Emotions and Stereotypes About People with Visible Facial Difference

A special issue of Behavioral Sciences (ISSN 2076-328X). This special issue belongs to the section "Cognition".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 May 2026 | Viewed by 619

Special Issue Editors

School of Childhood and Social Care, University of East London, London E15 4LZ, UK
Interests: perceptions and evaluations of people with visible facial difference: behavioral and emotional reactions; evaluation of personality traits and competences; eye-tracking; employment discrimination; intervention studies

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Guest Editor
School of Childhood and Social Care, University of East London, London E15 4LZ, UK
Interests: event-related potentials; EEG cognitive neuroscience; cognitive neuropsychology; EEG signal processing

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Visibly different faces frequently invoke prejudicial evaluations and negative emotional responses, which can be reliably replicated through a variety of research designs. Although studies soliciting explicit attitudes may be subject to social desirability bias, prejudice can still be detected using more subtle measures. The magnitude of prejudicial attitudes may be greater for visibly different faces than for other factors associated with prejudice including sex, race, age, and disability. Negative stereotypes of people with visible facial difference are still perpetuated in popular culture, and physical appearance is still used to judge and objectify people. There is some evidence that it is considered acceptable to discriminate on the grounds of physical appearance when other forms of discrimination would be challenged.

All these factors together highlight the importance of understanding the root causes of emotions invoked by, and stereotypes applied to, people with visible facial difference. Of equal, if not greater, importance is understanding both how people in general can be asked to challenge and to reconsider their views and what strategies individuals with visible facial difference can use to combat the disadvantages that they so often face in employment and social settings.

This Special Issue will focus on research that aims to further our understanding of the root causes of prejudicial reactions to people with visible facial difference and on measures to enable people with visibly different faces to combat the disadvantages that they may face. We welcome perspectives on the “view from the outside”, that is, how people with typical faces perceive people with visible facial difference. The “view from the inside” is of course equally valid and valuable but outside of the scope of this Special Issue.

Dr. Anna Stone
Dr. Angela Gosling
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • visible facial difference
  • employment discrimination
  • emotional response
  • stereotyping
  • implicit evaluation
  • familiarization
  • intervention

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

15 pages, 314 KB  
Review
Face Value: Beauty, Punishment, and the Moral Politics of Appearance
by Franziska Hartung, Maxime Levasseur, Ewan J. Lomax and Gareth Richards
Behav. Sci. 2025, 15(12), 1717; https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15121717 - 11 Dec 2025
Viewed by 363
Abstract
Faces are central to human interaction, serving as primary sources of identity, emotional cues, and social judgments. Facial attractiveness is strongly linked to perceptions of trustworthiness and moral goodness, leading to preferential treatment across education, employment, and legal contexts. Deviations from facial norms—such [...] Read more.
Faces are central to human interaction, serving as primary sources of identity, emotional cues, and social judgments. Facial attractiveness is strongly linked to perceptions of trustworthiness and moral goodness, leading to preferential treatment across education, employment, and legal contexts. Deviations from facial norms—such as asymmetry or visible differences—are, by contrast, often associated with negative traits, social avoidance, and dehumanisation. Across cultures and centuries, deliberate facial disfiguration has been used as a form of punishment for perceived moral or legal transgressions. Evidence from ancient Egypt, Mediaeval Europe, and early modern legislation, as well as modern acid attacks, indicates that intentional facial disfiguration has long served as a means of ongoing punishment through humiliation and identity disruption. Motivations for targeting the face may be rooted in its central role in identity, beauty, symmetry, and symbolic purity. Despite contemporary legal efforts to curb acid attacks and related violence, legislation specifically addressing intentional facial disfiguration remains limited. Modern psychological research confirms that acquiring a facial difference can severely impact quality of life, social functioning, and identity. This paper synthesises historical, cultural, and psychological perspectives on punitive facial disfiguration, highlighting its enduring role as a mechanism of social control. Future research should examine perpetrators’ decision-making, possible differences between different types of facial disfiguration, and the perceptual and emotional consequences of different facial injuries to inform prevention strategies and improve support for victims. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Emotions and Stereotypes About People with Visible Facial Difference)
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