Evaluating the Framework of the Notion Entrepreneurial Intention and Resilience: A Prisma Approach

Abstract

This study reviews various academic discussions utilising distinct interpretations of entrepreneurship and resilience. The inadequacies of contemporary literature are explored and avenues for subsequent studies are offered in light of these discussions. Notable shifts in literature across themes, eras, and contexts have been documented. The body of literature has been steadily expanding over time, with a significant portion of research included in this SLR published from 2010 to 2024, which was not considered in earlier SLRs. A methodical, multidisciplinary evaluation of 44 publications divided into multiple academic dialogues was conducted to lay the groundwork for critical examination of each field of study. Resilience in the modern era encompasses not only the power to bounce back from stressful situations and adjust to a changed environment but also the dynamic process to improve learning capacity and foster personal development through continuous self-improvement, the acquisition of novel experiences and a forward-leaping framework. These findings contribute to the clarification and critical analysis of the current state of entrepreneurial resilience which will have several policies implications.

1. Introduction

Resilience is often acknowledged as a complex construct that poses significant challenges to scholars attempting to define it operationally (Luthar et al., 2000). Although numerous resilience scales exist, none have achieved widespread acceptance (Windle et al., 2011). Despite its importance, research on individual resilience, particularly in the entrepreneurial context, remains sparse (Walsh & McCollum, 2020). This chapter presents findings from examining the impact of entrepreneurial resilience on entrepreneurship. A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) can reveal key themes in this expanding body of work and connect them to contemporary theories while highlighting novel theoretical advancements. SLR design enhances researchers’ awareness of developments in related domains (Kraus et al., 2020). This methodological systematic literature review approach is favoured in entrepreneurship research because of its thoroughness and ability to accurately identify key trends within extensive bodies of work on a specific topic (Kraus et al., 2020; Verma & Gustafsson, 2020). Thus, offering a detailed summary of the literature is beneficial for policymakers and business owners. A recent bibliometric analysis of the management literature by (Hashemi et al., 2022) underscored entrepreneurship’s role in supply chain innovation and resilience, shifts in labour markets for independent contractors, and the pressures and coping strategies faced by business owners.

First, we summarise the current notion of entrepreneurial resilience (ER), recognising that this construct manifests differently across various domains. Understanding how entrepreneurs exhibit resilience is essential. Building on prior research, we emphasise the variations in the conceptualisation and operationalisation of entrepreneurial resilience within the entrepreneurship framework. This examination helps distinguish between the organisational level of new venture resilience and the individual level of entrepreneurial resilience among entrepreneurs. Additionally, we discuss the definition and elements of entrepreneurial resilience among entrepreneurs and improve conceptual explicitly at the nexus of resilience and entrepreneurship. Consequently, we surpass previous literature in this domain (Portuguez Castro & Gómez Zermeño, 2021; Korber & McNaughton, 2018) by creating a cohesive perspective that advances the subject.

Second, we consolidate and organise previous empirical research on the causes and effects of ER. We categorise the precursors into personal and contextual aspects to provide a comprehensive framework for this empirical study. This framework incorporates research on crucial repercussions of the new venture process, particularly the prerequisites of entrepreneurial endeavours, processes, and the initiation of entrepreneurial endeavours. It sheds light on how resilience affects all fundamental components of new venture creation and stimulates research in each of these areas based on our synthesis and categorisation.

Third, we developed a thorough road map that enables scholars to systematically identify opportunities for advancement in theory and empirical studies. We emphasise the significance of adversity, outline key theoretical underpinnings for future research, suggest methodologies for empirical studies, and discuss potential boundary conditions within the field of entrepreneurial resilience research. Furthermore, to enhance conceptual clarity, we delve into the possible negative aspects of resilience in entrepreneurship and how they relate to entrepreneurial intentions (EI). We proposed a future study agenda aimed at comprehending how entrepreneurs can effectively overcome distress and external shocks during venture initiation.

To highlight, a thorough examination of the literature pinpointing these gaps is required. First off, given the rise in research over the past ten years, a literature review concentrating on the ER concept is necessary because it is a relatively new idea in the literature entrepreneurship. Second, while there are a number of studies in the literature that look at ER in relation to how it affects company performance and organisational success, further research is required to uncover additional individual and environmental effects of ER in relation to EI. The theories, operationalisation and conceptualisation employed in the ER literature are thought to be too complex to be explained by earlier assessments. In conclusion, it is essential to present a comprehensive and integrative systematic review study. Previous reviews are not considered sufficient to explain these intersected concepts in depth. In summary, it is crucial to provide a thorough and integrative systematic review to bring more clarity to the issues of inconsistencies and develop a more nuanced understanding of the variable, given the fragmented knowledge of ER over the last ten years. This study addressed the following research objectives:

I.

Redefine the concept of entrepreneurial resilience as rendered in contemporary literature.

II.

Investigate how entrepreneurial resilience leads to entrepreneurial intentions.

III.

Establish or identify the determinants that affect entrepreneurial resilience in developing countries.

IV.

Identify the antecedents of entrepreneurial resilience.

2. Background Literature

In the first subsection, we briefly review studies that compare various definitions and conceptualisations in general and review the literature specifically for entrepreneurial resilience.

Conceptualising Entrepreneurial Resilience

The definition of entrepreneurial resilience may vary slightly depending on the context but generally encompasses traits such as adaptability, persistence, problem-solving skills, and the ability to learn from failure or past experiences. Individual resilience capability arises in the mind of the entrepreneur and includes cognitive components such as picking up and using new techniques (Brito et al., 2022) emotional components such as taking care of one’s emotional health and that of one’s staff, nurturing a sense of camaraderie and zeal for the venture (Ramli et al., 2023), and other individual resources such as financial, social, and human capital (Brito et al., 2022). Innovators with resilience are better equipped to handle demanding and unpredictable circumstances (Anwar et al., 2021). Different conceptualisations of resilience have been used in previous research, which examined resilience as a process, outcome-developable skill, or personality characteristic (Hartmann et al., 2022; Fisher et al., 2019).

3. Methodology

A Systematic Literature Review (SLR) process typically entails several crucial elements that are recorded in a review protocol that follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020 (Page et al., 2021). The different inclusion and exclusion criteria involve finding and assessing pertinent studies, obtaining and organising data from the chosen articles, and summarising the study conclusions (Tranfield et al., 2003; Kraus et al., 2020).

3.1. Eligibility Criteria and Search Strategy

We performed a keyword search in the databases Web of Science and Scopus to locate published articles in academic journals in the English language that included any combination of the following terms or phrases derived from them in their titles, abstracts, or keywords: “entrepre*” and “resilien*”. Identify articles that contain the terms entrepreneurship and resilience in their titles, keywords, or abstracts, together with synonyms or similar expressions, such as entrepreneurial, entrepreneurial, resiliency, “OR” and “AND” resilience. We searched for articles printed or made available online for the time period 2010 to 2024. Articles that did not address the resilience of entrepreneurs or potential entrepreneurs were eliminated. Identify publications that contain the terms “resilience” and “entrepreneurship”, along with synonyms or comparable expressions like “entrepreneurial”, “resiliency”, or “resilient”, in their titles, abstracts, or keywords. To maintain the topical patterns, articles from adjacent fields or those that had little bearing on resilience and entrepreneurial intentions were disregarded. English is the most widely used language in academic writing, which improves worldwide reach and engagement with academic practitioners, so that is why only English-language papers were chosen.

Additionally, only publications published between 2010 and 2024 were included in the search. The SLR data extraction and article selection process are presented below based on a flow chart in Figure 1’s study selection process. The source is based on the PRISMA flow diagram (the researchers’ PRISMA model 2020). Exclusion criteria were applied to include only quality publications. These articles go through a thorough peer review process and are distinguished by empirical research and scientific approaches, frequently providing excellent and trustworthy study findings. Therefore, books, book chapters, and conference proceedings were not included in the study. The dataset was improved to concentrate on resilience and entrepreneurial intentions to maintain quality standards.

Figure 1. Study selection process. Source based on PRISMA flow diagram (PRISMA, 2020).

There were 126 results from the search in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Of these, 49 were duplicates that showed up in searches using various keyword selections or in both databases, and 19 were automatically filtered out by the platforms since they were not published in journals. The abstracts of 58 papers were examined to determine whether they aligned with the study’s goals after duplicate articles were eliminated. Five publications were excluded because this study only included articles that were specifically focused on EI and Resilience in order to compare the findings of previous studies and comprehend the implications of these constructs. The remaining articles were then retrieved for additional examination. Only 51 articles were recovered, though, because two of the 53 remaining articles could no longer be found on the journal’s website, and the accompanying author could not be reached. Despite having the keywords, seven out of the 51 reviewed papers did not focus on EI and ER. The idea was not covered in these seven studies. This study ultimately contained 44 publications.

3.2. Data Collection Process

All of the study’s authors took on the role of reviewers in order to guarantee methodological rigour, which helped with the validation process. Notably, each author carried out this validation individually, and by working together, the gathered data was cross-verified and agreed upon. The integrity and dependability of the data collected during this systematic review were ensured by this collaborative method and the iterations that followed until an absolute convergence of the results was achieved.

3.3. Data Analysis

Subsequent stages of data extraction and key concept organisation were facilitated using the content analysis technique. The authors reviewed the research findings corresponding to the research questions. The matrix table was used to analyse the chosen papers (Garrard, 2004). Papers were analysed on the basis of their data collection method, data analysis technique, definition of resilience, theory foundation, dimensions, antecedents, outcomes, mediators, and moderators, author name, year of publication, geographic location, journal title, article types (conceptual, qualitative, quantitative, or mixed method) and industry.

3.4. Assessment of Study Risk of Bias

The systematic review framework incorporated a standardised approach to bias evaluation across all included studies examining entrepreneurial intention and resilience. Authors participated in the data collection process, and in compliance with the rules, the risk of bias was evaluated similarly. The automated tool Microsoft Excel^® 2019 Version 16.77.1 was used. The same tool allowed the evaluation to be performed in a collaborative and consistent manner, thus ensuring the quality and integrity of the results obtained in this investigation. The quality and integrity of the findings from this research were guaranteed by the evaluation’s collaborative and consistent execution, which was made possible using the same instrument.

3.5. Measures of Impact

This review, which is based on secondary sources, treats these measures differently, even though they are more prevalent in primary research. This review focuses on the analysis of several indicators rather than traditional effect measurements like mean difference or risk ratio. In addition to an individual examination of the papers to ascertain the theories and characteristics of EI and resilience purpose addressed by the writers, these include temporalities of each keyword’s use as well as an individual analysis of the articles to determine the theories and variables of resilience and entrepreneurial intention addressed by the authors. Microsoft Excel^®, which enables a rigorous and systematic approach to processing secondary research sources and evaluating the primary patterns and trends, was used to conduct these analyses.

3.6. Reporting Bias

Reporting bias may have occurred due to reliance on specific search terms and subject headings aligned with indexing in Web of Science and Scopus. This could have excluded relevant studies using alternative terminology. Additionally, studies without full-text access or clear methodological reporting were excluded, potentially omitting useful but less visible research

3.7. Assessment of Certainty

Certainty was evaluated globally through rigorous review, indicators, and consistent application of inclusion/exclusion criteria. The reliability of the overall results is strengthened by openness in study selection and recognition of review limits, even though individual study certainty was not graded. Furthermore, the discussion section clearly outlines the research’s limits, which aids in a thorough and open assessment of the validity and applicability of the findings of this investigation.

4. Research Findings and Discussion

This part presents the research findings in three subgroups: the theoretical foundations, methodological assessment, and empirical aspect. We will present the conception, antecedents, dynamics (moderators and mediators), and results of entrepreneurial resilience leading to entrepreneurial intentions.

4.1. Conceptualisation

The process by which an entrepreneur builds and exercises his endowments to interact with the surroundings in a positive manner, tailoring and handling before, during, and following distress, is how we define entrepreneurial resilience in the current article (Williams et al., 2017). A process paradigm provides a comprehensive insight into cognitive–behavioural mechanisms and innate capacities that catalyse positive adaptation and transformative resilience, enabling forward progress after adversity (Shepherd & Williams, 2020). The process perspective includes traits, abilities, and outcomes. It includes both the experience of difficulty and how entities react to it to achieve a positive outcome (Hoegl & Hartmann, 2021). According to Auerswald and van Opstal (2009); Youssef and Luthans (2007), proactive resilience is associated with adaptability and readiness when facing difficulty, whereas reactive resilience is associated with passive reactions to turbulence and change. According to Klein et al. (2003), a community that depends on reactive resilience views the prospective by fortifying the status quo and devising the current system’s resistance to change, whereas a society that cultivates proactive resilience acknowledges that change is inevitable and works to build a system that can adjust to changing circumstances and demands. The literature on resilience has shown a shift from a trait and skill to a process. This systematic review adopts Korber and McNaughton’s (2018) and Williams et al. (2017) process-oriented definition of entrepreneurial resilience as “a dynamic process through which entrepreneurs draw on and develop resources to positively adapt and maintain functioning when experiencing adversity or uncertainty”, directly addressing the fundamental inconsistency in conceptualisations across the literature. Our analysis reveals a critical disconnect between resilience and intention research streams: while resilience studies emphasise perseverance through adversity, intention studies typically assume linear progression from intention to action without accounting for obstacles, creating a theoretical blind spot at their intersection that requires integrated frameworks acknowledging their interdependent relationship.

4.2. How Potential Entrepreneurs Can Be Resilient

Research demonstrates resilience functions as a protective shield against psychological distress, including stress and anxiety (Campbell-Sills et al., 2006; Eschleman et al., 2010; Lara-Cabrera et al., 2021; Ye et al., 2020). Entrepreneurial resilience enables individuals to face challenges, recover from setbacks, and envision future success despite adversity. The developmental transition through emerging adulthood and university environments inherently presents elevated stress levels that may compromise well-being (Montoro-Fernández et al., 2022). Entrepreneurial resilience (ER) has been reviewed at the individual level as a personality characteristic, cognitive capacity, amalgam of behavioural patterns, and process (Hallak et al., 2018). An individual’s resilience is contingent upon a multitude of circumstances, including social interactions, external influences such as friends, school, culture and family), beliefs, and life events that impact the person, such as life changes (Ang et al., 2021; de los Reyes et al., 2022; Ross et al., 2022). Broadly seen as a dynamic and contextual process centred on situational adaptation brought about by changes (Brewer et al., 2019). A handful of entrepreneurship studies have taken a process perspective of resilience (González-López et al., 2019; Liu, 2020; Shepherd & Williams, 2020), but this work is scarce (Ahmed et al., 2022).

However, ER in educational contexts refers to students’ capacity to succeed academically as resilient individuals sustain their drive, accomplishments, and entrepreneurial output despite various obstacles (de los Reyes et al., 2022; Eri et al., 2021). In this study, resilience was conceptualised as a dynamic process. Research evidence indicates that resilient entrepreneurs effectively modify business strategies during crises and cultural challenges (Afshan et al., 2021); navigate economic instability and financial limitations (Fahad & Mohsin, 2022); operate successfully despite resource scarcity (Kwong et al., 2019); mitigate failure anxiety effects (Ukil & Jenkins, 2023), compensate for inadequate support networks (Sarwar et al., 2021); withstand social pressure toward conventional careers (Shahbaz et al., 2021) and persist in entrepreneurial pursuits following disappointments (Qasim & Mahmood, 2022). Students who exhibit higher resilience demonstrate stronger entrepreneurial intentions and vice versa (Cruz et al., 2022; Dewinda & Khairiyah, 2022; Marliyah, 2023). Research on resilience at the individual level is underdeveloped, and no consensus on entrepreneurs’ resilience involving many factors has been given even less consideration (Schäfer et al., 2024). In short, they have the inner strength and mindset to overcome challenges and move on. It is a “never give up’ attitude and to find innovative, creative solutions to problems. Research in this area is scarce (Pham et al., 2019).

4.3. Adversities Faced by Entrepreneurs (Antecedents)

Entrepreneurial resilience has evolved due to various factors. Economic conditions, technological advancements, and market trends influence the development of entrepreneurial resilience. Unexpected occurrences that could endanger a business’s existence, such as financial crises, technological advancements, or new competitors, are common for entrepreneurs (Duchek, 2018). Entrepreneurial resilience research is still in its early stages (Bullough & Renko, 2013). Resilience “to what” includes coping with economic shocks (Bakas, 2017; Berno, 2017), marginalisation (Kawharu et al., 2017; McInnis-Bowers et al., 2017), and natural catastrophes (McKnight & Linnenluecke, 2016; Sankaran & Demangeot, 2017). Disasters of all kinds can spur innovative thinkers, increase competitiveness in economic hardship, and expand knowledge of culture and entrepreneurship education, which can strengthen the voices of marginalised individuals and communities.

4.4. Factors Influencing Entrepreneurial Resilience (Dynamics)

Empirical studies have recognised the diverse manifestations of resilience across various contexts and professional settings, reflecting situational and cultural aspects in addition to individual differences (Ungar, 2011; Ungar & Liebenberg, 2011; Kossek & Perrigino, 2016; Linnenluecke, 2017). The interplay among external factors, personal characteristics, social support, and ongoing research is crucial for understanding resilience. Academic passion has been identified as a vital contributor to personal resources, including resilience (Bernabé et al., 2023). In challenging circumstances, resilience serves as a valuable resource for graduates, enhancing academic engagement, optimism, and social support while also improving their academic performance (Ayala & Manzano, 2018; Brewer et al., 2019; Morales-Rodríguez, 2021). This field is dynamic and continues to enrich our understanding of entrepreneurship. Two summaries, in Table 1 is a summary of studies with gaps and future directions representing entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship while Table 2 outlines the factors influencing Entrepreneurial Resilience along with the identified gaps and future directions.

4.5. Entrepreneurial Resilience Generating Entrepreneurial Intentions (Outcome)

Studies have highlighted the key role of resilience in shaping entrepreneurial intentions, leading to a complex interplay between resilient communities and ecosystems. This dynamic has been likened to a “chicken and egg” scenario, as discussed by McInnis-Bowers et al. (2017), where both resilient communities can foster entrepreneurship, and resilient businesses contribute to the overall resilience of societies (McNaughton & Gray, 2017). Resilience is primarily positioned in the literature as a subsequent to entrepreneurial intentions rather than being examined as antecedent and bidirectional interactions. This gap remains unaddressed in the existing research. Individuals with high resilience tend to exhibit a robust entrepreneurial mindset by taking calculated risks, bolstered by their confidence in their ability to manage potential failures and setbacks. This resilience enables them to overcome self-doubt, recognise opportunities, and transform challenges into innovative solutions. Bullough et al. (2014) noted that this relationship is particularly noteworthy given the recognised value of entrepreneurship and the critical role of resilience in taking entrepreneurial risks. The connection between entrepreneurship and resilience remains unclear, and further research is necessary (Hallak et al., 2018). Resilience is a key determinant of entrepreneurial success despite empirical research yielding mixed results.

Two principal theoretical perspectives link these constructs. The first perspective, championed by Calvo and García (2010) and Markman and Baron (2003), the first school of thought emphasises the unique personal qualities that contribute to successful entrepreneurship. The dimensions of resilience, hardiness, resourcefulness, and optimism are particularly significant, with resourcefulness emerging as the most critical component (Ayala & Manzano, 2014). Additional traits, such as adaptability, problem-solving intelligence (Masten, 2007), self-efficacy, initiative, trust, attachment, autonomy, and humour, also enhance an entrepreneur’s resourcefulness. The second school of thought focuses on how external resources and social networks influence entrepreneurs’ resilience. The relationship between entrepreneurs and their external environment plays a crucial role in shaping resilience and mitigating risk factors (Zautra et al., 2010). Further exploring process-based resilience will help refine the idea of “the entrepreneur” (Hedner et al., 2011). Previous research has also demonstrated the potential benefits of social support and networks in fostering entrepreneurs’ resilience (Li et al., 2021; Raghunathan et al., 2022).

According to (Liu, 2020), resilience is essential for individuals and organisations to effectively navigate economic and social challenges. However, Significant questions persist concerning appropriate organisational resilience measurement methodologies and the contextual factors that promote its cultivation (Salisu et al., 2020). This presents an opportunity for academic institutions to create environments conducive to teaching entrepreneurship that fosters resilience and job creation (Maritz et al., 2020). Numerous studies have established a positive correlation between resilience and entrepreneurial intentions (Bullough et al., 2014; Corner et al., 2017; Cruz et al., 2022; Zamfir et al., 2018). Additionally, research indicates that resilience enhances entrepreneurial intention across various contexts (Corner et al., 2017; Fisher & Maritz, 2016; Bullough & Renko, 2013; González-López et al., 2019; Branicki et al., 2018; Hedner et al., 2011).

To deepen our understanding of entrepreneurship theory and practice, it is crucial to consider diverse socioeconomic and cultural contexts (Abouzeedan, 2003; Hedner et al., 2011). Studies have consistently shown that entrepreneurs’ intentions are influenced by their resilience (Bullough & Renko, 2013; Bullough et al., 2014; González-López et al., 2019; Jin, 2017; Pérez-López et al., 2016; Renko et al., 2021). PsyCap and (social) entrepreneurial intentions (Choi & Chang, 2023; Maslakçı et al., 2022) and self-employment intentions. Baluku et al. (2021) showed significant effects on the future work self through passion and resilience in proactive career behaviour (Bernabé et al., 2023). Resilience mediates the influence of social support sources’ influence on new venture initiation for men and women (Heman, 2022). Resilient people are more likely to become self-employed as they establish and uphold the necessary social connections (extraversion and agreeableness), plan and carry out necessary tasks conscientiously (conscientiousness), maintain composure in the face of difficulty (emotional stability), and exhibit openness to novelty and change (openness) (Runst & Thomä, 2023).

Researchers have also examined variables that account for the connection between resilience and entrepreneurial intentions. Obschonka et al. (2018) discovered that entrepreneurial alertness acted as a complete mediator in the relationship between resilience and entrepreneurial ambitions. Resilience, as a moderator, strengthening the direct positive association between social entrepreneurial intentions and compassion. Compassion enhances the indirect link between social entrepreneurial intentions and loving-kindness-meditation (Sana et al., 2021). Entrepreneurs with greater resilience are more likely to launch start-ups (Bernard & Dubard Barbosa, 2016; Corner et al., 2017). According to d’Andria et al.’s (2018) qualitative research, resilience is essential for entrepreneurs to acquire an established company successfully. Furthermore, according to Reuel Johnmark et al. (2016) resilience improves the connection between impaired students’ intentions and their entrepreneurial deeds. Resilience-generating entrepreneurial intentions are (Corner et al., 2017; Fisher & Maritz, 2016; Bullough & Renko, 2013; González-López et al., 2019; Branicki et al., 2018; Hedner et al., 2011). Table 1 is a summary of studies with gaps and future directions representing entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurship.

Table 1. Entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial resilience.

Title	Author and Year	Critical Analysis	Methodology	Findings	Future Directions
Examining the effects of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intentions of Vietnamese business students the roles of entrepreneurial alertness and resilience	(Hoang et al., 2023)	The articles do not take into account other potential factors that may influence EI such as human characteristics, cultural factors, or external environmental factors.	Research model draws on SCT to understand the effects of EE on EI SEM undergraduate business students 6 universities in Vietnam	The relationship between entrepreneurial goals and resilience is not explicitly discussed in the paper. Relationship between EE and EI mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness and the moderating impact of resilience.	The connection between EI resilience, and fear of failing, environments with poor economic prospects and high unemployment and to determine how EE affects EI How resilience and entrepreneurial alertness interact.
Willing but fearful: resilience and youth entrepreneurial intentions	(Ukil & Jenkins, 2023)	Mediators or moderators of the association between resilience and EI are not examined in the studies, which centre on the mediating role of fear of failure.	SEM AMOS 25 Bangladeshi students, quantitative approach Relation between resilience, fear of failure, and EI	Resilience enhances EI and reduces the negative effects of fear of failure on EI.	Moderating effects of cultural factors on the relationship between fear of failure, resilience, and EI. Influence the decision-making process of aspiring entrepreneurs.
Examining prison entrepreneurship programs, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial resilience as drivers for prisoners, entrepreneurial intentions	(Ciptono et al., 2023)	Prisoners involved in a compulsory talent and skill development program in one prison institution in Indonesia.	The connections between jail entrepreneurship initiatives, self-efficacy, ER, and entrepreneurial goals (PLS-SEM). surveys to programs aimed at developing their talents and skills 204 prisoners 70 with no entrepreneurial experience	ER has a positive and significant effect on increasing prisoners’ self-efficacy and ultimately encourages the emergence of EI.	Investigate the role of other factors, such as social support networks or access to resources, in mediating or moderating the relationship between self-efficacy, perseverance in the face of adversity, and entrepreneurial ambitions in prison entrepreneurship programs.
Resilience and entrepreneurial intentions of people with disabilities in search of the sustainable development goals SDGs	(Pérez-Macías et al., 2022)	EI individuals with disabilities in Spain, aged 16 to 65, which limits the applicability of the findings to other contexts and demographics.	Enhanced Krueger model by introducing resilience as a new variable to examine the relationship between EI and resilience with disabilities. An online questionnaire in Spain (SEM (TPB) Sample Size (ss) 235	The role of resilience, SN, and perceived collective efficacy in individuals with disabilities’ entrepreneurial processes	Investigate the role of other personal factors, such as motivational, cognitive, and social resources, in boosting entrepreneurship among people with disabilities. understanding of the personal dynamics that influence EI
Resilience and gender as determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among Secondary School Students in Kwara State, Nigeria	(Ibrahim, 2020)	Secondary school pupils in Nigeria’s Kwara State.	A descriptive ex post facto research 500 secondary school students	ER does generate EI	The role of other factors, such as education level, family support, and access to resources, in influencing EI
Danger zone entrepreneurs the importance of resilience and self-efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions	(Bullough et al., 2014)	The paper does not provide information on the specific measures used to assess perceived danger, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and resilience	The impacts of perceived danger, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and resilience on EI under challenging circumstances survey data 163 1st phase 109 2nd phase total data 272 Afghanistan.	ER generates EI	Adverse conditions foster the development of stronger and more resilient entrepreneurs, and how this may vary across different contexts. Role of other individual factors, such as risk-taking propensity or entrepreneurial passion, in the relationship between perceived danger and EI
Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times	(Bullough & Renko, 2013)	Personal factors such as self-efficacy and resilience, but it does not extensively explore other potential factors that may influence entrepreneurial decisions, such as external market conditions or access to resources	Survey data 500 domestic and international business owners to explore the individual factors influencing business decisions Resilience and entrepreneurial self-efficacy	Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and resilience are significant positive influences on EI	Individual characteristics like resilience and self-efficacy and entrepreneurial decision-making in trying circumstances across various cultural and geographic contexts.
Examining the Relationship between Psychological Capital and Entrepreneurial Intention an Exploratory Study	(Contreras et al., 2017)	Undergraduate business administration and business students.	A questionnaire designed by Singh and DeNoble (2003) consisting of five statements to assess EI of 109 students of last year	Resilience is one of the dimensions of Psychological Capital that is related to EI. ER can generate EI	Psychological capital and EI in different cultural and geographical contexts. Psychological capital and EI are still scarce and inconclusive, indicating a need to explore
The entrepreneurial intention of top athletes does resilience lead the way?	(Steinbrink & Ströhle, 2024)	Does not take into account how external factors, such as industry-specific obstacles or market conditions, may affect the resolve and intention of entrepreneurs.	A multigroup comparison of 195 elite athletes and 142 non-athletes SEM relationship between resilience and EI, with mediation by the components of TPB	Resilience on the EI of top athletes. resilience indirectly affects EI through factors like attitude and Perceived Behaviour Control (PBC)	Investigate the role of other psychological factors, such as self-efficacy or motivation, in the relationship between resilience and EI in top athletes and non-athletes.
The Role of Entrepreneurial Resilience and Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy on Entrepreneurial Intention on Students in Padang	(Emrizal & Primadona, 2023)	Focused on one city	TPB 273 students of city Padang, Indonesia	Effect of ER on entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the EI of students	Mediating or moderating effects of other variables, such as social support or risk perception, on the relationship between ER, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and EI Limited research on ER and EI
		Positive correlation, albeit with small sample size, between internal LOC EI and entrepreneurial self-efficacy	PLS SEM 207 small entrepreneurs	Moderating role of ER in the relationship between small Saudi entrepreneurs’ propensity to take risks and entrepreneurial self-efficacy and internal LOC	Additional control factors in future studies could include the respondents’ experience, gender, and age.
How do resilience and self-efficacy relate to entrepreneurial intentions in countries with varying degrees of fragility? A six-country study	(Renko et al., 2021)	Six countries with different economic conditions have been analysed ages 18–50	Afghanistan, Iraq, Peru, Tajikistan, the US, Finland, Afghanistan (n = 164), Iraq (n = 146), Tajikistan (n = 89), Peru (n = 265), United States (n = 186) Finland (n = 221) (Total n = 1071).	Resilience and self-efficacy have a different relationship EI in countries with varying degrees of fragility. Resilience strengthens the intention to start a business, while self-efficacy weakens it.	Focus on individual-level research on EI from developing countries and in adverse environments has been severely lacking
Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure	(Corner et al., 2017)	Grief, coping and learning New Zealand minor to severe functional impairments, which usually did not last more than two months	Qualitative, narrative purposive sampling snowballing method found business owners stories. A total of 11 players and their unsuccessful endeavours	Most entrepreneurs exhibited constant levels of functioning, indicating their resilience.	Focus on the fear of failure
On the factors affecting the start-up intention of Millennials in Vietnam	(Pham et al., 2019)	Psychological capital and four sub-components concerning EI	Association between internal psychosis and SPSS Multiple Regression participants in HCMC Vietnam 321 surveys online and offline	Self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and resilience were the four sub-components that showed active link to starting a business. The optimism had no discernible effect on dependent variables. Optimism can indirectly affect intention through resilience, is mostly responsible for the prediction of resilient behaviours.	Comparing Regions with a diverse set of cultural spheres.
Analysing the effect of resilience and perceived social environment on university students’ intention to start sustainable ventures	(Barrera-Verdugo et al., 2024)	Psychological and social factors that influence sustainable business, evaluating the effect of resilience, subjective norms, and perceived social support on sustainable entrepreneurial intention of students	Online survey responses of 433 students from Chile and Ecuador business and engineering programs convenient sampling PLS smart	positive effect of psychological resilience and subjective norms on perceived social support. Moreover, an important effect of social support on sustainable entrepreneurial intention was found.	Need to explore relationship with perceived entrepreneurial success or with the expression of innovative behaviours to create sustainable businesses
Interested to start a venture but worried about the future: Investigating the role of resilience in fear of career uncertainty and entrepreneurial intention	(Ukil & Al-mash-ayekhi, 2024)	Fear of career uncertainty and fear of perceived inability, affect EI and how resilience impacts these fears and their interaction with EI	Mediation model on a sample of young university students in Bangladesh (n = 553), two-phase survey (before and after the COVID-19 Smart PLS 4	Fear of career uncertainty had a significant negative influence, and resilience had a significant positive influence on EI. resilience reduced both fear of career uncertainty and fear of perceived inability and, transformed fear of career uncertainty into a positive driver of EI.	Comparative longitudinal study of student entrepreneurial contexts with specific controlling factors, e.g., (prior experience, social support and training) influence on resilience
Integrating Cognitive Competency, Social Competency and Risk Propensity with the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Attain Sustainable-Development-Goal-8-Driven Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intentions	(Malhotra & Kiran, 2024)	Cognitive competency, risk propensity, and social competency and resilience are antecedents of the TPB’s dimensions lead to EI	540 students from top-ranked Indian engineering colleges that offer entrepreneurship courses PLS sem	Social competence and resilience, as well as cognitive competence, are positively related to SDG-8 SEIs, as mediated by the sustainability-oriented dimensions of the TPB	Additional pertinent elements that might influence the TPB’s dimensions in the context of entrepreneurship investigate how TPB framework interacts with personal traits.
Let’s be an Entrepreneur through Education! The Role of Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and Psychological Capital among University Students	(Mahfud et al., 2024)	Entrepreneurial attitude orientation and psychological capital on EI	360 public university students Indonesia Pls smart SEM	Entrepreneurial attitude orientation, self-efficacy and hope affect positively Optimism and resilience do not affect EI of students	Further investigation on psychological capital
Longitudinal analysis of gender differences regarding entrepreneurial resilience	(de Esteban Curiel et al., 2024)	Considering gender specificities	Longitudinal study graduate entrepreneur business incubator programme in Madrid.	Male graduate entrepreneurs have higher levels of resilience based on individual variables, such as self-efficacy and decision-making female graduate entrepreneurs are less affected by situational or exogenous variables, such as economic crises, labour legislation, competitive environment, and technological changes	Gender training programs should be investigated
Exploring factors influencing the entrepreneurial intentions of the youth community towards green ICT to encourage environmental sustainability: Evidence from an emerging economy	(Bhardwaj et al., 2024)	Nurture a vibrant ecosystem of green ICT entrepreneurship, thereby driving sustainable development and environmental conservation	Qualitative study-interview approach combined with exploratory factor analysis (EFA)	Various factors such as technological innovation, supportive regulatory frameworks (government policies), entrepreneurial resilience, family and social network support, environmental awareness and concern, availability of resources, market demand, and support of academic institutions are identified as the prominent factors which underscore the multifaceted nature of entrepreneurial intentions among the youth community.	Information and communication technologies (ICTs) and its complex relationship with the environment
Enhancing SME performance in East Java through competency development, leadership, entrepreneurial intent, and resilience	(Fiernaningsih et al., 2024)	Necessity of enhancing entrepreneurial competencies and intentions to boost SMEs’ resilience and performance.	400 SME respondents in East Java, Indonesia. quantitative approach PLS-SEM	Entrepreneurial competence and intention significantly influence entrepreneurial resilience and SME performance	Entrepreneurs training and development programs to reinforce these competencies and intentions, innovation and prudent risk-taking.
The mechanism of impact entrepreneurial resilience on entrepreneurial performance based on conservation of resources theory	(Hao et al., 2024)	Mechanism of entre-preneurial resilience in the context of a cri-sis, such as analysed the role of entrepre-neurial resilience in promoting entrepre-neurial intention and entrepreneurial activ-ities in a period of war or economic cri-sis	54 entrepreneurs’ questionnaire	Impact of entrepreneurial resilience on entrepreneurial performance. two forms of recovery resilience and growth resilience, which have differential effects on entrepreneurial performance. Entrepreneurial performance from the aspects fear of failure and entrepreneurial experience.	Entrepreneurial resilience of small enterprises established within three years improves entrepreneurial performance, but has no significant impact in the case of non-small businesses established beyond three years.
A conceptual approach: relationship between crisis, resilience, and entrepreneurial actions	(Bhardwaj, 2024)	Entrepreneurial resilience as a force behind entrepreneurial behaviour during crisis.	Conceptual and developmental papers on crisis management.	Factors that drive entrepreneurial intention during crisis and their entrepreneurial actions. entrepreneurial intention includes self-efficacy, positive emotions, growth mindset and fear of failure.	Entrepreneurial actions even during crisis
Entrepreneurial intentions of Gen Z university students and entrepreneurial constraints in Bangladesh	(Hossain et al., 2023)	Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA), Subjective Entrepreneurial Norms (SEN), Entrepreneurial Perceived Behavioural Control (EPBC), and Entrepreneurial Resilience (ER) on Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) of Bangladeshi Gen Z university students.	206 university students from the BBA ten universities Spss smart pls	EA, SEN, EPBC, ER, and EI. Positive relations.	Integrating ER with the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model. Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models

Table 1. Entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial resilience.

Title	Author and Year	Critical Analysis	Methodology	Findings	Future Directions
Examining the effects of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intentions of Vietnamese business students the roles of entrepreneurial alertness and resilience	(Hoang et al., 2023)	The articles do not take into account other potential factors that may influence EI such as human characteristics, cultural factors, or external environmental factors.	Research model draws on SCT to understand the effects of EE on EI SEM undergraduate business students 6 universities in Vietnam	The relationship between entrepreneurial goals and resilience is not explicitly discussed in the paper. Relationship between EE and EI mediating role of entrepreneurial alertness and the moderating impact of resilience.	The connection between EI resilience, and fear of failing, environments with poor economic prospects and high unemployment and to determine how EE affects EI How resilience and entrepreneurial alertness interact.
Willing but fearful: resilience and youth entrepreneurial intentions	(Ukil & Jenkins, 2023)	Mediators or moderators of the association between resilience and EI are not examined in the studies, which centre on the mediating role of fear of failure.	SEM AMOS 25 Bangladeshi students, quantitative approach Relation between resilience, fear of failure, and EI	Resilience enhances EI and reduces the negative effects of fear of failure on EI.	Moderating effects of cultural factors on the relationship between fear of failure, resilience, and EI. Influence the decision-making process of aspiring entrepreneurs.
Examining prison entrepreneurship programs, self-efficacy and entrepreneurial resilience as drivers for prisoners, entrepreneurial intentions	(Ciptono et al., 2023)	Prisoners involved in a compulsory talent and skill development program in one prison institution in Indonesia.	The connections between jail entrepreneurship initiatives, self-efficacy, ER, and entrepreneurial goals (PLS-SEM). surveys to programs aimed at developing their talents and skills 204 prisoners 70 with no entrepreneurial experience	ER has a positive and significant effect on increasing prisoners’ self-efficacy and ultimately encourages the emergence of EI.	Investigate the role of other factors, such as social support networks or access to resources, in mediating or moderating the relationship between self-efficacy, perseverance in the face of adversity, and entrepreneurial ambitions in prison entrepreneurship programs.
Resilience and entrepreneurial intentions of people with disabilities in search of the sustainable development goals SDGs	(Pérez-Macías et al., 2022)	EI individuals with disabilities in Spain, aged 16 to 65, which limits the applicability of the findings to other contexts and demographics.	Enhanced Krueger model by introducing resilience as a new variable to examine the relationship between EI and resilience with disabilities. An online questionnaire in Spain (SEM (TPB) Sample Size (ss) 235	The role of resilience, SN, and perceived collective efficacy in individuals with disabilities’ entrepreneurial processes	Investigate the role of other personal factors, such as motivational, cognitive, and social resources, in boosting entrepreneurship among people with disabilities. understanding of the personal dynamics that influence EI
Resilience and gender as determinants of entrepreneurial intentions among Secondary School Students in Kwara State, Nigeria	(Ibrahim, 2020)	Secondary school pupils in Nigeria’s Kwara State.	A descriptive ex post facto research 500 secondary school students	ER does generate EI	The role of other factors, such as education level, family support, and access to resources, in influencing EI
Danger zone entrepreneurs the importance of resilience and self-efficacy for entrepreneurial intentions	(Bullough et al., 2014)	The paper does not provide information on the specific measures used to assess perceived danger, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and resilience	The impacts of perceived danger, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and resilience on EI under challenging circumstances survey data 163 1st phase 109 2nd phase total data 272 Afghanistan.	ER generates EI	Adverse conditions foster the development of stronger and more resilient entrepreneurs, and how this may vary across different contexts. Role of other individual factors, such as risk-taking propensity or entrepreneurial passion, in the relationship between perceived danger and EI
Entrepreneurial resilience during challenging times	(Bullough & Renko, 2013)	Personal factors such as self-efficacy and resilience, but it does not extensively explore other potential factors that may influence entrepreneurial decisions, such as external market conditions or access to resources	Survey data 500 domestic and international business owners to explore the individual factors influencing business decisions Resilience and entrepreneurial self-efficacy	Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and resilience are significant positive influences on EI	Individual characteristics like resilience and self-efficacy and entrepreneurial decision-making in trying circumstances across various cultural and geographic contexts.
Examining the Relationship between Psychological Capital and Entrepreneurial Intention an Exploratory Study	(Contreras et al., 2017)	Undergraduate business administration and business students.	A questionnaire designed by Singh and DeNoble (2003) consisting of five statements to assess EI of 109 students of last year	Resilience is one of the dimensions of Psychological Capital that is related to EI. ER can generate EI	Psychological capital and EI in different cultural and geographical contexts. Psychological capital and EI are still scarce and inconclusive, indicating a need to explore
The entrepreneurial intention of top athletes does resilience lead the way?	(Steinbrink & Ströhle, 2024)	Does not take into account how external factors, such as industry-specific obstacles or market conditions, may affect the resolve and intention of entrepreneurs.	A multigroup comparison of 195 elite athletes and 142 non-athletes SEM relationship between resilience and EI, with mediation by the components of TPB	Resilience on the EI of top athletes. resilience indirectly affects EI through factors like attitude and Perceived Behaviour Control (PBC)	Investigate the role of other psychological factors, such as self-efficacy or motivation, in the relationship between resilience and EI in top athletes and non-athletes.
The Role of Entrepreneurial Resilience and Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy on Entrepreneurial Intention on Students in Padang	(Emrizal & Primadona, 2023)	Focused on one city	TPB 273 students of city Padang, Indonesia	Effect of ER on entrepreneurial self-efficacy on the EI of students	Mediating or moderating effects of other variables, such as social support or risk perception, on the relationship between ER, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and EI Limited research on ER and EI
		Positive correlation, albeit with small sample size, between internal LOC EI and entrepreneurial self-efficacy	PLS SEM 207 small entrepreneurs	Moderating role of ER in the relationship between small Saudi entrepreneurs’ propensity to take risks and entrepreneurial self-efficacy and internal LOC	Additional control factors in future studies could include the respondents’ experience, gender, and age.
How do resilience and self-efficacy relate to entrepreneurial intentions in countries with varying degrees of fragility? A six-country study	(Renko et al., 2021)	Six countries with different economic conditions have been analysed ages 18–50	Afghanistan, Iraq, Peru, Tajikistan, the US, Finland, Afghanistan (n = 164), Iraq (n = 146), Tajikistan (n = 89), Peru (n = 265), United States (n = 186) Finland (n = 221) (Total n = 1071).	Resilience and self-efficacy have a different relationship EI in countries with varying degrees of fragility. Resilience strengthens the intention to start a business, while self-efficacy weakens it.	Focus on individual-level research on EI from developing countries and in adverse environments has been severely lacking
Entrepreneurial resilience and venture failure	(Corner et al., 2017)	Grief, coping and learning New Zealand minor to severe functional impairments, which usually did not last more than two months	Qualitative, narrative purposive sampling snowballing method found business owners stories. A total of 11 players and their unsuccessful endeavours	Most entrepreneurs exhibited constant levels of functioning, indicating their resilience.	Focus on the fear of failure
On the factors affecting the start-up intention of Millennials in Vietnam	(Pham et al., 2019)	Psychological capital and four sub-components concerning EI	Association between internal psychosis and SPSS Multiple Regression participants in HCMC Vietnam 321 surveys online and offline	Self-efficacy, hope, resilience, and resilience were the four sub-components that showed active link to starting a business. The optimism had no discernible effect on dependent variables. Optimism can indirectly affect intention through resilience, is mostly responsible for the prediction of resilient behaviours.	Comparing Regions with a diverse set of cultural spheres.
Analysing the effect of resilience and perceived social environment on university students’ intention to start sustainable ventures	(Barrera-Verdugo et al., 2024)	Psychological and social factors that influence sustainable business, evaluating the effect of resilience, subjective norms, and perceived social support on sustainable entrepreneurial intention of students	Online survey responses of 433 students from Chile and Ecuador business and engineering programs convenient sampling PLS smart	positive effect of psychological resilience and subjective norms on perceived social support. Moreover, an important effect of social support on sustainable entrepreneurial intention was found.	Need to explore relationship with perceived entrepreneurial success or with the expression of innovative behaviours to create sustainable businesses
Interested to start a venture but worried about the future: Investigating the role of resilience in fear of career uncertainty and entrepreneurial intention	(Ukil & Al-mash-ayekhi, 2024)	Fear of career uncertainty and fear of perceived inability, affect EI and how resilience impacts these fears and their interaction with EI	Mediation model on a sample of young university students in Bangladesh (n = 553), two-phase survey (before and after the COVID-19 Smart PLS 4	Fear of career uncertainty had a significant negative influence, and resilience had a significant positive influence on EI. resilience reduced both fear of career uncertainty and fear of perceived inability and, transformed fear of career uncertainty into a positive driver of EI.	Comparative longitudinal study of student entrepreneurial contexts with specific controlling factors, e.g., (prior experience, social support and training) influence on resilience
Integrating Cognitive Competency, Social Competency and Risk Propensity with the Theory of Planned Behaviour to Attain Sustainable-Development-Goal-8-Driven Sustainable Entrepreneurial Intentions	(Malhotra & Kiran, 2024)	Cognitive competency, risk propensity, and social competency and resilience are antecedents of the TPB’s dimensions lead to EI	540 students from top-ranked Indian engineering colleges that offer entrepreneurship courses PLS sem	Social competence and resilience, as well as cognitive competence, are positively related to SDG-8 SEIs, as mediated by the sustainability-oriented dimensions of the TPB	Additional pertinent elements that might influence the TPB’s dimensions in the context of entrepreneurship investigate how TPB framework interacts with personal traits.
Let’s be an Entrepreneur through Education! The Role of Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and Psychological Capital among University Students	(Mahfud et al., 2024)	Entrepreneurial attitude orientation and psychological capital on EI	360 public university students Indonesia Pls smart SEM	Entrepreneurial attitude orientation, self-efficacy and hope affect positively Optimism and resilience do not affect EI of students	Further investigation on psychological capital
Longitudinal analysis of gender differences regarding entrepreneurial resilience	(de Esteban Curiel et al., 2024)	Considering gender specificities	Longitudinal study graduate entrepreneur business incubator programme in Madrid.	Male graduate entrepreneurs have higher levels of resilience based on individual variables, such as self-efficacy and decision-making female graduate entrepreneurs are less affected by situational or exogenous variables, such as economic crises, labour legislation, competitive environment, and technological changes	Gender training programs should be investigated
Exploring factors influencing the entrepreneurial intentions of the youth community towards green ICT to encourage environmental sustainability: Evidence from an emerging economy	(Bhardwaj et al., 2024)	Nurture a vibrant ecosystem of green ICT entrepreneurship, thereby driving sustainable development and environmental conservation	Qualitative study-interview approach combined with exploratory factor analysis (EFA)	Various factors such as technological innovation, supportive regulatory frameworks (government policies), entrepreneurial resilience, family and social network support, environmental awareness and concern, availability of resources, market demand, and support of academic institutions are identified as the prominent factors which underscore the multifaceted nature of entrepreneurial intentions among the youth community.	Information and communication technologies (ICTs) and its complex relationship with the environment
Enhancing SME performance in East Java through competency development, leadership, entrepreneurial intent, and resilience	(Fiernaningsih et al., 2024)	Necessity of enhancing entrepreneurial competencies and intentions to boost SMEs’ resilience and performance.	400 SME respondents in East Java, Indonesia. quantitative approach PLS-SEM	Entrepreneurial competence and intention significantly influence entrepreneurial resilience and SME performance	Entrepreneurs training and development programs to reinforce these competencies and intentions, innovation and prudent risk-taking.
The mechanism of impact entrepreneurial resilience on entrepreneurial performance based on conservation of resources theory	(Hao et al., 2024)	Mechanism of entre-preneurial resilience in the context of a cri-sis, such as analysed the role of entrepre-neurial resilience in promoting entrepre-neurial intention and entrepreneurial activ-ities in a period of war or economic cri-sis	54 entrepreneurs’ questionnaire	Impact of entrepreneurial resilience on entrepreneurial performance. two forms of recovery resilience and growth resilience, which have differential effects on entrepreneurial performance. Entrepreneurial performance from the aspects fear of failure and entrepreneurial experience.	Entrepreneurial resilience of small enterprises established within three years improves entrepreneurial performance, but has no significant impact in the case of non-small businesses established beyond three years.
A conceptual approach: relationship between crisis, resilience, and entrepreneurial actions	(Bhardwaj, 2024)	Entrepreneurial resilience as a force behind entrepreneurial behaviour during crisis.	Conceptual and developmental papers on crisis management.	Factors that drive entrepreneurial intention during crisis and their entrepreneurial actions. entrepreneurial intention includes self-efficacy, positive emotions, growth mindset and fear of failure.	Entrepreneurial actions even during crisis
Entrepreneurial intentions of Gen Z university students and entrepreneurial constraints in Bangladesh	(Hossain et al., 2023)	Entrepreneurial Attitude (EA), Subjective Entrepreneurial Norms (SEN), Entrepreneurial Perceived Behavioural Control (EPBC), and Entrepreneurial Resilience (ER) on Entrepreneurial Intention (EI) of Bangladeshi Gen Z university students.	206 university students from the BBA ten universities Spss smart pls	EA, SEN, EPBC, ER, and EI. Positive relations.	Integrating ER with the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) model. Triple, Quadruple and Quintuple Helix models

4.6. Empirical Assessment

The contribution of this SLR lies in developing a theoretical framework that comprises resilience complementary factors influencing entrepreneurship intentions. Figure 2 illustrates this conceptual framework, synthesising insights from the 44 analysed papers and distilling the essential findings presented in the two referenced tables. The over-focus on organisational-level resilience identified in our analysis suggests the need for multilevel theoretical frameworks that integrate individual psychological resilience with Individual Entrepreneurial intentions. No consensus exists over the appropriate tools for measuring entrepreneurial resilience; the findings of different studies cannot be compared. Contradictory results are produced even when investigating similar populations because some researchers utilise measures unique to entrepreneurship while others use generic psychological resilience scales.

Figure 2. The nomological network of entrepreneurial resilience.

4.7. Dark Side of Resilience

Resilience is generally seen as a positive trait that helps entrepreneurs overcome challenges. However, it is important to note that excessive or extreme can sometimes lead to negative outcomes such as burnout or reluctance to seek help when needed and have a negative or dark side. Guo et al. (2018) discuss burnout and resilience in his paper. Entrepreneurs need to find a balance between resilience and knowing when to ask for support or take a break.

4.8. Discussion and Future Agenda

There is a growing need for more research on the resilience of entrepreneurs (Patzelt et al., 2021; Shepherd & Williams, 2020) emphasise that entrepreneurs encounter various forms of adversity when starting, growing, and sustaining their endeavours (Chadwick & Raver, 2020; Pidduck & Clark, 2021). The systematic literature review identified 44 relevant publications on entrepreneurial resilience, and EI published between 2010 and 2024. A comprehensive list of all reviewed articles is presented in Table 1. Entrepreneurial intentions and Entrepreneurial resilience. Table 2 The factors influencing Entrepreneurial Resilience. These two tables present the list of all the papers with several key themes and patterns emerging regarding entrepreneurial resilience. The papers identified were mostly quantitative in nature. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) was used extensively. This analysis underscores the urgent need for theoretical integration and grounding to establish a coherent body of knowledge regarding the causes, effects, and mechanisms of entrepreneurial resilience. However, the precise definition, conceptualisation and operationalisation remain uncertain as previous empirical research has yielded ambiguous results. Addressing this ambiguity is essential for advancing the field and for providing clearer insights into how resilience can be fostered among entrepreneurs. Future empirical research endeavours should focus on examining contextual aspects at the individual level alongside diverse moderating and mediating variables. Future research should advance integrated frameworks that conceptualise resilience and intention as reciprocally related rather than distinct constructs. Methodologically, scholars should prioritise mixed-method approaches that complement self-report measures with behavioural studies and implement multi-wave longitudinal designs to capture the dynamic evolution of intentions and resilience through entrepreneurial journeys. Empirical modelling should systematically examine how cultural, technological, and economic contexts moderate these relationships. Theoretical development should embrace multilevel frameworks that bridge individual psychological resilience with organisational capabilities and entrepreneurial aspirations while reconceptualising the resilience–intention relationship as a dynamic, recursive process rather than a linear causal pathway.

Table 2 below presents the factors identified in previous studies that influence entrepreneurial resilience.

Table 2. The factors influencing entrepreneurial resilience.

Title	Author and Year	Critical Analysis	Methodology	Findings	Future Directions
Improving resilience and self-esteem among university students with entrepreneurship simulation board game	(Prihadi et al., 2018)	Measured the short-term effects of playing the Traders Board Game (TBG) on resilience and self-esteem, without considering other potential variables that could contribute to entrepreneurship skills and attitudes.	Students’ resilience and self-esteem using an experimental methodology. Three groups of 12 participants were formed: a control group who did not play the game, an experimental group A who played the game once a week for three weeks. an experimental group B that played the game twice a week for three weeks.	Game improves university students’ resilience and self-esteem.	Further enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education programs and educational games related to entrepreneurial skills. the frequency of playing board games that simulate entrepreneurship and the efficacy of seizing opportunities.
The Effects of Resilience on Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education Students in a post-COVID stage	(Cruz et al., 2022)	A few triggering factors are subjective norms, attitude, education	Quantitative study 550 undergraduate university students TPB Mexico	Positive impact between resilience and EI in university students, supporting the importance of including entrepreneurship in education as a post-pandemic triggering factor	Other triggering factors can be included
Entrepreneurship resilience: Can psychological traits of entrepreneurial intention support overcoming entrepreneurial failure?	(Zhao & Wibowo, 2021)	Self-efficacy LOC and ER are triggers of EI	146 Respondents online survey Questionnaire PLS	Psychological traits such as entrepreneurial self-efficacy and internal locus of control can influence an entrepreneur’s ability to learn leading to continued engagement in entrepreneurship and new opportunity recognition.	ER as moderator, mediator
The impact of entrepreneurial resilience on the entrepreneurial intention of return migrants: An empirical study based on survey data from multiple provinces in China	(Wu et al., 2023)	Entrepreneurial atmosphere negatively moderates the relationship. The association between entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial intention is mediated by return migrants’ perceptions of their business opportunities	396 sample size survey data	Entrepreneurial resilience on the EI. The moderating power of the entrepreneurial atmosphere and the mediating function of perceptions of entrepreneurial opportunities.	Entrepreneurial resilience enables people to get over their bad emotions and succeed. It influences follow-up and the development of entrepreneurial intention. To identify the function and guiding principle of ER in various links of entrepreneurial activities, mechanism of ER influencing entrepreneurial behaviour from the perspective of the entire process of entrepreneurial activities.
Contextualising Risk and Building Resilience Returnees versus Local Entrepreneurs in China	(Liu, 2020)	Local entrepreneurs prefer to use an effectual coping strategy, which prioritises “control,” “create,” and “make,” while returnee entrepreneurs are more likely to use a causal coping strategy, which focuses on “predict”, “prepare”, and “find”.	Qualitative research 8 case studies	Risk perceptions of local entrepreneurs and Chinese returnees, and their coping mechanisms	Relationships among culture, risk, and resilience in Chinese entrepreneurship coping mechanisms that increase resilience are based on risk perceptions and cultural variables.
Overseas Chinese returnees’ swindler syndrome and their entrepreneurial education under psychological resilience	(Xiao & Wang, 2022)	Entrepreneurial optimism and resilience, which are insulated by psychological resilience, are beneficial to (EI).	Questionnaire survey 142 collected	Psychological resilience to educate overseas Chinese returnees with the swindler syndrome	There is a noteworthy correlation between entrepreneurial resilience and optimism, which is influenced by psychological resilience, and entrepreneurial purpose
Psycho-demographic Factors and Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students	(Ojewumi et al., 2020)	Professional psychologists ought to cultivate resilience skills and implement suitable LOC orientation programs, it enhances FYUS’s positive intention of starting their business.	University students in their final year convenient sample of 491 ages 20 to 35 ANOVA	Impact of psycho-demographic variables on EI, including gender, university type, perceived social support (PSS), resilience, and locus of control (LOC)	The relationship between university type and gender did not significantly affect EI. Examine the characteristics; perceived competence, need for achievement, and others on students’ EI.
A Theoretical Framework for Entrepreneurial Resilience in the Context of Entrepreneurial Failure	(Hao et al., 2020)	ER in the context of failure and advances knowledge of the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural changes that occur in entrepreneurs following a setback. ramifications for entrepreneurs seeking to improve their psychological makeup and perform better in their next ventures.	Resilience affects learning from failure, wanting to try again, and fear of failing Theoretical	ER in the context of failure, and enriches the understanding of entrepreneurs’ cognitive, emotional and behavioural differences after failure,	Future research on ER can investigate the heterogeneity of individuals’ characteristics, regions and even specific events of the research objects. further consider the diversification of research methods on ER and deeply explore the influence of interaction among various factors on ER
Competencies for entrepreneurship as a career option in a challenging employment environment	(Pérez-López et al., 2016)	The mediating role of resilience and the role of self-efficacy	1251 business students from Spanish university	Resilience positively enhances EI	Different moderators and mediators could be taken
Redressing small firm resilience: exploring owner-manager resources for resilience	(Wall & Bel-lamy, 2019)	Resources for resilience, as follows: adaptability, confidence, social support and purposefulness are likely to positively influence their resilience	9 owner-managers participated in a longitudinal qualitative study that used semi-structured interviews; each interview was conducted three or four times. Using a pre-existing framework, analytical techniques were applied to conceptualise four essential human resources for resilience: purposefulness, social support, flexibility, and confidence. 9 respondents, one per organisation Purposive sampling	Adaptability (flexibility in framing and solving problems intelligence generates new ideas) purposefulness (longer-term goals as guides for sense-making taking in challenging circumstances) sense of confidence (positive emotion and self-belief change circumstances for better self-regulatory mechanisms) social support	Resilience is sometimes not operationally defined; variety of inconsistencies between how it is defined and then how it is examined or measured; and resilience may be defined, but then not examined or measured contextual sensitivities or dependencies of resilience
Entrepreneurship and resilient communities- Introduction to the special issue	(McNaughton & Gray, 2017)	Connections between resilience and entrepreneurship. A few major themes in this nascent field of study and consider how the articles in this issue add to discussions on resilience	Deductive sample of 10 papers	Definition of resilience and means-oriented approach emergent strategies and actions Resisting change Strengthening the status quo and improvised strategies is more likely to apply to passive resilience, while bouncing forward and ends oriented approach Accepting change, moving on (new venture creation) new network ties preparedness reflect proactive resilience through deliberate, anticipatory and planned approaches.	Causes, effects, and characteristics of ER processes and attributes over a larger spectrum of national and regional boundaries.
Conceptualizing Virtual communities as enablers of community-based entrepreneurship and resilience	(Sankaran & Demangeot, 2017)	How virtual communities support resilience and community-based enterprise.	Conceptual paper	Resilience in modern societies, which internet-mediated entrepreneurship can help to improve. Five distinct occurrences are recognised as supporting capital knowledge experience	Self-sufficiency, self-governance, and resilience building via entrepreneurship which is an evolving process
Social media use, corporate entrepreneurship and organisational resilience: A recipe for SME’s success in a post-COVID scenario	(Martín-Rojas et al., 2023)	Fostering connections with customers, increasing teamwork, and locating insightful concepts to create new goods Partnerships, business networking, co-creation, and company innovation are all encouraged by new prospects.	259 firms, structural equation modelling Spanish SMEs	Social media platforms enhance organisational resilience and fosters their entrepreneurial potential. moderating effect on business performance.	Attention to details when developing new goods, services, technology, competitive tactics, and even business models.
Self- directed experiential learning to meet ever-changing entrepreneurship demands	(Morris & Kö-nig, 2020)	self-directed experiential learning cycle, which makes clear how important it is to have both self-directed and experienced learning competencies to comprehend the principles of adaptability in entrepreneurial activity.	Theoretical foundation for SDL’s function in entrepreneurship Review paper	SDL equips people with resilience and entrepreneurship.	self-directed learning, is a core skill more enablers or inhibitors can be explored
Creative industries and resilience in times of crisis: the role of firm and entrepreneurial team characteristics	(Protogerou et al., 2022)	Small and young business resilience factors in the context of creative industries	Case study 19 in-depth interviews with Greek small and emerging creative companies	Combination of creative expertise, administrative and marketing expertise is a critical resilience driver. CI companies can effectively adjust to difficult circumstances by investing in digital technologies, serving a wide customer base, and having an export-oriented business model.	Identify firm and entrepreneurial team characteristics that may assist resilience in the creative industries (CI)
Entrepreneurship Recovery in Romania after the Great Recession. A Dynamic Spatial Panel Approach	(Goschin et al., 2021)	Crises are causing an opportunity to arise. Motivated or opportunity-driven business owners	The economic crisis (represented as a binary variable), GDP per capita, FDI per capita, inflation, unemployment, and education are influencing factors. Estimation of dynamic spatial panel model	Knowledge improves a start-up’s capacity to recognise lucrative prospects, as a driver for innovation and transformation.	“Pushing effect.” Increased unemployment rates may encourage people to start their businesses because they will likely worsen labour market conditions and make paid work harder to come by. obtain the abilities required to verify lucrative business chances
Digital technologies, social entrepreneurship and resilience during crisis in developing countries evidence from Nigeria	(Nakpodia et al., 2024)	Generalisation of quantitative study is limited and biased	Using a qualitative approach and 38 semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurship companies in Nigeria how they use digital tech	How social entrepreneurs in Nigeria used digital technologies to highlight challenges highlighting 19 pathways to gain organisational resilience outcomes.	Required to determine how digital technologies affect the resilience of SMEs.
Regional resilience and innovation: paper profiles and research agenda	(Viana et al., 2023)	How innovation has been operationalised in regional resilience.	Descriptive scope review approach based on the databases of Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis of 48 theoretical-empirical works was carried out with MaxQDA and R packages after they were thematically categorised.	Regional resilience models based on innovation-related variables quantitative research, secondary sources, and multivariate analysis. The second, which is distinguished by qualitative or multi-method approaches, focuses more on elucidating the accumulation of knowledge and the capacity for learning associated with regional innovation.
Unleashing the potential of university entrepreneurship education: A mandate for a broader perspective	(De Carolis & Litzky, 2019)	Students’ entrepreneurial mindsets. embrace failure, change, think creatively, act resiliently, and connect	EE ability to produce graduates’ potential entrepreneurs	Prepare complexity of the modern workforce by teaching the entrepreneurial mentality and process.	Adopting a broader accurate entrepreneur, teach students to be the entrepreneurs of their lives.
Resiliency and Resilience process of Entrepreneurs in New venture creation	(Yang & Danes, 2015)	FAAR theory (Patterson, 2002) resiliency (individual capacity) and a dynamic, regenerative resilience process occurring within couples (entrepreneur and spouse), productive outcomes result for the system over time (new venture sustainability) controlling for situational demands.	Longitudinal study of 94 married entrepreneurs’ new businesses family resilience theory	Confidence and life outlook were intrapersonal indicators of the resilience capacity of entrepreneur’s spousal commitment represented a key element of the resilience process of entrepreneurs	The inner strengths of entrepreneurs during venture creation (life outlook and business confidence) considering appraisal of spousal commitment to new venture goals while controlling for the level of business demand. The access and use of intrapersonal resources can be an asset or constraint to ER
Clearing the hurdles in the entrepreneurial race: The role of resilience in entrepreneurship education	(González-López et al., 2019)	EE intervention to increase resilience and its effect on entrepreneurial intention	TPB quasi-experiment design an experimental group 326 pretest and 310 posttest completed course business creation and a control group 282 pretest and 264 posttest no subject studied, University of Granada Spain	Indirect effect on EI through resilience and the antecedents of intention (PBC attitude, and SN). learning methods to foster resilience and EI such as the design-thinking approach or learning from failure	More triggers need to be explored

Table 2. The factors influencing entrepreneurial resilience.

Title	Author and Year	Critical Analysis	Methodology	Findings	Future Directions
Improving resilience and self-esteem among university students with entrepreneurship simulation board game	(Prihadi et al., 2018)	Measured the short-term effects of playing the Traders Board Game (TBG) on resilience and self-esteem, without considering other potential variables that could contribute to entrepreneurship skills and attitudes.	Students’ resilience and self-esteem using an experimental methodology. Three groups of 12 participants were formed: a control group who did not play the game, an experimental group A who played the game once a week for three weeks. an experimental group B that played the game twice a week for three weeks.	Game improves university students’ resilience and self-esteem.	Further enhance the effectiveness of entrepreneurship education programs and educational games related to entrepreneurial skills. the frequency of playing board games that simulate entrepreneurship and the efficacy of seizing opportunities.
The Effects of Resilience on Entrepreneurial Intention in Higher Education Students in a post-COVID stage	(Cruz et al., 2022)	A few triggering factors are subjective norms, attitude, education	Quantitative study 550 undergraduate university students TPB Mexico	Positive impact between resilience and EI in university students, supporting the importance of including entrepreneurship in education as a post-pandemic triggering factor	Other triggering factors can be included
Entrepreneurship resilience: Can psychological traits of entrepreneurial intention support overcoming entrepreneurial failure?	(Zhao & Wibowo, 2021)	Self-efficacy LOC and ER are triggers of EI	146 Respondents online survey Questionnaire PLS	Psychological traits such as entrepreneurial self-efficacy and internal locus of control can influence an entrepreneur’s ability to learn leading to continued engagement in entrepreneurship and new opportunity recognition.	ER as moderator, mediator
The impact of entrepreneurial resilience on the entrepreneurial intention of return migrants: An empirical study based on survey data from multiple provinces in China	(Wu et al., 2023)	Entrepreneurial atmosphere negatively moderates the relationship. The association between entrepreneurial resilience and entrepreneurial intention is mediated by return migrants’ perceptions of their business opportunities	396 sample size survey data	Entrepreneurial resilience on the EI. The moderating power of the entrepreneurial atmosphere and the mediating function of perceptions of entrepreneurial opportunities.	Entrepreneurial resilience enables people to get over their bad emotions and succeed. It influences follow-up and the development of entrepreneurial intention. To identify the function and guiding principle of ER in various links of entrepreneurial activities, mechanism of ER influencing entrepreneurial behaviour from the perspective of the entire process of entrepreneurial activities.
Contextualising Risk and Building Resilience Returnees versus Local Entrepreneurs in China	(Liu, 2020)	Local entrepreneurs prefer to use an effectual coping strategy, which prioritises “control,” “create,” and “make,” while returnee entrepreneurs are more likely to use a causal coping strategy, which focuses on “predict”, “prepare”, and “find”.	Qualitative research 8 case studies	Risk perceptions of local entrepreneurs and Chinese returnees, and their coping mechanisms	Relationships among culture, risk, and resilience in Chinese entrepreneurship coping mechanisms that increase resilience are based on risk perceptions and cultural variables.
Overseas Chinese returnees’ swindler syndrome and their entrepreneurial education under psychological resilience	(Xiao & Wang, 2022)	Entrepreneurial optimism and resilience, which are insulated by psychological resilience, are beneficial to (EI).	Questionnaire survey 142 collected	Psychological resilience to educate overseas Chinese returnees with the swindler syndrome	There is a noteworthy correlation between entrepreneurial resilience and optimism, which is influenced by psychological resilience, and entrepreneurial purpose
Psycho-demographic Factors and Entrepreneurial Intention Among University Students	(Ojewumi et al., 2020)	Professional psychologists ought to cultivate resilience skills and implement suitable LOC orientation programs, it enhances FYUS’s positive intention of starting their business.	University students in their final year convenient sample of 491 ages 20 to 35 ANOVA	Impact of psycho-demographic variables on EI, including gender, university type, perceived social support (PSS), resilience, and locus of control (LOC)	The relationship between university type and gender did not significantly affect EI. Examine the characteristics; perceived competence, need for achievement, and others on students’ EI.
A Theoretical Framework for Entrepreneurial Resilience in the Context of Entrepreneurial Failure	(Hao et al., 2020)	ER in the context of failure and advances knowledge of the cognitive, emotional, and behavioural changes that occur in entrepreneurs following a setback. ramifications for entrepreneurs seeking to improve their psychological makeup and perform better in their next ventures.	Resilience affects learning from failure, wanting to try again, and fear of failing Theoretical	ER in the context of failure, and enriches the understanding of entrepreneurs’ cognitive, emotional and behavioural differences after failure,	Future research on ER can investigate the heterogeneity of individuals’ characteristics, regions and even specific events of the research objects. further consider the diversification of research methods on ER and deeply explore the influence of interaction among various factors on ER
Competencies for entrepreneurship as a career option in a challenging employment environment	(Pérez-López et al., 2016)	The mediating role of resilience and the role of self-efficacy	1251 business students from Spanish university	Resilience positively enhances EI	Different moderators and mediators could be taken
Redressing small firm resilience: exploring owner-manager resources for resilience	(Wall & Bel-lamy, 2019)	Resources for resilience, as follows: adaptability, confidence, social support and purposefulness are likely to positively influence their resilience	9 owner-managers participated in a longitudinal qualitative study that used semi-structured interviews; each interview was conducted three or four times. Using a pre-existing framework, analytical techniques were applied to conceptualise four essential human resources for resilience: purposefulness, social support, flexibility, and confidence. 9 respondents, one per organisation Purposive sampling	Adaptability (flexibility in framing and solving problems intelligence generates new ideas) purposefulness (longer-term goals as guides for sense-making taking in challenging circumstances) sense of confidence (positive emotion and self-belief change circumstances for better self-regulatory mechanisms) social support	Resilience is sometimes not operationally defined; variety of inconsistencies between how it is defined and then how it is examined or measured; and resilience may be defined, but then not examined or measured contextual sensitivities or dependencies of resilience
Entrepreneurship and resilient communities- Introduction to the special issue	(McNaughton & Gray, 2017)	Connections between resilience and entrepreneurship. A few major themes in this nascent field of study and consider how the articles in this issue add to discussions on resilience	Deductive sample of 10 papers	Definition of resilience and means-oriented approach emergent strategies and actions Resisting change Strengthening the status quo and improvised strategies is more likely to apply to passive resilience, while bouncing forward and ends oriented approach Accepting change, moving on (new venture creation) new network ties preparedness reflect proactive resilience through deliberate, anticipatory and planned approaches.	Causes, effects, and characteristics of ER processes and attributes over a larger spectrum of national and regional boundaries.
Conceptualizing Virtual communities as enablers of community-based entrepreneurship and resilience	(Sankaran & Demangeot, 2017)	How virtual communities support resilience and community-based enterprise.	Conceptual paper	Resilience in modern societies, which internet-mediated entrepreneurship can help to improve. Five distinct occurrences are recognised as supporting capital knowledge experience	Self-sufficiency, self-governance, and resilience building via entrepreneurship which is an evolving process
Social media use, corporate entrepreneurship and organisational resilience: A recipe for SME’s success in a post-COVID scenario	(Martín-Rojas et al., 2023)	Fostering connections with customers, increasing teamwork, and locating insightful concepts to create new goods Partnerships, business networking, co-creation, and company innovation are all encouraged by new prospects.	259 firms, structural equation modelling Spanish SMEs	Social media platforms enhance organisational resilience and fosters their entrepreneurial potential. moderating effect on business performance.	Attention to details when developing new goods, services, technology, competitive tactics, and even business models.
Self- directed experiential learning to meet ever-changing entrepreneurship demands	(Morris & Kö-nig, 2020)	self-directed experiential learning cycle, which makes clear how important it is to have both self-directed and experienced learning competencies to comprehend the principles of adaptability in entrepreneurial activity.	Theoretical foundation for SDL’s function in entrepreneurship Review paper	SDL equips people with resilience and entrepreneurship.	self-directed learning, is a core skill more enablers or inhibitors can be explored
Creative industries and resilience in times of crisis: the role of firm and entrepreneurial team characteristics	(Protogerou et al., 2022)	Small and young business resilience factors in the context of creative industries	Case study 19 in-depth interviews with Greek small and emerging creative companies	Combination of creative expertise, administrative and marketing expertise is a critical resilience driver. CI companies can effectively adjust to difficult circumstances by investing in digital technologies, serving a wide customer base, and having an export-oriented business model.	Identify firm and entrepreneurial team characteristics that may assist resilience in the creative industries (CI)
Entrepreneurship Recovery in Romania after the Great Recession. A Dynamic Spatial Panel Approach	(Goschin et al., 2021)	Crises are causing an opportunity to arise. Motivated or opportunity-driven business owners	The economic crisis (represented as a binary variable), GDP per capita, FDI per capita, inflation, unemployment, and education are influencing factors. Estimation of dynamic spatial panel model	Knowledge improves a start-up’s capacity to recognise lucrative prospects, as a driver for innovation and transformation.	“Pushing effect.” Increased unemployment rates may encourage people to start their businesses because they will likely worsen labour market conditions and make paid work harder to come by. obtain the abilities required to verify lucrative business chances
Digital technologies, social entrepreneurship and resilience during crisis in developing countries evidence from Nigeria	(Nakpodia et al., 2024)	Generalisation of quantitative study is limited and biased	Using a qualitative approach and 38 semi-structured interviews with social entrepreneurship companies in Nigeria how they use digital tech	How social entrepreneurs in Nigeria used digital technologies to highlight challenges highlighting 19 pathways to gain organisational resilience outcomes.	Required to determine how digital technologies affect the resilience of SMEs.
Regional resilience and innovation: paper profiles and research agenda	(Viana et al., 2023)	How innovation has been operationalised in regional resilience.	Descriptive scope review approach based on the databases of Scopus and Web of Science. The analysis of 48 theoretical-empirical works was carried out with MaxQDA and R packages after they were thematically categorised.	Regional resilience models based on innovation-related variables quantitative research, secondary sources, and multivariate analysis. The second, which is distinguished by qualitative or multi-method approaches, focuses more on elucidating the accumulation of knowledge and the capacity for learning associated with regional innovation.
Unleashing the potential of university entrepreneurship education: A mandate for a broader perspective	(De Carolis & Litzky, 2019)	Students’ entrepreneurial mindsets. embrace failure, change, think creatively, act resiliently, and connect	EE ability to produce graduates’ potential entrepreneurs	Prepare complexity of the modern workforce by teaching the entrepreneurial mentality and process.	Adopting a broader accurate entrepreneur, teach students to be the entrepreneurs of their lives.
Resiliency and Resilience process of Entrepreneurs in New venture creation	(Yang & Danes, 2015)	FAAR theory (Patterson, 2002) resiliency (individual capacity) and a dynamic, regenerative resilience process occurring within couples (entrepreneur and spouse), productive outcomes result for the system over time (new venture sustainability) controlling for situational demands.	Longitudinal study of 94 married entrepreneurs’ new businesses family resilience theory	Confidence and life outlook were intrapersonal indicators of the resilience capacity of entrepreneur’s spousal commitment represented a key element of the resilience process of entrepreneurs	The inner strengths of entrepreneurs during venture creation (life outlook and business confidence) considering appraisal of spousal commitment to new venture goals while controlling for the level of business demand. The access and use of intrapersonal resources can be an asset or constraint to ER
Clearing the hurdles in the entrepreneurial race: The role of resilience in entrepreneurship education	(González-López et al., 2019)	EE intervention to increase resilience and its effect on entrepreneurial intention	TPB quasi-experiment design an experimental group 326 pretest and 310 posttest completed course business creation and a control group 282 pretest and 264 posttest no subject studied, University of Granada Spain	Indirect effect on EI through resilience and the antecedents of intention (PBC attitude, and SN). learning methods to foster resilience and EI such as the design-thinking approach or learning from failure	More triggers need to be explored

4.9. Limitations

This systematic review has many limitations despite its notable contributions. While limiting analysis to English-language publications constrained cultural representation, the exclusive focus on published journal papers probably missed relevant insights from books, practitioner publications, and grey literature. Theoretical developments may already go beyond our findings, considering how quickly entrepreneurial resilience and intention frameworks are evolving. As the field advances, these limitations emphasise the need for ongoing analysis and synthesis, especially with regard to integrating these interrelated variables across various entrepreneurial contexts.

5. Conclusions

This paper examines a number of scholarly debates that employ different definitions of resilience and entrepreneurship. In light of these talks, the shortcomings of current literature are examined, and potential directions for further research are suggested. There have been documented notable changes in literature across themes, ages, and contexts. With a large amount of research included in this SLR published from 2010 to the end of 2024 that was not taken into account in previous SLRs, the body of literature has been gradually growing over time. To prepare for a critical analysis of each subject of research, a systematic, multidisciplinary review of 44 publications split into several scholarly discussions was carried out. In the modern era, resilience includes not only the capacity to recover from traumatic events and adapt to a changed environment but also the capacity to enhance learning and promote personal growth via ongoing self-improvement, the acquisition of new experiences, and a forward-leaping mindset. The current situation of entrepreneurial resilience is clarified and critically analysed by these findings, which could have a number of policy ramifications. By clarifying its definition as a process and its role as a forerunner and a reciprocal influence on entrepreneurial goals, this systematic literature review emphasises the importance of entrepreneurial resilience. Redefined the concept of entrepreneurial resilience as rendered in contemporary literature. Investigated that entrepreneurial resilience leads to entrepreneurial intentions. Identified the antecedents and determinants that affect entrepreneurial resilience in developing countries.

Entrepreneurial resilience cultivates the desire to start a firm, which has historically been studied after entrepreneurial intentions in studies. The review shows that innovation, employment generation, and business sustainability are all significantly influenced by entrepreneurial resilience. In addition to improving organisational and personal adaptability, entrepreneurial resilience stimulates overall economic growth by giving people the skills and mindset for continuous learning and development. Entrepreneurs who are resilient are more likely to overcome obstacles, take advantage of fresh possibilities, and launch cutting-edge goods and services. This results in increased economic activity, job creation, and the development of strong, creative economies. As a result, encouraging entrepreneurial resilience ought to be considered a crucial tactic for legislators hoping to advance long-term prosperity and sustainable economic growth.

The research highlights the significance of incorporating resilience-building techniques into policy frameworks by elucidating entrepreneurial resilience as a process and a crucial precursor for entrepreneurial intentions. This strategy can support the development of the abilities and attitudes required for business owners to adjust, create, and maintain growth—particularly when faced with challenges. The practical ramifications include the development of comprehensive, flexible policy frameworks that foster innovation, sustainability, and long-term economic viability, in addition to assisting in the establishment of new businesses. Its implications extend beyond theoretical contributions to impact real-world applications in governmental and institutional approaches to fostering entrepreneurial ecosystems. Specialised training programs focusing on adaptability and perseverance, financial support mechanisms designed to help businesses weather disruptions, and educational curricula that instil resilience-oriented mindsets from early stages may simultaneously enhance national innovation capabilities, creating a virtuous cycle of economic development and competitive advantage in global markets.

Table 1 presents the list of all the searched papers.