Behavioral Sciences

2 pages, 144 KB

Open AccessCorrection

Correction: Ferris et al. (2025) Chaining Differential Reinforcement of Compliance and Functional Communication Training to Treat Challenging Behavior Maintained by Negative Reinforcement. Behavioral Sciences, 15(7), 891

by Emily L. Ferris, Alexandra R. Howard, Eleni Baker, Daniel J. Hodge, Andrew R. Craig, Henry S. Roane and William E. Sullivan

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 475; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030475 - 23 Mar 2026

Viewed by 224

Abstract

The authors would like to add a new author in the original publication (Ferris et al [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenging Behavior of Individuals with Autism and/or Other Neurodevelopmental Disabilities)

38 pages, 3963 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Individual Behavior to Systemic Insight: A Bibliometric and Content Analysis of COM-B Applications in Responsible Consumption

by Olena Korohodova, Ionela-Andreea Puiu and Elena Druică

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 474; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030474 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 312

Abstract

Understanding the psychological underpinnings of environmental decision-making is crucial for addressing climate change. Responsible consumption and pro-environmental behaviors often involve complex trade-offs between individual and collective outcomes, as well as between immediate and long-term consequences. Drawing on the Behavior Change Wheel and its [...] Read more.

Understanding the psychological underpinnings of environmental decision-making is crucial for addressing climate change. Responsible consumption and pro-environmental behaviors often involve complex trade-offs between individual and collective outcomes, as well as between immediate and long-term consequences. Drawing on the Behavior Change Wheel and its core COM-B model—a comprehensive behavioral framework integrating Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation—this study systematically examines how the COM-B model has been applied in research on responsible consumption and environmentally relevant behavior. Using a combined bibliometric and content-analytic review of peer-reviewed studies indexed in the Web of Science between 2018 and 2026, we explore the focus, the behavior targets, and the contextual factors in existing COM-B applications. The findings reveal a focus on individual-level awareness, such as dietary behavior and sustainable lifestyles, while meso- and macro-level applications addressing institutional and policy mechanisms remain limited. By identifying a structural misalignment between the COM-B framework and its empirical applications, we contribute to behavioral science by highlighting the need to integrate structural determinants with individual processes to better understand and address the psychological mechanisms underpinning responsible decisions using this theoretical breadth. In this context, we emphasize the importance of aligning behavioral research priorities with the objectives of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 12. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Climate Change, Environmental Decision-Making, and Social Dilemmas from a Psychological Perspective)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1035 KB

Open AccessPerspective

Reconstructing Multilingual Development Research: Shifting from a Monolingual Bias and Toward a Developmental Systems Framework

by Marissa A. Castellana and Viridiana L. Benitez

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 473; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030473 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 467

Abstract

Multilingual research offers a unique window into the diverse developmental trajectories of language and cognition; yet this research has largely been built on a monolingual framework. Here, we first describe how a monolingual bias has limited theory construction and research on the multilingual [...] Read more.

Multilingual research offers a unique window into the diverse developmental trajectories of language and cognition; yet this research has largely been built on a monolingual framework. Here, we first describe how a monolingual bias has limited theory construction and research on the multilingual experience. We then apply a developmental systems framework to understand the multilingual experience, shifting the field away from a monolingual bias toward centering the lived language experiences of multilingual children. At the center of our framework are the moment-to-moment, multimodal, and dynamic interactions between children, their social partners, and environment. Contributing to interaction dynamics are child and social partner characteristics (cognition, motivation, and experiences), as well as contextual factors (activities, places, and policies) that can shape multilingual exposure. Cultural practices, values, and beliefs, as well as developmental time at the micro level (seconds, hours, days) and the macro level (weeks, months, and years), permeate all levels of the framework. Our proposal reveals important avenues of future research, including (1) understanding the dynamic coordination of multimodal behaviors and languages within interactions, (2) how experiences specific to minoritized communities (e.g., language discrimination) shape interaction dynamics, (3) how the temporal patterns of language experience at the micro level contribute to long-term multilingual exposure, and (4) understanding experiences of different multilingual communities within and across communities. Use of this framework can advance knowledge of the contexts enriching multilingual experiences and reconstruct multilingual development research for the benefit of multilingual learners. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Language and Cognitive Development in Bilingual Children)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

25 pages, 1265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Adapting a Behavioral Intervention for Caregivers of Children with Down Syndrome or Fragile X Syndrome: A Pilot Study of RUBI-DD

by Allison D. Blackburn, Walker McKinney, Allison M. Birnschein, Anna J. Esbensen, Shelley McKinley, Hilary Rosselot, Emily K. Hoffman, Craig Erickson and Rebecca Shaffer

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030472 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 312

Abstract

Challenging behaviors, including noncompliance, aggression, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, are common among individuals with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and Down Syndrome (DS). To identify treatment needs specific to these populations, we conducted focus groups with caregivers and educators and used their input to adapt [...] Read more.

Challenging behaviors, including noncompliance, aggression, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, are common among individuals with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) and Down Syndrome (DS). To identify treatment needs specific to these populations, we conducted focus groups with caregivers and educators and used their input to adapt an evidence-based caregiver training program originally designed for caregivers of autistic children (i.e., The Research Units in Behavioral Intervention; RUBI). We then completed a feasibility trial in which five families of children with FXS and four families of children with DS completed a nine-session caregiver training program targeting behavioral principles, syndrome-specific information, and visual supports tailored to the unique needs of FXS or DS (adapted version of RUBI for non-autism developmental disabilities; RUBI-DD). The program demonstrated strong acceptability, with high caregiver satisfaction, 100% retention, and 100% session attendance. Across the combined sample, caregiver reports indicated significant improvements in irritability/aggression (F_(2,15.14) = 4.42, p = 0.03), lethargy/social withdrawal (F_(2,14.47) = 3.97, p = 0.04), stereotypies (F_(2,15.29) = 4.45, p = 0.03), hyperactivity (F_(2,15.14) = 6.51, p = 0.009), social inflexibility (F_(2,15.43) = 6.33, p = 0.01), demand-based noncompliance (F_(2,15.41) = 4.95, p = 0.02), and the impact of behavior on the family (F_(2,15.07) = 4.23, p = 0.04) following participation in RUBI-DD. Caregivers of children with FXS reported significant reductions in lethargy/social withdrawal (F_(2,8.000) = 6.256, p = 0.023) and hyperactivity (F_(2,8.000) = 12.497, p = 0.003) immediately post-treatment and upon 12-week follow-up (g = 1.153, p = 0.044, and g = 1.178, p = 0.003, respectively). Among families of children with DS, caregivers reported reductions in irritability and aggression (F_(2,5.047) = 14.073, p = 0.009) and improvements in the impact on the family (F_(2,6.000) = 5.489, p = 0.044) immediately post-treatment and at follow-up (g = 1.643, p = 0.016, and g = 0.448, p = 0.045, respectively). These findings support the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary efficacy of RUBI-DD for children with FXS or DS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interventions Supporting Young Children with Developmental Differences and Their Families)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 284 KB

Open AccessArticle

What Drives University Students’ Sustained Participation in Volunteering? A Thematic Analysis from the Ecological Systems Theory (EST) Perspective

by Zhanni Luo and Xueqin Peng

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 471; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030471 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 298

Abstract

Background: Understanding the drivers of sustained volunteering among university students is crucial, as their continued participation yields significant individual and societal benefits. However, a notable decline in participation underscores the need to investigate the factors that underpin and sustain volunteering motivation. Methods: Using [...] Read more.

Background: Understanding the drivers of sustained volunteering among university students is crucial, as their continued participation yields significant individual and societal benefits. However, a notable decline in participation underscores the need to investigate the factors that underpin and sustain volunteering motivation. Methods: Using snowball sampling, 15 university students with volunteer experience were recruited for semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis, guided by the Ecological Systems Theory (EST), was performed, with the mesosystem excluded from the analytical framework due to its indirect and less observable nature in participants’ self-reports. Results: Based on the interview responses, we identified 15 themes across the four systems (microsystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem) influencing university students’ participation in volunteering. We further explored the restrictive factors that hinder their participation. To advance the analysis, we introduced a controllability framework (“controllable, partially controllable, minimally controllable”) as an analytical lens. This framework emphasizes that while behaviors are shaped by various factors, behavior change can be most effectively promoted by focusing intervention efforts on those within the immediate control of the individual or relevant actors. Implications: This study demonstrates the EST’s applicability to university students’ volunteering research and provides practical insights for the design of volunteer programs. Full article

13 pages, 242 KB

Open AccessArticle

Developing Messages to Prevent Smokeless Tobacco and Nicotine Pouch Uptake Among Early Career Rural Firefighters in California: A Qualitative Study

by Roland Moore, Carol Cunradi, Katie Moose, Elizabeth Meza, Evi Hernandez and Raul Caetano

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030470 - 22 Mar 2026

Viewed by 259

Abstract

This study describes participants’ views and insights into crafting effective communication aimed at smokeless tobacco and nicotine pouch prevention among fire academy trainees and new recruits. Firefighters have elevated rates of smokeless tobacco use compared with the general population. Nicotine pouches have also [...] Read more.

This study describes participants’ views and insights into crafting effective communication aimed at smokeless tobacco and nicotine pouch prevention among fire academy trainees and new recruits. Firefighters have elevated rates of smokeless tobacco use compared with the general population. Nicotine pouches have also gained popularity among this occupational group. We launched a pilot project centered in rural Northern California counties to uncover factors that can be used to communicate smokeless tobacco and nicotine pouch prevention messages within the firefighter workplace. As a first step, we conducted semi-structured interviews with firefighter subject matter experts, including fire chiefs, fire academy instructors, wildlands firefighters, and recent fire academy graduates. This purposive sample (n = 13) was obtained through referrals from the project’s Community Advisory Board, composed of fire service professionals. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Next, the qualitative interviews were thematically analyzed. The results focus on two aspects of effective workplace communication in the service to delivery of smokeless tobacco and nicotine pouch prevention messages: content (core information conveyed in a message), and format (how the message is transmitted or displayed). Examples of the former are the importance of keeping oneself healthy so that one can do one’s job; do not risk a future compensation claim due to smokeless tobacco or nicotine pouch use. Examples of the latter are the use of brevity; humor. Because firefighters often initiate use of these products after they join the fire service, communicating prevention messages in the workplace during the firefighter training and recruitment stage may help disrupt the uptake of nicotine products. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Workplace Communication: An Emerging Field of Study)

19 pages, 344 KB

Open AccessArticle

Peer-Mediated Digital Awareness Among Adolescents: Insights from a CAWI-Based Assessment at the European Researchers’ Night

by Daniele Giansanti, Lorenzo Desideri, Antonia Pirrera and Regina Gregori Grgič

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 469; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030469 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 280

Abstract

Adolescents increasingly engage with digital technologies, yet understanding patterns of smartphone use and fostering reflective awareness remain challenging. Traditional assessments in clinical or school settings may limit participation and self-reflection. This study evaluated the feasibility and impact of a Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) [...] Read more.

Adolescents increasingly engage with digital technologies, yet understanding patterns of smartphone use and fostering reflective awareness remain challenging. Traditional assessments in clinical or school settings may limit participation and self-reflection. This study evaluated the feasibility and impact of a Computer-Assisted Web Interviewing (CAWI) approach to monitor smartphone use, provide immediate individualized feedback, and support peer-mediated dissemination in a public science engagement context. Across three editions of the European Researchers’ Night in Rome (2023–2025), 807 adolescents aged 10–19 completed the SAS-SV questionnaire via on-site tablets or personal devices using QR codes. Smartphone use was categorized into Low Involvement, At-Risk, or Problematic. Participants were encouraged to share the survey link with peers, enabling snowball-mediated recruitment. Participant acceptance was assessed through the Net Promoter Score (NPS). Snowball participation accounted for the majority of responses, highlighting the effectiveness of peer-mediated diffusion. SAS-SV categorization indicated 46% Low Involvement, 39% At-Risk, and 15% Problematic use, with minimal gender differences. NPS values ranged from +69 to +79, with snowball participants reporting slightly higher satisfaction than on-site attendees. These results underscore high engagement, perceived value, and the role of peer networks in promoting reflective digital behavior. Integrating CAWI assessment, immediate feedback, and peer-mediated diffusion created a socially situated environment supporting self-reflection and voluntary dissemination. Peer networks extended both the temporal and social reach of the initiative beyond the public event, demonstrating a scalable and non-stigmatizing model. CAWI-based monitoring combined with feedback and peer-driven diffusion is feasible and effective for adolescent digital wellbeing interventions. This approach fosters reflective digital citizenship, supports self-awareness, and leverages social networks to enhance the reach and impact of youth-centered health promotion initiatives. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Digital Technologies, Mental Health and Well-Being)

18 pages, 694 KB

Open AccessArticle

How Conscientiousness Influences Prosocial Behavior Among Adolescents: The Role of Empathy and Social Support

by Weina Lei, Xiaogang Xia, David Yun Dai and Guihua Wang

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 468; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030468 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 336

Abstract

Existing research highlights the positive relationship between conscientiousness and prosocial behavior. Yet the underlying psychological mechanism between these variables needs further exploration. This study investigated the mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of social support in the relationship between conscientiousness and [...] Read more.

Existing research highlights the positive relationship between conscientiousness and prosocial behavior. Yet the underlying psychological mechanism between these variables needs further exploration. This study investigated the mediating role of empathy and the moderating role of social support in the relationship between conscientiousness and prosocial behavior by constructing a moderated mediation model. The study included 1081 middle school students from China, aged 13 to 18 years (M = 15.45, SD = 1.91). The sample consisted of 531 boys (49.12%) and 550 girls (50.88%), all of whom completed surveys on conscientiousness, empathy, social support, and prosocial behavior. Results revealed that empathy partially mediated the relationship between conscientiousness and prosocial behavior, while social support moderated both the direct relationship between conscientiousness and prosocial behavior and the indirect relationship between conscientiousness and prosocial behavior mediated by empathy. The findings provide educational implications for cultivating prosocial behavior among adolescents. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 336 KB

Open AccessReview

Know Your Nose: A Narrative Review of the Developmental and Functional Impact and Importance of the Nose, Nasal Breathing and Techniques on Health and Emotional Wellbeing

by Alireza Amirsadri and Hooman Sedighi

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 467; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030467 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 359

Abstract

This narrative review synthesizes research demonstrating the multi-domain import of nasal breathing across developmental, physiological, immunological, and neuropsychological domains, with the aim of communicating its potential clinical relevance and motivating future empirical investigation. We broadly address developmental and evolutionary foundations and the pathways [...] Read more.

This narrative review synthesizes research demonstrating the multi-domain import of nasal breathing across developmental, physiological, immunological, and neuropsychological domains, with the aim of communicating its potential clinical relevance and motivating future empirical investigation. We broadly address developmental and evolutionary foundations and the pathways through which nasal breathing influences health, functioning, and subjective experience. Across these areas, evidence implicates nasal breathing in immune defense, autonomic and emotion regulation, limbic entrainment, and aspects of consciousness. Notably, many contemplative traditions—including yogic pranayama, Sufi, and Buddhist practices—have long emphasized nasal breathing for its physical and spiritual benefits, and contemporary evidence increasingly buttresses components of these traditional beliefs, with growing convergence between contemporary scientific findings and longstanding traditional observation. More broadly, the epistemic basis of the evidence supporting nasal breathing’s effects reviewed here ranges considerably, from well-controlled experimental and mechanistic work to preliminary and small-sample studies whose clinical translation remains tenuous, and specific therapeutic inferences should be made cautiously. Nonetheless, nasal breathing represents an underappreciated, low-cost, and accessible adjunctive approach with genuine clinical potential. Realizing that potential will require controlled trials attending to parameter specificity—e.g., respiratory phase, laterality, and rate—and designs that isolate nasal breathing from other aspects of contemplative practices across well-defined populations and outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

20 pages, 311 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sexual Harassment and Gender-Based Harassment Among Teaching and Research Staff at a Public University in Northwestern Spain: Prevalence and Predictors

by Yolanda Rodríguez-Castro, Mar Fernández-Cendón, Rosana Martínez-Román and Xosé María Mahou-Lago

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 466; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030466 - 21 Mar 2026

Viewed by 319

Abstract

The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to identify the prevalence of sexual harassment and sex-based harassment among teaching and research staff (TRS) at a public university; and (b) to examine the predictive capacity of sociodemographic variables and prior harassment experiences on [...] Read more.

The aim of this study is twofold: (a) to identify the prevalence of sexual harassment and sex-based harassment among teaching and research staff (TRS) at a public university; and (b) to examine the predictive capacity of sociodemographic variables and prior harassment experiences on the frequency of different forms of sexual victimization (SEQ): gender harassment, unwanted sexual attention, and sexual coercion. A total of 425 TRS members participated (48.9% women, 50.6% men, 0.5% not identified; mean age = 45.88, SD = 22.2), all affiliated with a public university in northwestern Spain. Findings showed that female TRS explicitly self-identified as victims of sexual harassment and gender-based harassment within the university. Overall mean scores on the three SEQ subscales were low, yet women reported significantly higher levels of gender harassment and unwanted sexual attention. Female TRS also showed higher levels of technology-facilitated sexual harassment compared with their male counterparts. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that prior sexual victimization and technology-facilitated harassment were the strongest predictors across all SEQ dimensions. Unwanted sexual attention and TFSV predicted sexual coercion, whereas higher professional rank was associated with a reduced risk within this university. In conclusion, this public university requires well-disseminated and trusted protocols that explicitly address digital forms of sexual violence, alongside sustained preventive programs aimed at reducing revictimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sexual Violence Against Women Across Contexts: Prevention, Education, and Intervention)

20 pages, 879 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Group Psychology on Network Cluster Behavior: A Moderated Mediation Model

by Jianjun Ni, Zhangbo Xiong and Mingzheng Wu

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 465; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030465 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 271

Abstract

With the rapid development in new media and social platforms on the internet, some social hotspots or sensitive events can easily ferment and spread in the online space, attracting the attention or concentrated discussion of young students. Network cluster behavior is a collective [...] Read more.

With the rapid development in new media and social platforms on the internet, some social hotspots or sensitive events can easily ferment and spread in the online space, attracting the attention or concentrated discussion of young students. Network cluster behavior is a collective behavior in which a large number of netizens collectively express and gather opinions around social hot issues of common concern, creating online public opinion. The study explored the influence of group psychology on the process of college students participating in online cluster behavior. A survey was conducted involving 2137 college students from over 10 universities in Zhejiang Province, Jiangsu Province, and other regions. The data were analyzed using correlation analysis and moderated mediation model testing. This study found that group psychological factors, such as emotional infection, depersonalization, the spiral of silence, relative deprivation, group polarization, and action mobilization, positively predicted network cluster behavior. The action mobilization of opinion leaders mediated the relationship between emotional infection and network cluster behavior. Group polarization mediated the relationship between the spiral of silence and network cluster behavior. Additionally, group efficacy moderated the latter part of the mediation process between group polarization and network cluster behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organizational Behaviors)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 868 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reward Motivation Adaptation Deficits Are Specific to Co-Occurring Subclinical Depression and Anhedonia

by Xin Gao, Jie Pu, Xinyue Zhao, Yuxi Zhao, Wenting Mu, Simon S. Y. Lui, Jia Huang and Raymond C. K. Chan

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 464; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030464 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 291

Abstract

Reward motivation adaptation is defined as the extent to which the willingness to exert effort varies as a function of incentive salience, encompassing both motivational (‘wanting’) and hedonic (‘liking’) components. Although reduced reward motivation has been reported in subclinical depression and anhedonia, it [...] Read more.

Reward motivation adaptation is defined as the extent to which the willingness to exert effort varies as a function of incentive salience, encompassing both motivational (‘wanting’) and hedonic (‘liking’) components. Although reduced reward motivation has been reported in subclinical depression and anhedonia, it remains unclear whether impaired adaptation is a general feature of subclinical depression or is more evident when depressive symptoms co-occur with anhedonia. We addressed this question in two behavioral studies using a task that systematically varied effort–reward ratios. Study 1 contrasted three screening-based groups: individuals with elevated social anhedonia, individuals with subclinical depression without high social anhedonia, and controls with low levels of both, and found no clear group differences in reward motivation adaptation across effort–reward conditions. Study 2 focused on female participants with subclinical depression who also showed higher levels of anhedonia, compared with non-depressed controls. In this sample, the subclinical depression group showed lower overall reward motivation and indications of reduced ‘liking’ adaptation. In conclusion, these findings suggest that deficits in reward motivation adaptation were not clearly observable when subclinical depression or social anhedonia were considered in isolation, but may emerge when depressive status and broader measures of anhedonia co-occur, though this pattern requires confirmation in larger and more diverse samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Psychiatric, Emotional and Behavioral Disorders)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

15 pages, 408 KB

Open AccessArticle

Generating a Mediation Model of Moral Cost and Aggression

by Jing Lin, Yang Hu, Jia-Ming Wei and Ling-Xiang Xia

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 463; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030463 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 195

Abstract

The effects of moral protective factors (e.g., moral cost) on aggression and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To address this issue, this study developed the Moral Cost of Aggression Questionnaire (MCAQ) and validated its psychometric properties in 516 college students (287 female; M [...] Read more.

The effects of moral protective factors (e.g., moral cost) on aggression and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. To address this issue, this study developed the Moral Cost of Aggression Questionnaire (MCAQ) and validated its psychometric properties in 516 college students (287 female; Mage = 19.77 years, SD = 1.61). Subsequently, the relationships among moral cost, positive outcome expectancies for aggression (POEA), and aggression were examined in 749 college students (330 females; Mage = 18.96 years, SD = 0.74). Mediation analysis indicated that POEA mediated the relationship between moral cost and aggression. This pattern of associations is consistent with the hypothesis that moral cost is negatively associated with aggression, in part through its link to lower subjective value of aggressive outcomes (i.e., lower POEA). This study provides a reliable and valid measure of the trait moral cost (MCAQ) and offers preliminary empirical support for a discounting mechanism in which moral cost is associated with reduced aggression via decreased POEA. These findings suggest that interventions targeting both moral cost and outcome valuation may be a useful direction for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Violence and Bullying: Risks, Intervention, Prevention)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

20 pages, 5729 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Who Do We Remember? Facial Anomalies, Race, and Sex in Social Categorization

by Soma Chaudhuri, Isabella Bobrow and Anjan Chatterjee

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 462; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030462 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 329

Abstract

Social categorization often occurs automatically, shaping whom we notice, remember, and group together. The present study examined how visual cues indicative of sex, race, and facial anomaly guide spontaneous categorization, testing the hypothesis that anomaly-based categorization is more malleable than categorization by race [...] Read more.

Social categorization often occurs automatically, shaping whom we notice, remember, and group together. The present study examined how visual cues indicative of sex, race, and facial anomaly guide spontaneous categorization, testing the hypothesis that anomaly-based categorization is more malleable than categorization by race or sex. Using a within-subjects Who-Said-What (WSW) paradigm, participants viewed faces that varied by sex, race, and presence of a facial scar, each paired with self-descriptive statements. A surprise recall task required matching statements to faces. Categorization strength was computed from recall errors. Participants showed the strongest categorization by sex, weak categorization by race, and very weak categorization by facial anomaly. Regression analyses revealed that scar-based categorization was negatively associated with sex- and race-based categorization. When sex or race was strongly encoded, scar-based categorization was sharply diminished, and the cue appeared only under relatively weak and infrequent conditions. Thus, although visually salient, facial anomalies did not function as an independent or stable basis for social grouping. These findings demonstrate that the categorization system prioritizes evolutionarily primary cues such as sex, treats race as a comparatively weaker cue, and assigns facial anomalies to a minimal and malleable role. Overall, the results highlight the fragile, low-priority, and easily overshadowed nature of anomaly-based categorization in social memory. Importantly, the fragility of scar-based categorization suggests that negative evaluations of anomalous faces (anomalous-is-bad stereotyping) are not automatically translated into robust memories or categorical organization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotions and Stereotypes About People with Visible Facial Difference)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

18 pages, 469 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Profiling Personality to Predict Athletes’ Academic Achievement: Cross-Cultural Analysis

by Aleksandra M. Rogowska, Cezary Kuśnierz and Iuliia Pavlova

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 461; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030461 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 508

Abstract

Research using latent profile analysis (LPA) has yielded inconsistent results regarding the number of personality profiles among athletes, the specific configuration of the Big Five traits, and their interpretation. This study seeks to explore personality types by excluding additional variables from the LPA [...] Read more.

Research using latent profile analysis (LPA) has yielded inconsistent results regarding the number of personality profiles among athletes, the specific configuration of the Big Five traits, and their interpretation. This study seeks to explore personality types by excluding additional variables from the LPA model, aiming to assess how well personality profiles are universal (independent of gender and cultural context) and can predict academic achievement in student athletes. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire among 424 student athletes from two universities in Poland and Ukraine. The average age of participants was 20 years old (M = 20.01; SD = 2.48), 62% were male, 53% lived in Poland, and 58% studied Sports Sciences vs. 42% Physical Education. The Mini-International Personality Item Pool (Mini-IPIP) was used to assess the Big Five personality traits, and grade point average (GPA) was used to measure students’ academic achievements in the last semester. The LPA identified four personality profiles: (1) Restrained Neurotic (Profile 1, 32%), Open Extravert (Profile 2, 42%), Competitive Neurotic (Profile 3, 17%), and Cooperative Perfectionist (Profile 4, 8%). Profiles 1, 3, and 4 showed similarly low levels of emotional stability, extraversion, and intellect but differed significantly in agreeableness and conscientiousness. Gender and country differences across athletes representing specific profiles were also noted. Profile 2 showed the strongest link with academic achievement. Hierarchical multiple linear regression showed that LPA profiles explained only 2% of GPA variance, compared to Big Five personality traits (9%) and demographic variables, such as sex, country, and study major (8%), which were also included in the following steps in the regression model, explaining only 9% and 8%, respectively. Most student athletes (52%) with personality profiles 1 (Restrained Neurotic), 3 (Competitive Neurotic), and 4 (Cooperative Perfectionist) may require psychological training to better cope with negative emotions and stress arising in competitive and academic settings. Profile 2 (Open Extravert) seems to be the most adaptive and potentially successful personality type. Personality types are, at least to some extent, related to gender and country of residence. More cross-cultural research is required to further verify the types of athletic personalities. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Motor Competence, Physical Fitness, and Academic Achievement in Students)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 966 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Pitch and Tone Preference of Preschool Children in Mandarin

by Minmin Yin, Surina Zhang, Hongyun Zhu, Jieyi Huang, Shengnan Ge and Baoming Li

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 460; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030460 - 20 Mar 2026

Viewed by 288

Abstract

Child-directed speech (CDS) is characterized by a suite of exaggerated acoustic features, with elevated fundamental frequency (pitch) being a prominent and widely adopted component. While caregivers and educators frequently use high-pitch speech with young children, its perceptual preference among preschool-aged children, particularly in [...] Read more.

Child-directed speech (CDS) is characterized by a suite of exaggerated acoustic features, with elevated fundamental frequency (pitch) being a prominent and widely adopted component. While caregivers and educators frequently use high-pitch speech with young children, its perceptual preference among preschool-aged children, particularly in tonal languages like Mandarin, remains empirically unclear. This study aimed to investigate Mandarin-speaking preschoolers’ explicit preferences for manipulated pitch levels at the sentence frame while also examining the potential influence of lexical tone. Ninety-four children aged 3–6 years completed a binary forced-choice preference task. They listened to sentences systematically varying in three pitch levels (high, normal, low F₀) and five tone conditions (the four Mandarin lexical tones and a mixed-tone condition), with other acoustic parameters controlled. Results revealed that children showed no significant preference for high-pitch over normal-pitch speech. However, they exhibited a strong aversion to low-pitch speech. Furthermore, children’s pitch-level preferences were not modulated by the lexical tone of the sentences. These findings clarify that Mandarin-speaking preschoolers do not inherently prefer the high pitch typical of CDS over a normal speaking voice but are distinctly unfavorable toward low pitch. The study suggests that effective, listener-centered communication in early childhood settings may prioritize avoiding unusually low pitch rather than deliberately raising pitch, offering evidence-based guidance for pedagogical practice and adult–child interaction. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 957 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Video-Guided Active Break Programme on the Self-Esteem and Socio-Emotional Well-Being of Schoolchildren with Special Educational Needs: Active Classes Project

by Alejandra Robles-Campos, Yasna Chávez-Castillo, Isidora Zañartu, Ana María Arias, Carolina Muñoz, José Guzmán, Daniel Reyes-Molina, Igor Cigarroa, Maria Antonia Parra-Rizo, Juan de Dios Benítez-Sillero, Jose Manuel Armada-Crespo, Javier Murillo-Moraño and Rafael Zapata-Lamana

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 459; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030459 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 464

Abstract

Serving students with special educational needs (SENs) involves recognising that their learning is closely linked to their emotional needs. Self-esteem and socio-emotional well-being play a key role in their motivation and adaptation to school. In this context, physical activity-based interventions at school emerge [...] Read more.

Serving students with special educational needs (SENs) involves recognising that their learning is closely linked to their emotional needs. Self-esteem and socio-emotional well-being play a key role in their motivation and adaptation to school. In this context, physical activity-based interventions at school emerge as a possible way to strengthen their self-esteem and socio-emotional well-being. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of a web-based active break programme on self-esteem in students aged 6 to 10 years with SENs and on socio-emotional well-being in the subgroup of first–second-grade students. A pre-specified sub-analysis was conducted of a multicentre randomised controlled trial with a sample of 161 students with special educational needs (7.8 ± 1.1 years, 32% girls), divided into a control group (85 students) and an experimental group (76 students). A programme of video-guided active breaks was implemented in the classroom, applied twice a day, five days a week for 12 weeks, via a web platform. Self-esteem was assessed using the School Self-Esteem Test (SSET), and socio-emotional well-being was assessed using the Self-Report of Socio-Emotional Well-Being (SRSEWB). A significant Time × Group interaction was observed for self-esteem, F_{(1, 157)} = 5.43, p = 0.021, η²_p = 0.033, but no statistically significant effects were detected for socio-emotional well-being. These findings suggest that active break interventions may help strengthen self-esteem in students with SENs. Future research should examine the temporal stability of these improvements, determine the optimal intervention duration required to generate sustained changes, and evaluate longer-term socio-emotional outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

21 pages, 308 KB

Open AccessArticle

Boys Don’t Cry? Rethinking Emotions and Manhood Through SEL in Pakistani Secondary Schools

by Rahat Shah, Sayed Attaullah Shah and Sadia Saeed

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 458; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030458 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 561

Abstract

Global research on social–emotional learning (SEL) demonstrates robust benefits for student well-being and academic outcomes, yet SEL is still largely treated as gender and culturally neutral, with little attention to how it intersects with locally specific constructions of masculinity. We address this gap [...] Read more.

Global research on social–emotional learning (SEL) demonstrates robust benefits for student well-being and academic outcomes, yet SEL is still largely treated as gender and culturally neutral, with little attention to how it intersects with locally specific constructions of masculinity. We address this gap through a qualitative study in three urban secondary schools in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, combining focus groups with boys aged 13–16 (n = 18), student interviews (n = 10), and teacher/counsellor interviews (n = 10). Using critical masculinity theory, the sociology of emotions, and transformative SEL, a reflexive thematic analysis identifies four patterns: (i) sadness and fear framed as status risks while anger signals strength, (ii) “switching off” feelings as masculinized emotion work tied to locally valued ideals of sabar (endurance) and izzat (honour), (iii) fragile “islands of care” where privacy and dignity enable conditional vulnerability, and (iv) SEL-like practices fostering empathy but also reinforcing stigma when emotions are labelled unmanly. We argue that SEL is a contested site where masculinities are reproduced and renegotiated, and we propose five findings-grounded design principles, including graduated emotional entry points, anti-ridicule norms, and indirect pedagogy for gender-attentive SEL that reduces stigma and supports non-violent masculinities in Pakistani secondary schooling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Learning to Thrive: Integrating Social Emotional Learning Across the Diverse Educational Context)

14 pages, 474 KB

Open AccessArticle

Chronotype and Subjective Memory Complaints: The Sequential Mediating Roles of Sleep Quality and Psychological Distress

by Pedro F. S. Rodrigues, Marco Lopes, Inês B. Oliveira, Sara M. Fernandes, Ana Bártolo, Ana Paula Caetano, Ramón López-Higes, Susana Rubio-Valdehita and Pedro B. Albuquerque

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 457; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030457 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 516

Abstract

Individual differences in circadian preference have been shown to influence cognitive functioning, yet their relationship with subjective memory complaints remains unclear. The present study examined the association between chronotype and everyday memory complaints in a sample of Portuguese adults, exploring the sequential mediating [...] Read more.

Individual differences in circadian preference have been shown to influence cognitive functioning, yet their relationship with subjective memory complaints remains unclear. The present study examined the association between chronotype and everyday memory complaints in a sample of Portuguese adults, exploring the sequential mediating roles of sleep quality and psychological distress. A total of 382 participants completed self-report measures of chronotype, sleep quality, psychological distress (anxiety, depression, and stress), and subjective memory complaints. In a cross-sectional self-report design, a path analysis approach was used to test a theoretically driven serial mediation model. Results indicated that greater morningness predicted better perceived sleep quality, which in turn was associated with lower levels of psychological distress. No significant direct effects of chronotype or sleep quality on subjective memory complaints were observed; however, a significant indirect effect was identified through the sequential pathway linking chronotype, sleep quality, and psychological distress. These findings suggest that circadian preferences are associated with self-perceived memory functioning primarily through sleep-related and emotional mechanisms; however, the sequential mediation identified reflects associational rather than causal relationships. The model highlights the central role of sleep quality and emotional state in shaping subjective memory complaints and supports integrative approaches that consider both circadian and emotional factors. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 277 KB

Open AccessArticle

Self-Deception in Addiction Rehabilitation: Impulsivity and Self-Efficacy as Predictors of Manipulation and Mystification

by Javier Sampedro, Llanos Merín, Laura Ros and Jorge J. Ricarte

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 456; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030456 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 353

Abstract

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global problem with serious psychological, physiological, and social consequences. Seeking professional help is often delayed due to a lack of self-recognition of addiction, frequently sustained by self-deception. Although self-deception is a core feature of SUD, the mechanisms [...] Read more.

Substance use disorder (SUD) is a global problem with serious psychological, physiological, and social consequences. Seeking professional help is often delayed due to a lack of self-recognition of addiction, frequently sustained by self-deception. Although self-deception is a core feature of SUD, the mechanisms underlying it remain insufficiently studied. This research examines the role of impulsivity and self-efficacy in predicting self-deceptive behaviors—manipulation and mystification—in individuals undergoing addiction rehabilitation. The sample consisted of 122 Spanish participants from therapeutic communities (Mage = 44.99, SD = 10.58; 82.8% male) who completed the Self-Deception Questionnaire (SDQ-12), the Impulsive Control Scale Ramón y Cajal (ECIRyC), and the Drug Taking Confidence Questionnaire (DTCQ). Results showed that impulsivity significantly predicted both manipulation and mystification. Manipulation was also associated with self-efficacy in managing temptation and duration of addiction, highlighting its multifaceted nature. In contrast, mystification was predicted solely by impulsivity, suggesting a stronger dependence on internal psychological processes rather than contextual factors. These findings underscore the importance of targeting impulsivity and enhancing self-efficacy in addiction treatment. Interventions such as Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), and mindfulness-based approaches may be particularly effective in reducing self-deceptive behaviors and supporting long-term recovery. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

21 pages, 1057 KB

Open AccessArticle

Signaling Organizational Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Recruitment Materials: Role of Perceived Innovation Ability in Organizational Attractiveness

by Jialin Cheng and Shunhong Ji

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 455; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030455 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 269

Abstract

Although previous studies have examined factors influencing organizational appeal, how AI-adoption signals influence prospective applicants remains unclear. Building on signaling theory, this study explores whether, when, and how organizations’ AI-adoption signals enhance their attractiveness to potential applicants. Two experiments were conducted to test [...] Read more.

Although previous studies have examined factors influencing organizational appeal, how AI-adoption signals influence prospective applicants remains unclear. Building on signaling theory, this study explores whether, when, and how organizations’ AI-adoption signals enhance their attractiveness to potential applicants. Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesized model. Study 1 (N = 145) employed a scenario-based design to compare organizational attractiveness between AI-adoption signal and no-signal conditions, confirming that AI-adoption signals are significantly positively associated with organizational attractiveness. Study 2 (N = 240) recruited active job seekers and validated a moderated mediation model: perceived innovation ability mediates the positive association between AI-adoption signals and organizational attractiveness, especially among job seekers with high AI self-efficacy. By conceptualizing AI adoption as an organizational signal, this research extends signaling theory to the context of technology-infused recruitment and offers practical insights for designing more effective recruitment strategies in the digital era. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Technology on Human Behavior)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2825 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Multidimensional Warning Messages on Payment Security Behavior Across Different Scenarios

by Siyu Fan, Dongyu Liu, Te Ran, Yawen Guo and Haibo Yang

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030454 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 267

Abstract

To ensure the security of mobile payments, anti-fraud warning messages serve as a critical defensive interface between users and potential risks. The effectiveness of their design directly influences users’ risk perceptions and security-related behaviors. The present study employed eye-tracking technology to examine the [...] Read more.

To ensure the security of mobile payments, anti-fraud warning messages serve as a critical defensive interface between users and potential risks. The effectiveness of their design directly influences users’ risk perceptions and security-related behaviors. The present study employed eye-tracking technology to examine the effectiveness of warning messages in mobile payment transfer scenarios and the impact of specific warning design features on user decision-making. Experiment 1 utilized a 2 (warning message: present vs. absent) × 3 (potential risk level: high, medium, low) within-subject design to test the fundamental role of warning message presence. Results indicated that the presence of warning messages significantly prolonged participants’ reaction times when selecting the transfer option, suggesting a more cautious decision-making process. Building on Experiment 1, Experiment 2 employed a 2 (warning color: red vs. blue) × 2 (warning semantic type: imperative vs. reminder) × 3 (potential risk level: high, medium, low) within-subject design and incorporated eye-tracking technology to investigate the effects of these design variables and underlying attentional mechanisms. Red warnings and imperative semantics were both found to significantly increase the likelihood of transfer rejection, with these design advantages being particularly pronounced in high-risk contexts. These findings provide empirical evidence to guide mobile payment platforms in optimizing dynamically adaptive, context-sensitive anti-fraud warning designs. Full article

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 680 KB

Open AccessArticle

Temporal Probability-Guided Shifts in Temporal Preparation Away from the Beat Under a Distracting Rhythm in Aging

by Zhihan Xu, Siyu Chen, Zhili Han, Yuqing Jiang, Ting Guo and Sa Lu

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 453; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030453 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 189

Abstract

Temporal preparation has been consistently shown to be driven by regular rhythms, which are commonly considered to automatically attract attentional resources to on-beat moments, facilitating behavioral performance relative to off-beat moments in both younger and older adults. However, when targets occur more often [...] Read more.

Temporal preparation has been consistently shown to be driven by regular rhythms, which are commonly considered to automatically attract attentional resources to on-beat moments, facilitating behavioral performance relative to off-beat moments in both younger and older adults. However, when targets occur more often at off-beat moments such that the rhythm becomes task-disadvantageous, it remains unclear whether older adults can adjust preparatory resources away from on-beat moments and toward the high-probability time point. To address this issue, younger and older adults completed a temporal preparation task at fast (800 ms) and slow (2000 ms) tempos under three conditions: attend-on-beat (rhythmic sequence; 80% on-beat targets), attend-off-beat (rhythmic sequence; 80% off-beat targets), and random (nonrhythmic sequence; 50% each). The results showed that, relative to the random condition, both age groups responded faster at the instructed high-probability time point in both rhythmic conditions, even when it fell off-beat, indicating that temporal probabilities can guide temporal preparation away from a task-disadvantageous on-beat moment toward the task-relevant time point. Moreover, this pattern was observed under both the fast and slow tempos. Together, these findings suggest that older adults preserve the ability to use temporal probabilities to reduce rhythmic distraction across sub-second and supra-second time scales. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognition)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 416 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of a Structured Parent Training Program on Parents’ Active Mediation of Adolescents’ Smartphone Use: A Controlled Experimental Study

by Yan Chen, Qiongying Wu, Canyu Hu, Qian Gu, Hongshan Gu, Chuanhua Gu and Yuqi Cao

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 452; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030452 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 282

Abstract

Problematic smartphone use among adolescents can lead to various negative consequences. Parental active mediation has been identified as an effective strategy to mitigate these problems. In response, numerous parent training programs have been developed. However, it remains unclear whether these programs can effectively [...] Read more.

Problematic smartphone use among adolescents can lead to various negative consequences. Parental active mediation has been identified as an effective strategy to mitigate these problems. In response, numerous parent training programs have been developed. However, it remains unclear whether these programs can effectively enhance parents’ active mediation. A 2 (group: experimental vs. control) × 3 (time: pretest, post-test, follow-up) mixed factorial design was employed to examine the effects of parent training on parents’ active mediation. A total of 60 parents of adolescents with problematic smartphone use participated in the experiment. Parents in the experimental group attended a six-session parent training program, while those in the control group received no intervention. Parental active mediation was assessed using a validated self-report scale at all three time points. Results indicated significant main effects of group and time, as well as a significant group × time interaction. Among parents with the same initial level of active mediation, those who participated in the training demonstrated higher levels of active mediation than those in the control group, and this improvement was maintained two months later. These findings provide empirical evidence that parent training can sustainably enhance parents’ active mediation in managing adolescents’ smartphone use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 303 KB

Open AccessArticle

Psychometric Properties of the Measure of Online Disinhibition (MOD) in Chilean Adolescents

by Karina Polanco-Levicán, José Luis Gálvez-Nieto and Ignacio Norambuena-Paredes

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 451; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030451 - 19 Mar 2026

Viewed by 340

Abstract

Online disinhibition is a fundamental construct for understanding adolescent behaviour in digital environments. However, in Chile, there are no psychometric studies that support its measurement. In this regard, having valid and reliable tools to assess this phenomenon is key to advancing research on [...] Read more.

Online disinhibition is a fundamental construct for understanding adolescent behaviour in digital environments. However, in Chile, there are no psychometric studies that support its measurement. In this regard, having valid and reliable tools to assess this phenomenon is key to advancing research on the dynamics of digital interaction and its possible implications for the well-being and online coexistence of adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Measure of Online Disinhibition (MOD) in a sample of Chilean adolescents. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 4646 students from 41 secondary education institutions. The sample consisted of 50.2% males, 48.5% females, and 1.4% who identified with another gender category, with an average age of 15.79 years (SD = 1.33). The factorial structure was examined using confirmatory factor analysis, which confirmed the theoretical unidimensional solution. Factorial invariance was examined across gender, internet use, social media use, and age. Scalar invariance was supported for internet use, social media use, and age, while partial scalar invariance was established across gender. Convergent validity was supported by positive, moderate, and statistically significant correlations with the Global Assessment of Internet Trolling (GAIT). Finally, the scale demonstrated adequate internal consistency, supporting its use in the Chilean adolescent population. Full article

19 pages, 432 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multimodal Worlds, Multilingual Selves: Fictional Linguistic Landscapes in Transnational Education

by Osman Solmaz

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 450; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030450 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 232

Abstract

Transnational youth frequently navigate multiple languages and continually negotiate not only affiliation, but also the legitimacy of the languages they use within changing linguistic hierarchies. However, their educational experiences are often framed through fragmented classroom practices, deficit-based assessments, and nationally bounded curricular frameworks. [...] Read more.

Transnational youth frequently navigate multiple languages and continually negotiate not only affiliation, but also the legitimacy of the languages they use within changing linguistic hierarchies. However, their educational experiences are often framed through fragmented classroom practices, deficit-based assessments, and nationally bounded curricular frameworks. In this paper, I respond by theorizing Fictional Linguistic Landscapes (FLL) as a transdisciplinary pedagogical approach that utilizes fiction and participatory cultural practices to position language learning as a form of semiotic design, critical inquiry, and identity (re)work. Grounded in linguistic landscape studies, multiliteracies pedagogy, and fan-based meaning-making, FLL positions learners as world-builders and allows them to experiment with visibility, hierarchy, and language(s) in safe fictional environments. This study outlines the four-phase FLL in Second Language Teaching and Learning (L2TL) cycle and provides five pedagogical design spaces to address issues of raciolinguistic valuation, deficit institutional representations, affective harm, peer-level marginalization, and translocal or return migrant identity negotiation. Rather than viewing imagination as an outcome of teaching, FLLinL2TL structures it as a necessary process for learning, linking creative production to explicit linguistic objectives and reflective justification. I conclude by discussing implications for classroom practice, teacher education, and future research on the potential of the FLLinL2TL approach in transnational education research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Language, Education, and Identity Development of Transnational Youth—Learning from and Advancing Transdisciplinary Approaches)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 547 KB

Open AccessArticle

Organizational Citizenship Behavior of Cabin Crew: A Taiwanese Case Study in a Post-Pandemic Context

by Kai-Chieh Hu and Yi-Ting Ruan

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 449; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030449 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 208

Abstract

The COVID-19 outbreak profoundly disrupted the aviation industry and reshaped cabin crew work conditions, increasing psychological strain and altering job resources. Against this backdrop, this study investigates the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior among cabin crew members in a Taiwanese airline, focusing on [...] Read more.

The COVID-19 outbreak profoundly disrupted the aviation industry and reshaped cabin crew work conditions, increasing psychological strain and altering job resources. Against this backdrop, this study investigates the antecedents of organizational citizenship behavior among cabin crew members in a Taiwanese airline, focusing on job crafting, perceived organizational support, job burnout, and organizational commitment. A purposive and quota sampling method was employed to collect data through an online questionnaire from a Taiwanese airline company. The collected data was analyzed using structural equation modeling to verify the proposed model. The study found that job burnout does not significantly affect organizational citizenship behavior or organizational commitment and that job crafting does not significantly affect job burnout. In contrast, job crafting and perceived organizational support have a positive effect on organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, whereas perceived organizational support has a negative effect on job burnout. Finally, the study discusses managerial implications and suggests directions for future research. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Social Psychology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 2298 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of Congruence and Incongruence in Parental Co-Parenting on Adolescents’ Depression: Using Polynomial Regression with Response Surface Analysis

by Xiaoqing Wang, Ruisen Chen, Panqin Ye and Furong Lu

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030448 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 256

Abstract

This study explores the influence of congruence and incongruence in father–mother co-parenting on adolescent depression, as well as the mediating effect of self-esteem. A total of 1389 adolescents completed questionnaires assessing their levels of depression and self-esteem, while their fathers and mothers correspondingly [...] Read more.

This study explores the influence of congruence and incongruence in father–mother co-parenting on adolescent depression, as well as the mediating effect of self-esteem. A total of 1389 adolescents completed questionnaires assessing their levels of depression and self-esteem, while their fathers and mothers correspondingly reported on their own co-parenting behaviors using the Parental Co-parenting Scale in this cross-sectional study. Dates were analyzed using LPA, RSA, and mediation consecutively. The results show that: (1) We identified three distinct co-parenting profiles: positive parental co-parenting, negative parental co-parenting, and mixed parental co-parenting. (2) In cases of congruent parental co-parenting, high positive parental co-parenting was associated with lower adolescent depression, whereas high negative parental co-parenting was linked to higher depression, and the difference manifests in different forms among boys and girls. Girls showed nonlinear changes in depression while boys exhibited linear trends. (3) In cases of incongruence in parental co-parenting, mothers’ co-parenting exerted a stronger influence on boys’ depression, while girls were not affected by mothers’ and fathers’ discrepancies. (4) Self-esteem mediated the relationship between parental co-parenting (in)congruence and depression across both genders. This study provides evidence for the mechanism through which parental coparenting influences adolescent depression and offers a basis for future interventions targeting adolescent depression. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Child and Adolescent Psychiatry)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 288 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Beliefs in the Kitchen: A Qualitative Exploration of Safe Food Handling Behaviours in Australia

by Nicolas La Verghetta, Matthew Phillips, Chloe Maxwell-Smith and Barbara Mullan

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 447; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030447 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 266

Abstract

Foodborne illness remains a persistent public health issue, yet domestic food safety practices are shaped by individual knowledge, social expectations, and gendered norms. This study examines how gender norms and expectations shape Australian consumers’ safe food-handling knowledge, perceptions, and practices. Guided by a [...] Read more.

Foodborne illness remains a persistent public health issue, yet domestic food safety practices are shaped by individual knowledge, social expectations, and gendered norms. This study examines how gender norms and expectations shape Australian consumers’ safe food-handling knowledge, perceptions, and practices. Guided by a social constructionist epistemology and feminist framework, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 participants aged 18–24 years recruited from a university research participation pool. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Three themes were identified: “I know what I am doing”, optimism bias and false confidence, “Men’s casualness versus women’s strictness”, gendered safe food handling practices and expectations, and “Careful about others, relaxed for myself”, food safety as a social performance. Participants often expressed false confidence in their practices, reflecting optimism bias and reduced perceived susceptibility to foodborne illness. Women tended to portray vigilance and responsibility, while men described more relaxed approaches, reflecting gendered socialisation. Food safety also emerged as performative, with heightened care displayed when cooking for others. These findings highlight that domestic food safety is socially embedded and both reflects and reproduces gender norms. Addressing these dynamics through socially informed, context-sensitive interventions may improve public health outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

18 pages, 541 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Adolescent Aggressive Behavior: The Mediating Roles of Normative Beliefs About Aggression and Aggressive Affect

by Yuhan Yang, Xu Wang, Youling Bai and Yanling Liu

Behav. Sci. 2026, 16(3), 446; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs16030446 - 18 Mar 2026

Viewed by 214

Abstract

Adolescence is a period in which the frequency of aggressive behavior increases. However, the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and different types of aggression remains unclear. This study explored this relationship among middle school students. It also examined the mediating mechanisms of aggressive [...] Read more.

Adolescence is a period in which the frequency of aggressive behavior increases. However, the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and different types of aggression remains unclear. This study explored this relationship among middle school students. It also examined the mediating mechanisms of aggressive cognition and affect, while investigating the gender differences in the relationships among the study variables. A total of 1891 middle school students from Southwest China completed the SES scale, the normative beliefs about aggression questionnaire, the relational aggression behavior questionnaire, and the Chinese version of the Buss and Perry aggression questionnaire. Three main findings were obtained. First, SES showed a significant positive correlation with relational aggression (β = 0.22, p < 0.001) and a negative correlation with verbal aggression (β = −0.10, p < 0.001), but not with physical aggression (β = −0.02, p = 0.44). Second, normative beliefs about aggression mediated the relationships between SES and two types of aggression (physical and relational); anger/hostility mediated the relationships between SES and all types of aggression (verbal, physical, and relational). Finally, among boys, only the direct effect of SES on relational aggression and the mediating effect of normative beliefs about aggression were significant; however, among girls, the result was the same as that of the total sample. The findings provide support for social learning theory and the general aggression model, highlight the important role of SES in adolescent development, and clarify the distinct patterns underlying physical, verbal, and relational aggression. This study provides empirical evidence that may assist parents and that teachers can use to effectively intervene in adolescent aggressive behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Psychology)

► Show Figures

Figure 1

Journal Menu

Journal Browser

Behav. Sci., Volume 16, Issue 3 (March 2026) – 164 articles

Further Information

Guidelines

MDPI Initiatives

Follow MDPI