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