Animals

19 pages, 7297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Repairing Qinling Giant Panda Skin Wounds Using Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles

by Suhua Gong, Hongyu Niu, Yanni Jia, Mengjie Liu, Xiaoyu Ren, Danhui Zhang, Jiena Shen, Chuangxue Yang, Yinghu Lei, Pengpeng Zhao and Pengfei Lin

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1270; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091270 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The Qinling giant panda has a high susceptibility to skin damage, which affects its survival. Although their healing efficacy in panda injuries remains unexplored, extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC-EVs) have shown promise in regenerative medicine. In this study, ADMSC-EVs were [...] Read more.

The Qinling giant panda has a high susceptibility to skin damage, which affects its survival. Although their healing efficacy in panda injuries remains unexplored, extracellular vesicles from adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSC-EVs) have shown promise in regenerative medicine. In this study, ADMSC-EVs were successfully obtained from Qinling giant pandas using ultracentrifugation, and proteomic techniques were used to analyze their composition and function. Primary skin fibroblasts from Qinling giant pandas were isolated and cultured to explore the effects of ADMSC-EVs on cell proliferation and migration. Additionally, a mouse model of skin injury was used to assess their wound healing effects. The ADMSC-EVs contained various substances, particularly proteins, with fifty unique proteins involved in transport, catabolism, and signal transduction identified. The application of ADMSC-EVs in a mouse model accelerated wound healing and promoted the regeneration of the epidermal and dermal layers. It facilitated the repair of skin appendages, including hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Additionally, ADMSC-EVs enhanced collagen deposition, stimulated angiogenesis, and reduced inflammation. Our findings confirm that ADMSC-EVs significantly improve skin healing, thus supporting the theoretical framework for the clinical use of giant panda extracellular vesicles and underscoring their potential for preserving the genetic resources of the Qinling giant panda. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stem-Cell-Based Therapies in Veterinary Medicine—Current Status and Perspectives: Second Edition)

12 pages, 478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of a Small Dose of Tannin Supplementation on In Vitro Fermentation Characteristics of Different Forages

by Sytske de Jong, Fabiellen C. Pereira, Alejandro R. Castillo, Wilbert F. Pellikaan and Pablo Gregorini

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1269; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091269 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Pastoral systems in New Zealand are under societal pressure due to their increasing negative environmental impact in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing a mixture containing hydrolysable and condensed tannins on the in vitro [...] Read more.

Pastoral systems in New Zealand are under societal pressure due to their increasing negative environmental impact in terms of greenhouse gas emissions. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing a mixture containing hydrolysable and condensed tannins on the in vitro fermentation characteristics and gas production of three different forages, Lolium perenne, Medicago sativa, and Plantago lanceolata. Three fermentation runs of 48 h were conducted using the ANKOM gas production technique, with each pertaining to a particular forage with or without (control) tannin. Tannins were added to the fermentable substrate (i.e., forage) at a level of 0.3%. For each run, rumen fluid was collected from two fistulated Holstein Friesian × Jersey cows. The ANKOM RF gas production modules were used to monitor gas pressure and temperature every 5 min. At the end of each run, the pH of the fluid was measured, gas vials were taken for methane (CH₄) measurements and liquor samples were taken to measure volatile fatty acids (VFA) and NH₃ concentrations. The addition of tannins reduced the fractional rate of gas production for alfalfa (p ≤ 0.04) but increased it for ryegrass and plantain. There was a tendency for reduced gas production for ryegrass when tannins were added (p = 0.10). There was also a tendency for CH₄ production to reduce (p < 0.10) and N₂O to increase (p = 0.10) when tannins were added. Iso-butyrate tended to be lower for ryegrass control than to ryegrass with tannins (p = 0.08). Valerate concentration was lower for plantain control than to plantain with tannins. No effects were detected for gas composition (p > 0.05) or VFA concentrations (p > 0.05) when fermenting alfalfa. Under the condition of this study, these results may suggest that low-level tannin addition to the diet may affect rumen-fermentation pattern with a potential reduction of CH₄production in Lolium perenne-based diets. Further research is required on the effect of low levels of tannin supplementation under ex vitro and in vivo conditions as tannin supplementation effects might be substrate-dependent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Management of Ruminants: Feed Utilization, Nitrogen Dynamics, Physiology, and Metabolism)

15 pages, 865 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Genomic Prediction Accuracy with a Single-Step Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction Model Integrating Genome-Wide Association Study Results

by Zhixu Pang, Wannian Wang, Pu Huang, Hongzhi Zhang, Siying Zhang, Pengkun Yang, Liying Qiao, Jianhua Liu, Yangyang Pan, Kaijie Yang and Wenzhong Liu

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091268 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Genomic selection (GS) is a genetic breeding method that uses genome-wide marker information to improve the accuracy of the prediction of complex traits. The single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) model, which integrates pedigree, phenotypic, and genomic data, has improved genomic prediction. However, ssGBLUP assumes that [...] Read more.

Genomic selection (GS) is a genetic breeding method that uses genome-wide marker information to improve the accuracy of the prediction of complex traits. The single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP) model, which integrates pedigree, phenotypic, and genomic data, has improved genomic prediction. However, ssGBLUP assumes that all markers contribute equally to genetic variance, which can limit its predictive accuracy, especially for traits controlled by major genes. To overcome this limitation, we integrate results from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) into an enhanced ssGBLUP framework, termed single-step genome-wide association assisted BLUP (ssGWABLUP). Our approach assigns differential weights to markers on the basis of their GWAS results, thereby increasing the contribution of effective markers while diminishing the influence of ineffective ones during the construction of the genomic relationship matrix. By incorporating pseudo quantitative trait nucleotides (pQTNs) as covariates, we aim to capture the effects of markers closely associated with major causal variants, leading to the development of the ssGWABLUP_pQTNs. Compared with weighted ssGBLUP (WssGBLUP), the ssGWABLUP model demonstrated superior accuracy and dispersion across different genetic architectures. We then compared the performance of our proposed ssGWABLUP_pQTNs model against both ssGBLUP and ssGWABLUP across various genetic scenarios. Our results demonstrate that ssGWABLUP_pQTNs outperforms other models in terms of prediction accuracy, particularly in scenarios with simpler genetic architectures. Additionally, evaluation using pig dataset confirmed the effectiveness of ssGWABLUP_pQTNs, highlighting its potential for practical breeding applications. The incorporation of pQTNs and a weighted genomic relationship matrix presents a promising and potentially scalable approach to further enhance genomic prediction, with potential implications for improving the accuracy of genomic selection in breeding programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

14 pages, 822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Differentiation Mitigates Interspecific Interference Competition Between Sympatric Pallas’s Cats (Otocolobus manul) and Red Foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

by Dong Wang, Quanbang Li, Jingyu Gao, Luyi Hou, Yanjun Zou and Xinming Lian

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1267; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091267 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The comparative analysis of the feeding ecology among sympatric small carnivores reveals both differentiation and overlap in resource utilization patterns, which serves as a critical pathway for understanding interspecific interactions and maintaining ecosystem stability. In this study, we collected fecal samples from sympatric [...] Read more.

The comparative analysis of the feeding ecology among sympatric small carnivores reveals both differentiation and overlap in resource utilization patterns, which serves as a critical pathway for understanding interspecific interactions and maintaining ecosystem stability. In this study, we collected fecal samples from sympatric Pallas’s cats (Otocolobus manul, n = 26) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n = 13) within the Sanjiangyuan National Park (SNP) in China. Subsequently, DNA barcoding technology was employed to analyze the dietary composition and interspecific differences of these two small carnivores. The results demonstrated that both species primarily prey on plateau pikas (Ochotona curzoniae) and small rodents. Despite a high trophic niche overlap between Pallas’s cats and red foxes (O_jk = 0.81), interspecific competition is mitigated through differentiate feeding proportions of shared prey species. Furthermore, the trophic niche breadth of red foxes (B = 267.89) exceeds that of Pallas’s cats (B = 162.94), reflecting a greater diversity of prey resources utilized by red foxes. Consequently, the two small carnivores achieve sympatric coexistence via differentiated resource utilization. These findings enhance our understanding of the coexistence mechanisms within carnivore communities and provide a scientific basis for the conservation of wildlife in the SNP. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

18 pages, 779 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Parameter Estimation of Body Weight and Vp_AHPND Resistance in Two Strains of Penaeus vannamei

by Guixian Huang, Jie Kong, Jiteng Tian, Sheng Luan, Mianyu Liu, Kun Luo, Jian Tan, Jiawang Cao, Ping Dai, Guangfeng Qiang, Qun Xing, Juan Sui and Xianhong Meng

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1266; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091266 (registering DOI) - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the genetic parameters for growth and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp_AHPND) resistance in both the introduced MK strain and the self-constructed GK strain of Penaeus vannamei, investigating the impact of genotyped female parents on trait estimates under a [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the genetic parameters for growth and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp_AHPND) resistance in both the introduced MK strain and the self-constructed GK strain of Penaeus vannamei, investigating the impact of genotyped female parents on trait estimates under a single-parent nested mating design. A total of 32 families from the MK strain and 44 families from the GK strain were analyzed. Fifty-four female parents from both strains were genotyped using the “Yellow Sea Chip No. 1” containing 10.0 K SNPs. In the MK strain, heritability estimates ranged from 0.439 to 0.458 for body weight (Bw) and from 0.308 to 0.489 for survival time (ST) and survival rates at 36 h (36 SR), 50% mortality (SS₅₀), and 60 h (60 SR). In the GK strain, heritability for Bw ranged from 0.724 to 0.726, while ST, 36 SR, SS₅₀, and 60 SR had heritability estimates between 0.370 and 0.593. Genetic correlations between Bw and ST were 0.601 to 0.622 in the MK strain and 0.742 to 0.744 in the GK strain. For Bw and survival rates, correlations ranged from 0.120 to 0.547 in the MK strain and from 0.426 to 0.906 in the GK strain. The genetic correlation between ST and survival rates was not significantly different from 1 (p > 0.05) in both strains. High Pearson correlations (0.853 to 0.997, p < 0.01) were observed among survival rates at different points. Predictive accuracies for Bw, ST, and survival rates using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (ssGBLUP) were comparable to pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (pBLUP) in the MK strain, while in the GK strain, ssGBLUP improved predictive accuracies for Bw, ST, and SS₅₀ by 0.20%, 0.32%, and 0.38%, respectively. The results indicate that both growth and Vp_AHPND resistance have significant breeding potential. Although the genetic correlation between weight and resistance varies across different populations, there is a positive genetic correlation between these traits, supporting the feasibility of multi-trait selection. To enhance genetic accuracy, breeding programs should include more genotyped progeny. These findings also suggest that infection frequency and observation time influence resistance performance and breeding selection, emphasizing the need for a tailored resistance evaluation program to improve breeding efficiency and reduce costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

17 pages, 6585 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Preliminary Evaluation of an Automated Blood Cell Analyzer for Its Use with Blood Samples from Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

by Montse Mesalles, Meritxell Uroz, Irene Brandts, Emmanuel Serrano, Rafaela Cuenca, Josep Pastor and Mariana Teles

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1265; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091265 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Hematological studies provide essential information about the health of animals, which is crucial for veterinary medicine, scientific research, and aquaculture. Automatic hematological analyzers are an alternative to manual methods, offering faster and more reliable results. The objective of this study was to validate [...] Read more.

Hematological studies provide essential information about the health of animals, which is crucial for veterinary medicine, scientific research, and aquaculture. Automatic hematological analyzers are an alternative to manual methods, offering faster and more reliable results. The objective of this study was to validate the Sysmex XN-1000V automatic hematology analyzer for blood samples from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), examine the effects of two anticoagulants (K₂EDTA and lithium heparin), and establish normal blood reference values for this fish species. Additionally, comparative studies were conducted between the Sysmex XN-1000V and manual methods (hemocytometer cell count and blood smear estimation), and reference intervals were established. Ninety-nine heparinized blood samples were analyzed for validation and sample stability tests. The results showed extremely good precision, with a coefficient of variation (CV) below 3% for RBCs, HGB, and HCT and less than 5% for non-RBC cells (leukocytes plus thrombocytes). However, heterophils (%) exhibited higher variability, with a CV of 15.08%. Linearity was excellent, and the carry-over was below 1% for all parameters. The sample stability test indicated that samples could be analyzed for up to 48 h when stored at 4 °C and up to 24 h at room temperature. Non-RBC cells were the first to degrade over time. The automated and manual methods demonstrated good correlation and agreement, validating the analyzer’s accuracy. The effects of two anticoagulants, K₂EDTA and lithium heparin, on the blood samples were also studied. Heparin was the preferred anticoagulant for routine hematological analysis of rainbow trout blood with the Sysmex XN-1000V analyzer. In conclusion, the Sysmex XN-1000V enables complete hemogram analyses to be performed quickly and accurately, standardizing techniques, harmonizing results, and providing reliable reference intervals with O mykiss blood. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)

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17 pages, 364 KiB

Open AccessReview

Rapeseed Meal as an Alternative Protein Source in Fish Feed and Its Impact on Growth Parameters, Digestive Tract, and Gut Microbiota

by Wnęk-Auguścik Karolina and Nasiłowska Justyna

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1264; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091264 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

As traditional protein sources such as soybean and fish meal become increasingly limited, there is growing interest in alternative protein sources, such as rapeseed meal, in aquaculture. This review offers an updated overview of rapeseed meal in fish diets, highlighting its nutritional value [...] Read more.

As traditional protein sources such as soybean and fish meal become increasingly limited, there is growing interest in alternative protein sources, such as rapeseed meal, in aquaculture. This review offers an updated overview of rapeseed meal in fish diets, highlighting its nutritional value and impact on growth and the digestive tract. It also examines the effect of soybean meal supplementation on intestinal microflora, taking into account the latest trends in animal breeding focused on microbiota composition. While challenges exist in incorporating rapeseed meal into fish diets, its inclusion holds potential for improving sustainability and efficiency in aquaculture. However, its effects may vary depending on fish species, rearing conditions, and the level of inclusion in the diet. Based on this analysis, further research is recommended to explore the practical use of rapeseed meal as a reliable protein source in fish nutrition. Future studies should prioritize fish welfare and health, with an emphasis on natural methods, such as fermentation, to enhance the nutritional value of rapeseed meal. Consideration should also be given to incorporating activities, such as phytase supplementation, to enhance the use of rapeseed meal in fish feed. Full article

19 pages, 2671 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Population Demographics of Owned Dogs in Greater Bangkok and Implications for Free-Roaming Dog Population Management

by Elly Hiby, Tuntikorn Rungpatana, Alicja Izydorczyk, Valerie Benka and Craig Rooney

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1263; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091263 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Greater Bangkok, Thailand, has large numbers of both owned and free-roaming dogs, two populations that intersect and overlap in complex and nuanced ways. A more robust understanding of owned dog populations is, therefore, important not only in supporting the welfare of owned dogs [...] Read more.

Greater Bangkok, Thailand, has large numbers of both owned and free-roaming dogs, two populations that intersect and overlap in complex and nuanced ways. A more robust understanding of owned dog populations is, therefore, important not only in supporting the welfare of owned dogs but also in managing free-roaming dog populations and protecting human health through the prevention of rabies transmission. Over 3200 residents were surveyed to explore the numbers and demographics of owned dogs in Greater Bangkok, plus owners’ attitudes and reported behaviours related to their dogs; the acquisition and loss of owned dogs; and caretaking by owners (confinement practices, sterilisation, rabies vaccination, and other veterinary care). The study also considered dog owners’ practices in relation to a Catch, Neuter, Vaccinate, Return (CNVR) programme designed to humanely manage dog populations and vaccinate dogs against rabies. Survey results indicate that there are approximately 1.3 million owned dogs in Greater Bangkok. Key findings include high reported rabies vaccination among owned dogs (84% in the past year). Fifty-three percent of owned dogs in the sample were reported to be sterilised, 66% were allowed to roam, and 46% of dogs acquired into households were adopted from the street. The CNVR programme appeared to impact the care and keeping of owned dogs in the community, as it was associated with greater confinement and sterilisation levels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Free-Roaming Cats and Dogs: Ecology, Management and Inter-Species Interactions)

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23 pages, 5169 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preliminary Multi-Omics Insights into Green Alternatives to Antibiotics: Effects of Pulsatilla chinensis, Acer truncatum, and Clostridium butyricum on Gut Health and Metabolic Regulation in Chickens

by Lin Sun, Zhijun Wang, Shidi Qin, Chunhong Liang, Ayong Zhao and Ke He

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1262; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091262 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Antibiotic resistance has become a global health concern, driving the need for sustainable alternatives in animal husbandry. This study explores the potential of natural feed additives as a viable solution to enhance poultry growth and health while reducing reliance on antibiotics. Chinese herbal [...] Read more.

Antibiotic resistance has become a global health concern, driving the need for sustainable alternatives in animal husbandry. This study explores the potential of natural feed additives as a viable solution to enhance poultry growth and health while reducing reliance on antibiotics. Chinese herbal medicines and probiotics have been widely studied as green, healthy, and safe antibiotic alternatives in livestock and poultry production. A total of 120 chickens were randomly divided into four groups: a control group and three treatment groups supplemented with 1% Pulsatilla chinensis powder, 3% fresh Acer truncatum, or 1% Clostridium butyricum. The results showed that Pulsatilla chinensis powder significantly increased gamma-glutamylcysteine (p < 0.05), UDP-N-acetylglucosamine (p < 0.05), tyramine (p < 0.01), and leucine (p < 0.05). Acer truncatum notably altered cecal metabolites, including L-tyrosine (p < 0.05), α-ketoisovaleric acid (p < 0.01), myristoleic acid (p < 0.01), glutathione (p < 0.05), and PGA1 (p < 0.05). Clostridium butyricum modified cecal metabolites such as L-glutamine (p < 0.05), riboflavin (p < 0.05), L-Carnitine (p < 0.05), ergocalciferol (p < 0.01), and α-tocotrienol (p < 0.05). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Strategies to Improve Gut Health and Immunity in Monogastric Animals)

40 pages, 6600 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sublittoral Macrobenthic Communities of Storfjord (Eastern Svalbard) and Factors Influencing Their Distribution and Structure

by Lyudmila V. Pavlova, Alexander G. Dvoretsky, Alexander A. Frolov, Olga L. Zimina, Olga Yu. Evseeva, Dinara R. Dikaeva, Zinaida Yu. Rumyantseva, Ninel N. Panteleeva and Evgeniy A. Garbul

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091261 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Seafloor communities along the eastern Svalbard coast remain poorly studied. To address this gap, we sampled benthic organisms on the soft sediments of Storfjord in 2017 and 2019, a large fjord predominantly influenced by cold Arctic waters, to study the local fauna and [...] Read more.

Seafloor communities along the eastern Svalbard coast remain poorly studied. To address this gap, we sampled benthic organisms on the soft sediments of Storfjord in 2017 and 2019, a large fjord predominantly influenced by cold Arctic waters, to study the local fauna and identify the key environmental drivers shaping community structure. In total, 314 taxa were recorded, with an increase in abundance (from 3923 to 8977 ind. m⁻², mean 6090 ind. m⁻²) and a decline in biomass (ranging from 265 to 104 g m⁻², mean 188 g m⁻²) toward the outer part of the fjord. However, no clear spatial trends were observed for alpha diversity (approximately 100 species per 0.3 m²) or the Shannon index (mean 3 per station). The primary factors influencing benthic abundance were the duration of the ice-free period (IFP) and the degree of siltation (DS), both of which are proxies for trophic conditions. The prevailing taxa displayed a high tolerance to temperature fluctuations and seasonal variability in nutrient inputs. Benthic biomass showed a negative relationship with IFP, DS, and water depth, but it was positively correlated with the proportion of fine-grained sediment. The Yoldia hyperborea community (mean abundance: 3700 ind. m⁻², mean biomass: 227 g m⁻²) was associated with Arctic waters characterized by higher inorganic suspension loads. In contrast, areas with reduced or weaker sedimentation were dominated by the communities of Maldane sarsi (6212 ind m⁻², 226 g m⁻²) and Maldane sarsi + Nemertini g.sp. (5568 ind m⁻², 165 g m⁻²). The Spiochaetopterus typicus community (7824 ind m⁻², 139 g m⁻²) was observed in areas under moderate influence of Atlantic waters, characterized by low sedimentation rates and increased fresh detritus flux. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ecology and Conservation)

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16 pages, 6595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Computed Tomographic Features of Bezoars and Other Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies in Dogs and Cats: A Comparative Analysis

by Jongwon Koo, Kidong Eom, Jaehwan Kim, Jeongyun Jeong, Hongji Yoon, Minsu Lee, Jinsoo Park and Jongmun Cho

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1260; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091260 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study presents a comparative analysis of the computed tomographic (CT), radiographic, and ultrasonographic (US) characteristics of gastrointestinal foreign bodies, including bezoars, in dogs and cats, and evaluates their association with complications and clinical outcomes. A total of 33 cases (26 dogs, 7 [...] Read more.

This study presents a comparative analysis of the computed tomographic (CT), radiographic, and ultrasonographic (US) characteristics of gastrointestinal foreign bodies, including bezoars, in dogs and cats, and evaluates their association with complications and clinical outcomes. A total of 33 cases (26 dogs, 7 cats) with surgically or endoscopically confirmed foreign bodies were reviewed, classified as bezoars (n = 15) or distinct foreign bodies (n = 18). CT features such as attenuation values, transition zones, and proximal-to-distal small intestinal diameter ratios were compared. Bezoars typically appeared as intraluminal masses with mottled gas patterns and indistinct boundaries (33.3% vs. 94.4%, p < 0.001) and were associated with longer clinical signs (median 14 vs. 5.5 days, p = 0.013), more frequent transition zones (92.3% vs. 41.7%, p = 0.011), and a greater diameter ratio (2.9 vs. 1.25, p = 0.012) across the transition zone. Radiographic and US evaluations were available in six bezoar cases; only one radiograph (17%) detected the bezoar, while US showed acoustic shadowing in four cases (67%). Six patients (18%) experienced adverse outcomes, with bowel wall ruptures significantly associated with poor prognosis (p < 0.001). These findings highlight the superior diagnostic performance of CT, particularly for bezoars, and emphasize the importance of identifying transition zones and bowel diameter ratios in assessing gastrointestinal foreign bodies and their associated risks. Early CT evaluation may thus facilitate timely intervention and improve clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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13 pages, 266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Putrescine Inoculation In Ovo on Hatchability, Hepatic and Muscular Glycogen Reserve, Intestinal Morphology, and Performance of Broilers

by Katiucia Cristine Sonálio, Leopoldo Malcorra de Almeida, Lucas Schmidt Bassi, Leandro Nagae Kuritza, Isabela de Camargo Dias, Chayane da Rocha and Alex Maiorka

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1259; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091259 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inoculation of nutrient solutions with increasing levels of putrescine on the hatchability, physiology, and performance of broilers during the initial phase. The study is composed of four treatments with increasing doses of putrescine (0.015; [...] Read more.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inoculation of nutrient solutions with increasing levels of putrescine on the hatchability, physiology, and performance of broilers during the initial phase. The study is composed of four treatments with increasing doses of putrescine (0.015; 0.030; 0.060, and 0.090%) and a control group. At hatch, hatchability rate; ratio between egg weight and chick weight; ratio between yolk sac, liver, breast and intestine weight, and chick weight; glycogen concentration in the liver and breast; and morphometric characteristics of the jejunum and ileum were evaluated. After hatch, 400 birds were housed in metabolic cages according to the treatments received, and feed intake, body weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were assessed at specific time points. Hatchability, chick performance at hatch, and organ weight were not affected by the inoculation of increasing levels of putrescine. Intestinal villi at hatch were higher in groups supplemented with putrescine (p < 0.001). The amounts of hepatic glycogen per gram of tissue at hatch were higher in groups with the lowest levels of putrescine and decreased with increasing doses (p = 0.017). Growth performance from 1 to 21 days was not influenced by the inoculation of putrescine. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Poultry Nutrition and Management)

23 pages, 6139 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficacy of Three Doses of Halquinol on Growth Performance, Diarrhea Incidence, Nutrient Digestibility, and Fecal Microbiome of Weaned Pigs

by Panumas Kongpanna, Uttra Jamikorn, Thitima Tripipat, Angkana Tantituvanont, Rakthai Ngampak and Dachrit Nilubol

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1258; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091258 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The weaning period is a critical phase for nursery pigs that is characterized by rapid growth and alterations in the intestinal microbiome associated with nutrient utilization. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of halquinol, when used as an antibiotic (ABO), on [...] Read more.

The weaning period is a critical phase for nursery pigs that is characterized by rapid growth and alterations in the intestinal microbiome associated with nutrient utilization. The present study aimed to investigate the efficacy of halquinol, when used as an antibiotic (ABO), on the growth performance, diarrhea incidence, coefficient of apparent total tract digestibility (CATTD), fecal volatile fatty acids (VFAs), and microbiota in pigs. A total of 210 healthy weaned pigs with an average initial weight of 6.9 kg and aged 28 ± 2 days were assigned to five treatments (six pens/treatment) in a complete randomized design, including a control group (T1, CON; feed with no ABO), a colistin group (T2, CLT; feed containing 120 ppm colistin), and three halquinol groups (T3 to T5, HAL; feed containing 180, 240, and 360 ppm halquinol, respectively). The experiment period lasted for 10 days. Field recordings, observation, and feces collection were performed on D1, D5, and D10. CATTD and VFA assessments were conducted on D10. The composition of the fecal microbiota was analyzed via 16S rRNA gene sequencing using the Illumina Miseq platform. The results demonstrated that the in-feed ABO groups exhibited a significantly lower ADFI (p < 0.01). Pigs fed the T3 and T4 diets had the lowest FCR (p < 0.01) on D5 and D10 and, thus, had reduced ADFI (p < 0.01). A quadratic contrast was found in ADFI and FCR on D5 and D10, indicating a negative correlation with HAL concentration (p < 0.01). Pigs fed CLT and HAL had significantly reduced levels of coliform (p < 0.01) and E. coli (p < 0.01). Moreover, pigs receiving ABO also had a lower fecal score compared to those on the CON diet (p < 0.01). Dietary in-feed ABO had no effect on all the parameters of the CATTD on D10 (p > 0.05), except for fat digestibility in pigs that received T4 (p < 0.01). Pigs fed the T4 and T5 diets had higher propionate concentrations and lower A/P ratios than pigs fed T1, T2, and T3 (p < 0.01). The microbial diversity shifted quickly through the early weaning period. The relative abundance of beneficial Enterococcus microbes increased in pigs fed in-feed ABO, whereas the relative prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia and Klebsiella, decreased. Escherichia and Bacteroides were negatively correlated with carbohydrate digestibility and butyric and valeric acid production (p < 0.05). Overall, the appropriate HAL dosage was 240 ppm (T4), and this antimicrobial can potentially be characterized as an in-feed colistin replacer that improves feed efficiency and fat digestion, enhancing VFA production, alleviating post-weaning diarrhea, and protecting ABO-resistant piglets. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)

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37 pages, 1478 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Workplace Strategies to Reduce Burnout in Veterinary Nurses and Technicians: A Delphi Study

by Angela J. Chapman, Pauleen C. Bennett and Vanessa I. Rohlf

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091257 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Veterinary nurses and technicians are at risk of burnout, which negatively impacts mental and physical health, turnover, and patient care. Workplace contributors to burnout have been identified in this population, but little is known about best practice management strategies. This study used the [...] Read more.

Veterinary nurses and technicians are at risk of burnout, which negatively impacts mental and physical health, turnover, and patient care. Workplace contributors to burnout have been identified in this population, but little is known about best practice management strategies. This study used the Delphi method to explore barriers to addressing burnout and develop expert recommendations for workplace management strategies. Forty participants with a minimum of 5 years’ industry experience in leadership, or wellbeing, were recruited via purposive sampling from the USA, UK, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. Participants completed two anonymous, online, mixed-methods surveys between October 2024 and January 2025. Qualitative survey data were analysed using content analysis to identify codes and categorise solutions. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Barriers to addressing burnout included industry-wide barriers, such as lack of, or unclear, regulation and lack of leadership knowledge, and clinic-specific barriers, such as poor team culture, unwillingness for change, and existing burnout. Thirty-nine solutions were developed and rated as being highly, or very highly effective. These focused on themes such as improving communication, developing progression pathways, and providing leadership training and support. Existing workplace barriers must be evaluated prior to selecting strategies, to maximise effectiveness in specific contexts. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Problems of Veterinary Education, Science and Profession)

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15 pages, 606 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dietary Supplementation of Bacillus subtilis as Probiotic Influenced the Growth Performance, Hematological Parameters, Immune Function, Antioxidant Status, and Digestive Enzyme Activity of Nile Tilapia Fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus)

by Hairui Yu, Sadia Nazir, Farah Ijaz, Muhammad Umer Zahid, Maida Mushtaq, Muhammad Khan, Abdur Rahman and Muhammad Aziz Ur Rahman

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1256; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091256 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study evaluated the impact of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on growth, antioxidant status, digestive enzyme activities, hematological parameters, blood biochemistry, and immune responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. A total of 180 fingerlings (mean weight: 5 ± 0.5 g) were [...] Read more.

This study evaluated the impact of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on growth, antioxidant status, digestive enzyme activities, hematological parameters, blood biochemistry, and immune responses in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fingerlings. A total of 180 fingerlings (mean weight: 5 ± 0.5 g) were randomly assigned to four groups: a control group and three probiotic-supplemented groups with 10⁶ (S-1), 10⁸ (S-2), and 10¹⁰ (S-3) CFU g⁻¹ of B. subtilis, following a completely randomized design. Fish were fed twice daily for eight weeks. Results showed that the 10¹⁰ CFU g⁻¹ group exhibited significantly higher weight gain (43 g), specific growth rate (2.5%/day), and better feed conversion ratio (0.7) compared to the control (30 g, 2.2%/day, and 1.4, respectively). Hematological parameters (WBC, RBC, hemoglobin) and immune responses (phagocytic activity, lysozyme) were significantly improved. Blood biochemistry showed decreased ALT/AST levels and increased ALP activity. Digestive enzymes (protease, lipase, amylase) and antioxidant activity (GPx, CAT, SOD) were enhanced, with reduced MDA levels. No significant differences were observed in survival rates or stress responses. These findings suggest that B. subtilis supplementation at 10¹⁰ CFU g⁻¹ improves growth, immune function, and antioxidant status, making it a promising probiotic for Nile tilapia. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Enhancing Aquatic Animal Health Through Feed Additives)

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25 pages, 2109 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Survey of the Professional Characteristics and Views of Dog Trainers in Canada

by Camila Cavalli and Nicole Fenwick

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1255; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091255 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Dog training is an unregulated profession in Canada without licensing or standardized practices, yet professional dog trainers greatly influence how guardians interact with their dogs and, by extension, dog welfare. We conducted an online survey to characterize the demographics, qualifications, services, methods, and [...] Read more.

Dog training is an unregulated profession in Canada without licensing or standardized practices, yet professional dog trainers greatly influence how guardians interact with their dogs and, by extension, dog welfare. We conducted an online survey to characterize the demographics, qualifications, services, methods, and views of dog trainers in Canada. Of the 706 valid respondents, most (65%) had completed at least one structured dog training program, while 33% were self-educated. Respondents held qualifications from 138 training programs and 39 exam-based certifications that differed in their curriculum, duration, and scope. We identified over 80 different themes or terms that trainers use to describe their practices, with the most frequent relating to reward-based methods. Most respondents also indicated that they would be unlikely to use aversive collars. These findings suggest that reward-based methods are likely the most prevalent in Canada. Two-thirds (62%) supported some regulation of dog training. The quantity and variety of training programs, certifications, and terminology utilized by dog trainers could present challenges for dog guardians in selecting trainers, and/or result in the use of harmful training methods. These findings can inform further development of best practices, educational programs, and advocacy to advance the use of humane training methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Companion Animals)

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18 pages, 2280 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Genome-Wide Association Study for Belly Traits in Canadian Commercial Crossbred Pigs

by Zohre Mozduri, Graham Plastow, Jack Dekkers, Kerry Houlahan, Robert Kemp and Manuel Juárez

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1254; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091254 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The improvement of carcass traits is a key focus in pig genetic breeding programs. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes linked to key carcass traits, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using whole-genome sequencing data from 1118 commercial pigs (Duroc [...] Read more.

The improvement of carcass traits is a key focus in pig genetic breeding programs. To identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes linked to key carcass traits, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using whole-genome sequencing data from 1118 commercial pigs (Duroc sires and Yorkshire/Landrace F1 dams). This study focused on six phenotypes: iodine value, belly firmness, belly side fat, total side thickness (belly SThK), belly subcutaneous fat (Subq), and belly seam. Phenotypes were measured using image analysis, DEXA, and fatty acid profiling, and genotyping was performed using low-pass sequencing (SkimSeq). After quality control, 18,911,793 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were retained for further analysis. A GWAS was conducted using a linear mixed model implemented in GCTA. Key findings include a significant QTL on SSC15 (110.83–112.23 Mb), which is associated with the iodine value, containing genes such as COX15, CHUK, SCD, and HIF1AN, which have known roles in fatty acid metabolism. Additionally, PNKD, VIL1, and PRKAG3 (120.74–121.88 Mb on SSC15) were linked to belly firmness, influencing muscle structure and fat composition. Three QTLs for belly side fat were identified on SSC1, SSC2, and SSC3, highlighting genes like SLC22A18, PHLDA2, and OSBPL5, which regulate fat deposition and lipid metabolism. The results provide novel molecular markers that can be incorporated into selective breeding programs to improve pork quality, fat distribution, and meat composition. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying carcass belly traits while offering tools to improve pork quality, optimize fat composition, and align with consumer preferences in the meat production industry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)

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13 pages, 10124 KiB

Open AccessCase Report

Successful Management of Recurrent Pyothorax in a Cat: Clinical Findings with Medical and Surgical Approaches

by Hyomi Jang, Seoyeon Kim, Yebeen Lee, Jongwon Park, Hyojun Kwon, Sunyoung Kim, Jiheui Sohn, Jong-in Kim and Dong-In Jung

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1253; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091253 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Feline pyothorax or thoracic empyema is a condition characterized by the accumulation of purulent exudate within the thoracic cavity due to infection [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)

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17 pages, 4681 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Postpartal Relative Body Weight Change on Production Performance, Serum Biomarkers, and Fecal Microbiota in Multiparous Holstein Cows

by Siyuan Zhang, Yiming Xu, Tianyu Chen, Duo Gao, Jingjun Wang, Yimin Zhuang, Wen Jiang, Guobin Hou, Shuai Liu, Shengli Li, Wei Shao and Zhijun Cao

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1252; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091252 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study aimed to determine effects of postpartal relative body weight change (PRBWC) on production performance, serum biomarkers, and the relation between PRBWC and gastrointestinal microbiota. A total of 59 multiparous cows participated in this research. Every cow’s PRBWC was calculated by the [...] Read more.

This study aimed to determine effects of postpartal relative body weight change (PRBWC) on production performance, serum biomarkers, and the relation between PRBWC and gastrointestinal microbiota. A total of 59 multiparous cows participated in this research. Every cow’s PRBWC was calculated by the following equation: PRBWC = (BW₂₁ − BW₀)/BW₀ × 100%, in which BW₂₁ refers to body weight on Day 21 post-calving and BW₀ refers to body weight on the day of parturition. Among the 59 enrolled cows, cows with the top 21 ranked PRBWC values were categorized into the high PRBWC (H-PRBWC) group; cows with the bottom 21 ranked PRBWC values were categorized into the low PRBWC (L-PRBWC) group. PRBWC did not have significant influences on average daily milk yield (ADMY). However, on Day 21, cows in the H-PRBWC group displayed significantly higher body weight (BW) and body condition scores (BCS) (BW, p = 0.02; BCS, p < 0.01). Additionally, levels of serum glucose (GLU) and albumin (ALB) were significantly higher in the H-PRBWC group on Day 21 (GLU, p = 0.05; ALB, p < 0.01), while the lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) level was significant lower (p = 0.03). Moreover, the microbiota of fecal samples on Day 0 (FE0) differed notably between groups, as evidenced by various alpha diversity indices, including Shannon (p = 0.02), Simpson (p = 0.03), Pielou_e (p = 0.02), and principal coordinate analysis (p = 0.002). The relative abundances of Monoglobus, norank_f__UCG-010, and Christensenellaceae_R-7_group were significantly higher in the H-PRBWC group (p < 0.05), while the relative abundances of Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Turicibacter, and Romboutsia were significantly lower (p < 0.05). Pathways related to amino acid biosynthesis were significantly enriched in the FE0 of the H-PRBWC group, while pathways involved in carbohydrate metabolism were significantly upregulated in the FE0 of the L-PRBWC group. This study argues the potential of PRBWC to describe alteration of energy status in the postpartum, evidenced by production performance, serum biomarkers, and the fecal microbiota. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)

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13 pages, 2124 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Redox Metabolism During Aerial Exposure of the Sea Urchin Echinometra lucunter: An Ecophysiological Perspective

by Tatiana M. Pereira, Marina Minari, Juan Manuel Carvajalino-Fernández, Daniel C. Moreira and Marcelo Hermes-Lima

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1251; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091251 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

Intertidal organisms experience daily environmental fluctuations, including changes in temperature, UV radiation, and aerial exposure during low tide, requiring physiological strategies for survival. One adaptation is the “preparation for oxidative stress” (POS), where antioxidants are upregulated preemptively to mitigate oxidative damage. While POS [...] Read more.

Intertidal organisms experience daily environmental fluctuations, including changes in temperature, UV radiation, and aerial exposure during low tide, requiring physiological strategies for survival. One adaptation is the “preparation for oxidative stress” (POS), where antioxidants are upregulated preemptively to mitigate oxidative damage. While POS has been documented in over 120 species, in the case of intertidal species, most studies focus on single stressors under controlled-laboratory conditions. This study investigated POS in the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter under natural multi-stress conditions. Sampling occurred over a single day (from 5 a.m. to noon), analyzing three conditions: submerged (S), aerially exposed for 2 h (AE), and reimmersed for 2 h (R). There was a ~4 °C temperature increase in the AE group compared to the S group, with a peak of solar radiation during reoxygenation. Antioxidant enzyme activity—catalase, glutathione transferase (GST), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)—and lipid peroxidation (TBARS) were assessed in gonad and intestine tissues. GST activity increased by fourfold in the intestines of AE individuals, while TBARS was elevated in gonads, where no antioxidant upregulation happened. These results suggest that the POS-response (increase in GST) was triggered by the interaction of temperature and aerial exposure. This research emphasizes the critical importance of field studies in understanding complex, natural multi-stressor environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Environmental Influence in Physiological, Endocrine, and Oxidative Stress Responses of Aquatic Invertebrates)

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17 pages, 274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Economic Implications of Phasing Out Pig Tail Docking: A Pilot Study in Italy

by Francesca Menegon, Annalisa Scollo, Samuele Trestini, Rachele Urbani, Giuseppe Ru and Guido Di Martino

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1250; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091250 - 29 Apr 2025

Abstract

The European Commission’s ban on routine tail docking has prompted this retrospective observational study to evaluate the short-term effects of transitioning to a fully undocked system. Twenty-two farms were assessed during three subsequent phases: total tail docking (step 1), subgroups of undocked pigs [...] Read more.

The European Commission’s ban on routine tail docking has prompted this retrospective observational study to evaluate the short-term effects of transitioning to a fully undocked system. Twenty-two farms were assessed during three subsequent phases: total tail docking (step 1), subgroups of undocked pigs (step 2), and fully undocked pigs (step 3). Farmers received training in long-tail management and independently implemented it on their own farms. However, straw provision as environmental enrichment was mandatory, at least supplied during periods of pigs’ restlessness. Overall, going through step 2 appears to be successful. However, transitioning to step 3 worsened mortality (p = 0.010) and the feed conversion ratio (p = 0.015) in weaners. Compared to step 1, the cost of producing 1 kg of meat in step 3 was 33.9% greater during weaning and 7.4% during fattening. Tail lesion prevalence at slaughter was greater in step 3 (41%), followed by step 2 (10%) and step 1 (1%). The hypothetical labour required to optimize straw management compared to the adopted system, ensuring its continuous availability, was estimated as 35 min/100 piglets/weaning cycle (EUR 4.37) and 10.5 h/100 pigs/fattening cycle (EUR 109). Under the conditions of this study, transitioning to a fully undocked system was not successful. Mandating only the non-continuous use of straw has proven insufficient, and greater efforts must be systematically implemented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Health and Welfare Assessment of Pigs)

13 pages, 2582 KiB

Open AccessReview

Establishment and Maintenance of Feline Pregnancy—A Comprehensive Review

by Sabine Schäfer-Somi

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1249; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091249 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

Cats are different from dogs, and many questions remain open concerning the establishment of pregnancy. In cats, as in dogs, no feto-maternal signaling leading to establishment of pregnancy is known. But as opposed to dogs, the placenta is a source of steroid hormones [...] Read more.

Cats are different from dogs, and many questions remain open concerning the establishment of pregnancy. In cats, as in dogs, no feto-maternal signaling leading to establishment of pregnancy is known. But as opposed to dogs, the placenta is a source of steroid hormones and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). Scarce information is available on physiological mechanisms at the uterine level during early gestation; more studies are needed on lymphocyte subsets, feto-maternal crosstalk and other mechanisms leading to local immunosuppression, allograft acceptance and embryo nidation and invasion. Recent studies investigate the function of extracellular vesicles (EVs); however, there is no study on embryo- or endometrium-derived EV. During pregnancy, anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) serum concentrations were found to be higher than in non-pregnant cats, and a recent study found that supraphysiological levels may lead to pregnancy loss; the function of AMH during pregnancy warrants investigation. Most information is available on corpus luteum development and function, showing some similarities to dogs. Some information on maintenance of feline pregnancy was obtained by ovariectomy (OE) or the use of endocrine disruptors, showing that OE does not lead to pregnancy loss in all cases, especially when performed after day 35; the variable effect is still not fully understood. Antiprogesterone, dopamine agonists and prostaglandins were used in different dosages and treatment schemes and showed variable effect during the second half of gestation, highlighting progesterone and prolactin as key hormones for the maintenance of gestation. Some events during early gestation are comparable with the canine species, even though they appear earlier, like the entrance of the zygote into the uterus and implantation; however, significant differences are present concerning the histomorphology of the placenta and, in a few cases, even the gross morphology as in some cats, where the zonary placenta does not completely surround the fetus. Sonographical monitoring of feline pregnancy requires knowledge of species-specific developmental steps and the differential appearance of fetal and maternal structures in comparison with dogs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cutting-Edge Breakthroughs in Animal Reproductive Endocrinology)

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15 pages, 1425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimizing Finishing Pig Performance and Sustainability: The Role of Protein Levels and Eco-Friendly Additive

by Weihan Zhao, Kyejin Lee and Inho Kim

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1248; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091248 - 28 Apr 2025

Abstract

This study contributes to promoting green farming and achieving sustainable pork production. Especially under the conditions of resource scarcity and rising environmental demands, efficient and eco-friendly feeding strategies have become key to industry development. We evaluated the effects of supplementing an eco-friendly additive [...] Read more.

This study contributes to promoting green farming and achieving sustainable pork production. Especially under the conditions of resource scarcity and rising environmental demands, efficient and eco-friendly feeding strategies have become key to industry development. We evaluated the effects of supplementing an eco-friendly additive (EFA) in diets with normal and low protein (−2% CP) levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, fecal score, meat quality, and blood profile in finishing pigs. In this 10-week (70-day and 7-day adaptation period) feeding experiment, 200 crossbred pigs [Duroc × (Landrace × Yorkshire)] with an initial average body weight (BW) of 55.05 ± 3.35 kg were used. The pigs were randomly assigned to four treatment groups in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, with five pigs per replicate group, including two gilts and three barrows per pen, and each treatment group was repeated 10 times. The experimental treatments included the following: two protein levels (normal CP and −2% CP) and two EFA levels (0% and 0.5% EFA). The results showed that pigs fed high-protein + EFA diets had a significantly higher ADG from weeks 0–5 compared to the high-protein control group (p < 0.05). From weeks 5–10 and overall, both high-protein + EFA and low-protein + EFA groups had a higher ADG than the low-protein − EFA group (p < 0.05). At week 10, the low-protein + EFA group showed significantly higher nitrogen digestibility and significantly lower ammonia emissions compared to the high-protein − EFA group (p < 0.05). Both EFA supplementation and protein level had significant effects on ammonia emissions. The fecal score was not significantly affected (p > 0.05). In blood profiles, NPY was higher in the high-protein + EFA group than in the low-protein − EFA group (p < 0.05). In terms of meat quality, both EFA-supplemented groups had a higher WHC compared to the low-protein − EFA group, while the high-protein + EFA group had a greater LMA (p < 0.05) and lower drip loss on day 7 after slaughter (p < 0.05). In conclusion, supplementing low-protein diets with EFA can effectively enhance the growth performance of finishing pigs, mitigate environmental pollution, and offer feeding advantages while lowering feed costs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition)

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27 pages, 1336 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sixty Degrees of Solutions: Field Techniques for Human–Jaguar Coexistence

by John Polisar, Rafael Hoogesteijn, Almira Hoogesteijn, Diego Francis Passos Viana, Skarleth Johana Chinchilla Valdiviezo, Carlos Valderrama Vásquez, Allison Loretta Devlin, Ranni José Arias Herrera, Margaux Babola, Frederick Bauer, Ivonne Cassaigne Guasco, Chia Yu Chang, Daniel Corrales Gutiérrez, J. Antonio De la Torre, Wezddy Del Toro-Orozco, Aline Kotz, Duston Larsen, Nicolás Lodeiro Ocampo, Daniel Monzón, Carmen Angélica Morante Ascanio, Ricardo Daniel Ortiz-Hoyos, Pablo Gastón Perovic, Grasiela Edith de Oliviero Porfirio, María Fernanda Puerto Carrillo, Paul Raad, Thiago Reginato, Yina Paola Serna, Claudio Sillero-Zubiri, Laura Villalba and Armand Ziller Show full author list Hide full author list

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1247; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091247 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

The current range of the jaguar (Panthera onca) spans sixty degrees of latitude across eighteen countries in the Western Hemisphere and covers approximately 7,000,000 km². Throughout this geographical breadth, jaguars represent an essential component of native biological diversity, but [...] Read more.

The current range of the jaguar (Panthera onca) spans sixty degrees of latitude across eighteen countries in the Western Hemisphere and covers approximately 7,000,000 km². Throughout this geographical breadth, jaguars represent an essential component of native biological diversity, but conflict revolving around real and perceived jaguar depredation on livestock is a factor in jaguar mortality. We developed a structured questionnaire to evaluate the effectiveness of anti-depredation strategies from northern Mexico to Argentina, collecting data from 11 countries and 248 livestock operations, 194 with efficacy metrics, and 24 with benefit–cost ratios (value of the livestock losses averted/cost of the intervention). Using coarse categories, 11 intervention types were tested. Techniques effectively reducing livestock losses were documented across the entire livestock operation size (2–130,000 ha, 5–30,000 head) and biome spectrum. While the techniques varied in complexity and required levels of investment, successful reductions in depredation were achieved at all levels. We conclude that anti-depredation strategies are highly effective, and when benefits are evaluated, they surpass costs, sometimes substantially. Given the proven efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the techniques described in this paper, we advocate for broader application across the species range to increase tolerance towards jaguars and a more effective human–jaguar coexistence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Methods to Reduce Predation and Achieve Coexistence between Predators and Prey)

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18 pages, 569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Integrating Desert Sand Utilization in Saltwater Aqua-Vegeculture Production: Performance Evaluation of Yield and Biochemical Composition

by Radhakrishnan Subramanian, Chythra Somanathan Nair, Ramya Manoharan, Drishya Nishanth and Abdul Jaleel

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091246 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Background: Saline aquaponics integrates fish and crop cultivation in saltwater environments by utilizing abundant saltwater resources. The integrated aqua vegeculture system (iAVs) shows promise for water conservation and environmental resilience. Objective: To evaluate lettuce growth in iAVs with varying salt levels and investigate [...] Read more.

Background: Saline aquaponics integrates fish and crop cultivation in saltwater environments by utilizing abundant saltwater resources. The integrated aqua vegeculture system (iAVs) shows promise for water conservation and environmental resilience. Objective: To evaluate lettuce growth in iAVs with varying salt levels and investigate how saltwater impacts the biochemical properties and growth of both fish and lettuce. Methods: Over four months, iAVs were incorporated into an existing aquaponic system with lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four treatments were tested: freshwater (control-T1) and saltwater concentrations of 1 (T2—2.5%), 2 (T3—5%), and 3 (T4—7.5%). Results: Increased salinity did not affect the fish growth parameters, with a 90% survival rate across all groups. Higher salinity levels potentially improve fish farming efficiency. Lettuce growth was optimal in freshwater, with promising results at the T2 and T3 levels, but T4 had negative effects. Proximate composition analysis showed a decline in lettuce nutritional elements as the saltwater concentration increased. Conclusion: This approach could transform food production in coastal regions and arid nations, addressing food security and water scarcity issues while alleviating the pressure on freshwater sources. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)

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15 pages, 671 KiB

Open AccessReview

Could Mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) Help Control Gastrointestinal Parasites in Horses?

by Desiderio Rodriguez Velazquez, Lucrezia Forte, Jorge Antonio Varela Guerrero, Tonantzin Díaz Alvarado, Mona M. M. Y. Elghandour, Aristide Maggiolino, Pasquale De Palo and Abdelfattah Z. M. Salem

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1245; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091245 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Exploring new natural-origin antiparasitic alternatives is essential in addressing the resistance issues that have emerged due to the widespread use of chemical or synthetic antiparasitic compounds. This area remains relatively underexplored despite the increasing recognition of plants like Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) for their [...] Read more.

Exploring new natural-origin antiparasitic alternatives is essential in addressing the resistance issues that have emerged due to the widespread use of chemical or synthetic antiparasitic compounds. This area remains relatively underexplored despite the increasing recognition of plants like Prosopis juliflora (mesquite) for their antiparasitic properties and nutritional value as a high-protein animal feed. This review aims to investigate the antiparasitic potential of P. juliflora against gastrointestinal parasites in horses. The review incorporates sources from 2005 to 2024. It was found that various phytochemical compounds from P. juliflora, particularly alkaloids, have demonstrated significant antiparasitic activity. Alkaloids are the most studied group due to their antibacterial, antiparasitic, and cytotoxic properties. According to the literature, the phytochemicals produced by P. juliflora hold promise as a potential solution for combating gastrointestinal parasites in horses. However, while preliminary findings suggest promising results, in vivo studies are necessary to evaluate the precise antiparasitic efficacy of these compounds and to determine the appropriate IC50 doses of P. juliflora alkaloids in horses, as well as to assess potential toxicity and side effects associated with their use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Approaches to Control Intestinal Parasites in Animals)

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20 pages, 4388 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Transcriptomics and Intestinal Microbiome Analysis Provide Insights into the Semi-Terrestrial Adaptation of Helice tientsinensis

by Zhengfei Wang, Lijie Cui, Xinyu Wang, Chenchen Shen, Yan Wang, Weijie Jiang and Yue Gu

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1244; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091244 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 32

Abstract

Helice tientsinensis, a Grapsidae family member, can adapt to terrestrial and semi-terrestrial environments. This study used transcriptomic and microbiome analyses to explore its adaptation mechanisms. Transcriptome analysis showed gene changes related to cytoskeleton–motor, water–osmotic pressure, and energy metabolism. For example, DST was [...] Read more.

Helice tientsinensis, a Grapsidae family member, can adapt to terrestrial and semi-terrestrial environments. This study used transcriptomic and microbiome analyses to explore its adaptation mechanisms. Transcriptome analysis showed gene changes related to cytoskeleton–motor, water–osmotic pressure, and energy metabolism. For example, DST was upregulated in the aquatic environment compared to the semi-terrestrial one, and SPAST was downregulated in some groups. ATP2A and SLC6A3 were upregulated with osmotic regulation, and IDH3 was upregulated when comparing the aquatic and semi-terrestrial habitats; at the same time, many energy-related genes were downregulated between the terrestrial and semi-terrestrial habitats. Regarding the gut microbiota, no significant differences in alpha diversity were found between habitats, but there were differences at the genus level. Pseudomonas and Malaciobacter were more abundant in the aquatic habitat, and Dietzia in the semi-terrestrial one. These results provide insights into H. tientsinensis’ terrestrial adaptation, benefiting crustacean evolution study and aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Omics in Economic Aquatic Animals)

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15 pages, 3226 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Adding Bacillus coagulans BCH0 to the Diet on Growth Performance, Tissue Structures, and Gut Microbiota in Broilers

by Zhili Niu, Linbao Ji, Yucheng Zhang, Zeyi Chen, Jiakun Shen, Zhaoyue Men, Chenlong Zhou, Peng Tan and Xi Ma

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091243 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Studies demonstrated that Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) as a dietary additive enhanced broiler growth performance, yet its mechanisms of action modulation remained unclear. Therefore, this study investigated effects of dietary B. coagulans BCH0 (1 × 10⁹ CFU/kg) on growth performance, [...] Read more.

Studies demonstrated that Bacillus coagulans (B. coagulans) as a dietary additive enhanced broiler growth performance, yet its mechanisms of action modulation remained unclear. Therefore, this study investigated effects of dietary B. coagulans BCH0 (1 × 10⁹ CFU/kg) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, gut microbiota, and ileal transcriptomics in Arbor Acres broilers using a completely randomized design. A total of 200 one-day-old broilers were allocated to control (Con, basal diet) and experimental (BCH0, basal diet + 1 × 10⁹ CFU/kg B. coagulans BCH0) groups (10 replicates/group, 10 birds/replicate) over a 42-day trial. The results revealed that BCH0 significantly increased body weights (BW) at 21 and 42 days (p < 0.05), improved the average daily gain (ADG) during the starter (1–21 days) and overall phases (1–42 days), and reduced the ratio of feed intake to body weight gain (F/G) across all phases (p < 0.05). Duodenal morphology analysis indicated a BCH0 elevated villus height (+16.9%, p < 0.01) and villus height/crypt depth (V/C) (p < 0.01) and no significant differences in crypt depth (p = 0.46). In the ileum, the BCH0 group exhibited a significantly greater villus height (p < 0.01), crypt depth (p < 0.05), and V/C (p < 0.05) than the Con group. Microbiota analysis revealed no significant differences in α-diversity or β-diversity, but phylum-level shifts involved an increase in Firmicutes and a reduction in Actinobacteriota in the BCH0 group. At the genus level, dominance shifted from Romboutsia (Control group) to Lactobacillus (BCH0 group), accompanied by marked reductions in Turicibacter, Ldatus_arthromitus, and Rothia. Ileal transcriptomics identified 605 differentially expressed genes, with KEGG enrichment highlighting activated nutrient assimilation pathways (p < 0.05), including carbohydrate, mineral, fat, and protein digestion/absorption. These findings collectively demonstrated that B. coagulans BCH0 enhanced broiler growth through the synergistic modulation of beneficial microbiota, the upregulation of nutrient metabolism genes, and intestinal architectural optimization, supporting its role as a sustainable microbial additive for enhancing poultry productivity and gut health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feed Additives in Animal Nutrition)

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15 pages, 1162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects of Adding Punicalagin or Oleuropein to TRIS Diluent on Quality of Frozen–Thawed Semen from Rams

by Mohamed Shehab-El-Deen, Mohamed Ali, Ibrahim Alolayan, Abdullah Aljuaythin, Yasser Alrauji, Soliman Aldobaib and Shaaban S. Elnesr

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1242; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091242 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding different levels of punicalagin or oleuropein to TRIS diluent on the quality of frozen–thawed semen from Najdi rams. Semen was diluted using TRIS-based diluter with 15% egg yolk (control group); supplemented with 0.1, 0.5, [...] Read more.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of adding different levels of punicalagin or oleuropein to TRIS diluent on the quality of frozen–thawed semen from Najdi rams. Semen was diluted using TRIS-based diluter with 15% egg yolk (control group); supplemented with 0.1, 0.5, or 1 mg/100 mL punicalagin (in Experiment 1); or supplemented with 1, 2.5, or 5 mg/100 mL oleuropein (in Experiment 2). The collected semen was evaluated and cryopreserved, with the motility and concentration of sperm assessed using a CASA system. The results showed that the total motile spermatozoa (TMS), percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa (PMS), curvilinear velocity (VCL), rectilinear velocity, average path velocity (VAP), linearity coefficient, straightness index, minor defects, and sperm vitality were higher in the 0.1 mg/100 mL punicalagin group (p < 0.05) than in other groups. HOST% post-thawing was significantly higher in all punicalagin groups compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The percentages of PMS, TMS, VCL, minor defects, and sperm vitality were higher in the 1 mg/100 mL oleuropein group (p < 0.05) than in other groups. Oleuropein supplementation at 5 mg/100 mL decreased VAP in cooled sperms, while all levels increased VAP post-thawing. HOST-positive sperms% post-thawing was higher in all oleuropein-treated groups than the control group (p < 0.001). Moreover, oleuropein nonsignificantly increased the acrosome integrity in cooled sperms, while higher studied concentrations of oleuropein (2.5 and 5 mg/100 mL) decreased the acrosome integrity in frozen sperms. In conclusion, adding punicalagin (0.1 mg/100 mL) or oleuropein (1 mg/100 mL) to TRIS diluent improved the quality of frozen–thawed semen from rams. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Conservation and Sperm Quality in Domestic Animals)

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20 pages, 2325 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Burrowing Behavior as Robust Parameter for Early Humane Endpoint Determination in Murine Models for Pancreatic Cancer

by Jakob Brandstetter, Lisa Hoffmann, Ingo Koopmann, Tim Schreiber, Benjamin Schulz, Stephan Patrick Rosshart, Dietmar Zechner, Brigitte Vollmar and Simone Kumstel

Animals 2025, 15(9), 1241; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091241 - 28 Apr 2025

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Abstract

Due to late-stage diagnoses and limited treatment options, pancreatic cancer is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer deaths by 2030. Many different murine models were developed over the past decades to test new therapies for this tumor entity. The laws [...] Read more.

Due to late-stage diagnoses and limited treatment options, pancreatic cancer is predicted to be the second leading cause of cancer deaths by 2030. Many different murine models were developed over the past decades to test new therapies for this tumor entity. The laws and regulations demand the continuous refinement of animal experiments in order to improve animal welfare sustainably. A key aspect here is the definition of early humane endpoint criteria to avoid severe and lasting suffering of the animals through timely euthanasia. The present study analyzed the welfare of mice in different pancreatic cancer models, various mouse strains, and under different therapeutic interventions in preclinical testing. Their welfare was monitored before any intervention, during tumor progression, and on the days before the individual humane endpoint for each mouse by assessing body weight change, distress score, perianal temperature, burrowing behavior, nesting activity, and mouse grimace scale. The data was retrospectively analyzed via receiver operating characteristic curve analysis to quantify the predictability of each parameter for humane endpoint determination. Burrowing behavior proved to be a robust predictor of the humane endpoint two days in advance under various conditions, including diverse pancreatic cancer models and different therapeutic approaches. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Care and Well-Being of Laboratory Animals)

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Animals, Volume 15, Issue 9 (May-1 2025) – 85 articles

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