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Animals
Volume 15
Issue 9
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Animals, Volume 15, Issue 9 (May-1 2025) – 165 articles

Cover Story (view full-size image): The transition from conventional cages to cage-free aviaries requires innovative environmental monitoring to enhance hen welfare. This study examined vertical variations in humidity, gases, and air pollutants within a multi-tiered aviary using real-time IoT monitoring. We assessed how these environmental gradients relate to hen spatial distribution. Findings from our experimental barn indicate that although conditions generally aligned with recommended values, tier-specific fluctuations are influenced by hens’ daily behavioural patterns and distribution. View this paper
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18 pages, 1898 KiB  
Article
Physiological and Metabolic Responses of Mongolian Horses to a 20 km Endurance Exercise and Screening for New Oxidative-Imbalance Biomarkers
by Xinzhuang Zhang, Yuanyi Liu, Lianhao Li, Wei Ma, Dongyi Bai and Manglai Dugarjaviin
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1350; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091350 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 237
Abstract
The traditional horse industry has undergone a remarkable evolution, with horse racing emerging as a prominent and pivotal economic driver within the sector. Among the various breeds, Mongolian horses, renowned for their exceptional endurance and speed, occupy a significant position in the horse [...] Read more.
The traditional horse industry has undergone a remarkable evolution, with horse racing emerging as a prominent and pivotal economic driver within the sector. Among the various breeds, Mongolian horses, renowned for their exceptional endurance and speed, occupy a significant position in the horse industry. To investigate their homeostasis mechanisms during and after a 20 km endurance exercise and identify novel oxidative-imbalance markers, we selected 12 two-year-old horses and collected blood samples at various time points before, during (at 5, 10, 15, and 20 km), and after the exercise (at 1, 2, 4, and 6 h post-exercise). These samples were analyzed for haematology, blood biochemistry, antioxidant enzyme activities, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics. Our results revealed significant changes in heart rate, speed, blood cells, and biochemical markers throughout the exercise. Antioxidant indicators decreased, while malondialdehyde increased, indicating oxidative imbalance post-exercise. Metabolomics analysis identified 122 differential metabolites, including uric acid and L-tyrosine, which were enriched in pathways related to energy metabolism. Uric acid and tyrosine correlated positively with serum creatine kinase, suggesting their potential as markers of oxidative-imbalance injury. These findings elucidate the mechanisms of endurance adaptability in Mongolian horses and provide a theoretical basis for mitigating oxidative imbalance, enhancing horse performance, and promoting the sustainable development of the equine industry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Equine Sports Medicine, Therapy and Rehabilitation)
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12 pages, 2896 KiB  
Article
AP2X-8 Is Important for Tachyzoite Growth and Bradyzoite Differentiation of Toxoplasma gondii
by Li-Xiu Sun, Meng Wang, Hany M. Elsheikha, Shi-Chen Xie, Bao-Quan Fu, Xing-Quan Zhu and Guo-Hua Liu
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1349; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091349 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 219
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of establishing chronic infections, with potential reactivation in immunocompromised individuals. However, the molecular mechanisms governing tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite differentiation remain incompletely understood. Previous studies have identified AP2 transcription factors as key regulators of this developmental switch. In this [...] Read more.
Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite capable of establishing chronic infections, with potential reactivation in immunocompromised individuals. However, the molecular mechanisms governing tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite differentiation remain incompletely understood. Previous studies have identified AP2 transcription factors as key regulators of this developmental switch. In this study, we investigated the role of the AP2 factor AP2X-8. Immunofluorescence analysis revealed that AP2X-8 is constitutively expressed in the nucleus of both tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages. Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated homologous recombination, we successfully generated an ap2X-8 knockout strain. Phenotypic assays including plaque formation, invasion, replication, and egress, and bradyzoite differentiation assays, were then performed to assess the impact of ap2X-8 deletion. Our analyses showed that the loss of ap2X-8 significantly impaired plaque formation and intracellular replication, while invasion and egress were unaffected. Furthermore, ap2X-8 knockout enhanced bradyzoite differentiation in vitro. Despite these changes, deletion of ap2X-8 did not alter parasite virulence in a mouse infection model. These findings demonstrate that AP2X-8 is an important regulator of T. gondii tachyzoite growth and bradyzoite differentiation, offering new insights into the parasite’s developmental regulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coccidian Parasites: Epidemiology, Control and Prevention Strategies)
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14 pages, 2029 KiB  
Communication
The Effect of Poppy Oil on Egg Production and Calcium Metabolism in Japanese Quail
by Csaba Szabó, Xénia Ozsváth, Brigitta Csernus, Gabriella Gulyás, Márta Horváth, Levente Czeglédi, János Oláh, Nafiatur Rizqoh, Gabriele Achille and János Posta
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1348; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091348 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 182
Abstract
Consumers tend to favor natural dietary supplements to improve their health. However, vendors rarely cite scientific evidence to justify these claims. In the case of poppy oil, it is often mentioned as having a positive effect on Ca metabolism-related disorders, but no proof [...] Read more.
Consumers tend to favor natural dietary supplements to improve their health. However, vendors rarely cite scientific evidence to justify these claims. In the case of poppy oil, it is often mentioned as having a positive effect on Ca metabolism-related disorders, but no proof has been provided. Therefore, the aim of our trial was to test the possible effect of poppy oil on calcium metabolism using Japanese quail layers as a model animal. A total of 120 four-week-old quail were divided into three dietary treatments (four cages per treatment, with ten birds in each cage): a control group (using sunflower oil as the energy source in the diet), 0.5%, and 1% poppy oil supplementation (replacing sunflower oil). Egg production, eggshell thickness, eggshell strength, and egg yolk color were investigated. Ca retention was determined using the acid-insoluble ash method. At the end of the experiment, two birds per cage were sacrificed, and uterus and jejunum samples were collected for gene expression analyses. Poppy oil supplementation improved egg production in terms of intensity, egg weight, and eggmass production. The thickness and eggshell strength decreased when 1% poppy oil was fed to the animals, while Ca retention improved. Poppy oil supplementation increased the expression of Ca transporter genes (CALB1, SLC8A1, and SLC26A9) in the uterus and ITPR1 in the jejunum. Our results indicate a possible effect of poppy oil on Ca metabolism. Further studies are needed to identify the active compound and to understand the mode of action. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Lipid and Fatty Acid Nutrition for Monogastric Animals)
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17 pages, 1704 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Compost-Bedded Pack Barns on Claw Health and Lameness in Dairy Herds in Southern Germany
by Phillip Andreas Guhl, Adrian Steiner, Lisa Bachmann and Maike Heppelmann
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1347; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091347 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 215
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine claw health and lameness prevalence in cows housed in CBPs in southern Germany. Eight farms that housed their dairy cows in CBPs were visited for data collection once in the warm season and once in [...] Read more.
The aim of this study was to determine claw health and lameness prevalence in cows housed in CBPs in southern Germany. Eight farms that housed their dairy cows in CBPs were visited for data collection once in the warm season and once in the cold season between January and December 2023. The first visit was during hoof trimming of the herd to identify claw disorders, score lameness, and assess the bedded pack resting area. Lameness was scored again and the bedded pack resting area assessed at the second visit. To compare claw health at cow and farm levels, a cow claw score (CCS) and a farm claw score (FCS) were calculated using geometric severity scores. The prevalence of lameness at cow level was 9.4% in the cold season and 11.1% in the warm season, which were lower than values reported in studies that investigated cubicle free-stall barns. The low prevalences of lameness and claw disorders were reflected in a CCS of 8 and FCS of 9, which are defined as excellent. Based on our results, CBPs are associated with low lameness prevalence and favourable claw health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
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19 pages, 9677 KiB  
Article
Development and Application of a 40 K Liquid Capture Chip for Beef Cattle
by Qing Liu, Liangyu Shi, Pu Zhang, Bo Yu, Chenhui Liu, Min Xiang, Shuilian Li, Lei Liu, Lei Cheng and Hongbo Chen
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1346; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091346 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 149
Abstract
The availability of genome sequences and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips allows us to investigate the various genomic characteristics of species by exploring genetic diversity to aid genetic selection. The SNP chip is a cost-effective genotyping platform essential for molecular breeding of livestock. In [...] Read more.
The availability of genome sequences and single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) chips allows us to investigate the various genomic characteristics of species by exploring genetic diversity to aid genetic selection. The SNP chip is a cost-effective genotyping platform essential for molecular breeding of livestock. In this study, we developed a liquid SNP capture chip suitable for five Hubei (China) indigenous beef cattle breeds based on whole-genome sequencing datasets. The panel consisted of 42,686 SNPs (~40 K). These SNPs were evenly distributed on each bovine chromosome, with the majority of SNPs having minor allele frequencies >0.05 and located within intergenic regions. The performance evaluation of this SNP chip panel was proceeded by genotyping 200 individuals, revealing that this panel has a high SNP call rate of 99.48%. The SNP chip panel was further used to examine the population structure of a beef cattle population with 205 individuals and demonstrated the ability to differentiate between foreign and indigenous cattle breeds. The SNP chip was also used to determine the runs of homozygosity (ROH) within a local Hubei beef cattle population of 195 individuals. We identified 2547 ROH and several genes associated with economically important traits in the study population. Our findings demonstrate that this chip not only contributes to the understanding of the genetic characteristics of local beef cattle breeds but also provides valuable genetic information for future breeding programs, thereby improving their production efficiency and economic value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Cattle Genetics and Breeding)
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25 pages, 11560 KiB  
Article
Transcriptomic and Proteomic Analyses of the Liver and Ileum Identify Key Genes and Pathways Associated with Low and High Groups of Social Genetic Effect of Residual Feed Intake
by Patrick Kofi Makafui Tecku, Zhenjian Zhao, Kai Wang, Xiang Ji, Dong Chen, Qi Shen, Yang Yu, Shengdi Cui, Junge Wang, Ziyang Chen, Jia Xue and Guoqing Tang
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1345; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091345 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 134
Abstract
Social genetic effects (SGEs) refer to how the genotypes of other individuals impact an individual’s phenotype within a population. These effects significantly influence the feeding behavior and production performance in pigs, though their mechanisms are not well understood. This study examined two pig [...] Read more.
Social genetic effects (SGEs) refer to how the genotypes of other individuals impact an individual’s phenotype within a population. These effects significantly influence the feeding behavior and production performance in pigs, though their mechanisms are not well understood. This study examined two pig groups with extreme SGE values for residual feed intake (RFI), analyzing their feeding behavior and the molecular mechanisms involved using transcriptomics and proteomics analysis of liver and ileum tissues. Pigs with higher SGE values exhibited distinct feeding patterns, spending more time at the feeder but making fewer visits. They consumed less overall feed but had a higher intake per visit. Differentially expressed genes and proteins were identified in the liver and ileum and were associated with processes such as mitochondrial functions, oxidative phosphorylation, and cholesterol metabolism. Integrated analysis supported these findings. Combined transcriptome and proteome analysis identified potential key genes that were associated with processes including mitochondrial processes, oxidative phosphorylation, fat digestion and absorption, and cholesterol metabolism. The results showed that pigs with differing SGE values display different feeding behaviors and utilize distinct molecular pathways affecting RFI. These findings offer valuable insights into how SGEs influence feed efficiency and shed light on the fundamental mechanisms underlying it. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Genetics and Genomics)
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14 pages, 267 KiB  
Review
Bovine Leukemia Virus: Origin, Prevalence, Phylogenetic Diversity, Risk Factors, and Strategies for Control
by Yuxi Zhao, Jiandong Wang, Jianguo Chen, Yingyu Chen, Changmin Hu, Xi Chen and Aizhen Guo
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091344 - 7 May 2025
Viewed by 179
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is classified as a Deltaretrovirus and shows close genomic and biological similarities with human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs). It serves as the etiological agent for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which stands as the most prevalent neoplastic disease affecting cattle [...] Read more.
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is classified as a Deltaretrovirus and shows close genomic and biological similarities with human T-cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs). It serves as the etiological agent for enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), which stands as the most prevalent neoplastic disease affecting cattle globally. Additionally, BLV has been identified as a potential zoonotic pathogen, although the risk to human health remains a subject of ongoing research. The insidious nature of BLV lies in its predominantly subclinical presentation; the majority of BLV-infected cattle show no apparent symptoms. This subclinical nature poses challenges for disease detection and control, as infected animals can remain unnoticed carriers, contributing to the silent spread of the virus within herds. This characteristic also underscores the importance of surveillance and early detection strategies to monitor BLV prevalence and mitigate its spread. Despite concerted efforts in some regions to implement eradication programs, BLV continues to maintain a high prevalence worldwide. The persistence of BLV in cattle populations highlights the need for innovative and integrated approaches to control and manage the disease effectively. The development of a BLV vaccine represents a significant breakthrough in the fight against BLV transmission. A successful vaccine can not only reduce the incidence of BLV infection but also minimize the associated economic losses linked to reduced milk production, reproductive issues, and the premature culling of infected animals. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of BLV, encompassing its origin, evolutionary patterns, epidemiology, risk factors, and control strategies, is pivotal. Such knowledge serves as the foundation for the development of effective vaccines, diagnostic tools, and control measures. Through this review, we aim to consolidate and present this multifaceted understanding of BLV, providing valuable insights and guidance for researchers, veterinarians, and policymakers involved in BLV prevention and control efforts globally. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
15 pages, 4697 KiB  
Article
Demographic and Life-History Responses of Rhinella arenarum to Road-Associated Environments
by Mariana Baraquet, Favio Pollo, Manuel Otero, Adolfo Martino and Pablo Grenat
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1343; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091343 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 145
Abstract
The global decline of amphibians is linked to habitat loss, with urbanization and roads as major threats. Roads fragment habitats and introduce stressors like pollution, temperature changes, and non-native predators. Despite growing awareness, studies in Latin America are scarce. In this study, we [...] Read more.
The global decline of amphibians is linked to habitat loss, with urbanization and roads as major threats. Roads fragment habitats and introduce stressors like pollution, temperature changes, and non-native predators. Despite growing awareness, studies in Latin America are scarce. In this study, we examined life-history traits of Rhinella arenarum from four sites in central Argentina that differ in urbanization intensity near roads. We analyzed snout–vent length (SVL), age, growth, size at maturity, and longevity in reproductive individuals. Sexual size dimorphism was present across sites, with females consistently larger than males. Moderate variation in SVL and age structure was observed among populations, with smaller and generally younger individuals in sites with medium-to-high urbanization. In contrast, individuals from the least disturbed site tended to show broader age ranges and greater longevity. Growth rates were also slower in the most urbanized site. While differences were moderate and sample sizes limited, these patterns suggest that urban-associated factors may influence demographic traits in R. arenarum. These findings contribute to our understanding of how human-altered environments might affect amphibian populations and highlight the need to distinguish between natural geographic variation and anthropogenic impacts on amphibian populations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Age Determination, Growth and Longevity of Amphibians and Reptiles)
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12 pages, 241 KiB  
Article
Effect of Berchemia discolor Leaf Meal (Muni Tree) on Feed Intake, Growth Performance and Digestibility of Non-Descript Goats
by Jobere Anastacia Mashiachidi, Tlou Grace Manyelo and Busisiwe Gunya
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1342; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091342 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 160
Abstract
Seasonal feed shortages often limit goat productivity in rural areas, creating a need for alternative, locally available feed resources. This study evaluated the effect of Berchemia discolor leaf meal on feed intake, digestibility and growth performance of South African non-descript goats. Sixteen yearling [...] Read more.
Seasonal feed shortages often limit goat productivity in rural areas, creating a need for alternative, locally available feed resources. This study evaluated the effect of Berchemia discolor leaf meal on feed intake, digestibility and growth performance of South African non-descript goats. Sixteen yearling goats (average age 12 months, body weight 19.63 ± 1.68 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design and housed individually in metabolic cages. They were fed diets containing 0%, 15%, 20% and 30% B. discolor leaf meal, formulated on a dry matter basis for 42 days (14-day adaptation, 28-day measurement). B. discolor supplementation had no effect on weight and feed intake (p > 0.05). However, goats fed diets with 0% and 30% inclusion levels had a significantly higher average daily gain and more efficient feed conversion ratio compared to those fed 15% and 20% inclusion levels (p < 0.05). Daily dry matter intake did not differ (p > 0.05) among groups. However, B. discolor had lower (p < 0.05) crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents compared to the control (0% inclusion). Metabolic weight intakes were similar (p > 0.05) across treatments. B. discolor had no effect (p > 0.05) on dry matter digestibility, but CP and ADF digestibility were higher (p < 0.05) in goats fed 0% B. discolor than those in 15%, 20% or 30% inclusion groups. In conclusion, B. discolor inclusion improved growth performance and feed conversion efficiency in non-descript goats, though higher levels reduced nutrient digestibility. Inclusion up to 20% supported intake and growth, but the highest feed conversion ratio was observed at 0% and 30% inclusion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nutrient Utilization, Requirements and Nutrigenomics in Sheep and Goats)
13 pages, 3346 KiB  
Article
Integrative Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Muscle and Liver Reveals Key Molecular Pathways Influencing Growth Traits in Zhedong White Geese
by Kai Shi, Xiao Zhou, Jiuli Dai, Yuefeng Gao, Linna Gao, Yangyang Shen and Shufang Chen
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091341 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 232
Abstract
Geese (Anser cygnoides) are popular worldwide with consumers for their unique meat quality, egg production, foie gras, and goose down; however, the key genes that influence geese growth remain elusive. To explore the mechanism of geese growth, a total of 500 [...] Read more.
Geese (Anser cygnoides) are popular worldwide with consumers for their unique meat quality, egg production, foie gras, and goose down; however, the key genes that influence geese growth remain elusive. To explore the mechanism of geese growth, a total of 500 Zhedong White geese were raised; four high-weight (HW) and four low-weight (LW) male geese were selected to collect carcass traits and for further transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis. The body weight and average daily gain of HW geese were significantly higher than those of the LW geese (p-value < 0.05), and the yields of the liver, gizzard, glandular stomach, and pancreas showed no significant difference between the HW and the LW group (p-value > 0.05). Compared with the LW geese, 19 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (i.e., COL11A2, COL22A1, and TF) were detected in the breast muscle from the HW geese, which were involved in the PPAR signaling pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, and ferroptosis. A total of 59 differential accumulation metabolites (DAMs), which influence the pathways of glutathione metabolism and vitamin B6 metabolism, were detected in the breast muscle between the HW and LW geese. In the liver, 106 DEGs (i.e., THSD4, CREB3L3, and CNST) and 202 DAMs were found in the livers of the HW and LW groups, respectively. DEGs regulated the pathways of the TGF-beta signaling pathway, pyruvate metabolism, and adipocytokine signaling pathway; DAMs were involved in pyrimidine metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism. Correlation analysis between the top DEGs and DAMs revealed that in the breast muscle, the expression levels of COL11A2 and COL22A1 were positively correlated with the content of S-(2-Hydroxy-3-buten-1-yl)glutathione. In the liver, the expression of THSD4 was positively correlated with the content of 2-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid. In addition, one DEG (LOC106049048) and four DAMs (mogrol, brassidic acid, flabelline, and L-Leucyl-L-alanine) were shared in the breast muscle and liver. These important results contribute to improving the knowledge of goose growth and exploring the effective molecular markers that could be adopted for Zhedong White goose breeding. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Genetic Analysis of Important Traits in Poultry)
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26 pages, 1786 KiB  
Review
Home-Cage Training for Non-Human Primates: An Opportunity to Reduce Stress and Study Natural Behavior in Neurophysiology Experiments
by Francesco Ceccarelli, Fabrizio Londei, Giulia Arena, Aldo Genovesio and Lorenzo Ferrucci
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1340; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091340 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 375
Abstract
Research involving non-human primates remains a cornerstone in fields such as biomedical research and systems neuroscience. However, the daily routines of laboratory work can induce stress in these animals, potentially compromising their well-being and the reliability of experimental outcomes. To address this, many [...] Read more.
Research involving non-human primates remains a cornerstone in fields such as biomedical research and systems neuroscience. However, the daily routines of laboratory work can induce stress in these animals, potentially compromising their well-being and the reliability of experimental outcomes. To address this, many laboratories have adopted home-cage training protocols to mitigate stress caused by routine procedures such as transport and restraint—a factor that can impact both macaque physiology and experimental validity. This review explores the primary methods and experimental setups employed in home-cage training, highlighting their potential not only to address ethical concerns surrounding animal welfare but also to reduce training time and risks for the researchers. Furthermore, by combining home-cage training with wireless recordings, it becomes possible to expand research opportunities in behavioral neurophysiology with non-human primates. This approach enables the study of various cognitive processes in more naturalistic settings, thereby increasing the ecological validity of scientific findings through innovative experimental designs that thoroughly investigate the complexity of the animals’ natural behavior. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research Animal Welfare: Current Practices and Future Directions)
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18 pages, 3782 KiB  
Article
Morphology, Molecular Characterization, and Phylogeny of Travassosius rufus Khalil, 1922 (Strongylidea: Trichostrongylidae), a Parasite from Endangered Sino-Mongolian Beaver (Castor fiber birulai) in Xinjiang, China
by Huiping Jia, Wenwen Chu, Dong Zhang, Kai Li, Wenpu Huang and Xiaoyun Li
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1339; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091339 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 236
Abstract
The genus Travassosius Khalil, 1922, the smallest genus in the subfamily Trichostrongylinae (family Trichostrongylidae), primarily infects the only two extant beaver species worldwide and can be lethal in severe infections. However, the mitochondrial genome evolution of Travassosius remains poorly understood, and its phylogenetic [...] Read more.
The genus Travassosius Khalil, 1922, the smallest genus in the subfamily Trichostrongylinae (family Trichostrongylidae), primarily infects the only two extant beaver species worldwide and can be lethal in severe infections. However, the mitochondrial genome evolution of Travassosius remains poorly understood, and its phylogenetic placement within Trichostrongylinae is still unresolved. In this study, we applied both morphological techniques (differential interference contrast microscopy) and molecular tools (nuclear ITS2 and mitochondrial genome) to examine T. rufus Khalil, 1922. Specimens were collected from the Sino-Mongolian beaver, a subspecies of the Eurasian beaver native to the Ulungur River Basin in northern Xinjiang, China. This work presents the first complete mitochondrial genome sequence and annotation of T. rufus, and it is also the first mitochondrial genome reported for the genus Travassosius. The mitochondrial genome of T. rufus measures 13,646 bp and contains 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding genes (PCGs) (excluding atp8), 22 transfer RNA genes, and 2 ribosomal RNA genes. Phylogenetic analysis based on amino acid sequences of 12 mitochondrial PCGs strongly supports the distinctiveness of the genus Travassosius. Additionally, T. rufus appears to be closely related to Nematodirus within Trichostrongylinae. This study also addresses the possible consequences of parasitic infection for the Sino-Mongolian beaver and offers a scientific foundation for conserving this endangered subspecies and managing parasitic diseases in its population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Mammals)
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21 pages, 1838 KiB  
Article
Effects of Short-Term Feeding with Diets Containing Insect Meal on the Gut Microbiota of African Catfish Hybrids
by Balázs Libisch, Zsuzsanna J. Sándor, Tibor Keresztény, Chioma Lilian Ozoaduche, Péter P. Papp, Katalin Posta, Janka Biró, Viktor Stojkov, Vojislav Banjac, Nóra Adányi, Mária Berki, Éva Lengyel-Kónya, Rita Tömösközi-Farkas and Ferenc Olasz
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1338; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091338 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 217
Abstract
The impact of short-term feeding of three distinct diets containing insect meals on the intestinal microbiota of African catfish hybrid (Clarias gariepinus × Heterobranchus longifilis) juveniles was examined. The animals received experimental diets containing 30% insect meals derived from black soldier-fly [...] Read more.
The impact of short-term feeding of three distinct diets containing insect meals on the intestinal microbiota of African catfish hybrid (Clarias gariepinus × Heterobranchus longifilis) juveniles was examined. The animals received experimental diets containing 30% insect meals derived from black soldier-fly larvae (BSL) (Hermetia illucens), yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) or blue bottle-fly larvae (Calliphora vicina) for 18 days. The relative abundance of the Bacillaceae, the Planococcaceae and other bacteria significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the intestinal microbiota of the BSL group and also in the pooled group of the three catfish groups that received insect meals. Several strains of the Bacillales cultured from BSL feed had higher (p < 0.05) abundance in the intestinal microbiota of the BSL group compared to those of the control group. Among these Bacillales strains, a single fosB antibiotic resistance gene was identified. In the gut resistomes of both the BSL and the control catfish groups, the tetA(P), tetB(P) and lnu(C) antibiotic-resistance determinants were detected, while fosB was detected only in the BSL group. Overall, the study showed that a short-term shift to diets containing insect meals can induce significant (q < 0.05) changes in the gut microbiota of the African catfish without the development of reduced α-diversity and without the overgrowth of bacteria pathogenic to fish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Fish Microbiome, a Novel Tool to Improve Sustainable Production and Welfare in Aquaculture)
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15 pages, 5314 KiB  
Article
Dynamic Changes in the Gut Microbiota During Peripartum in Jennies
by Xinyue Wang, Yang Shao, Xiaoling Zhou, Zheng Li, Jingze Liu, Mingyao Tang, Yixin Yang and Liang Deng
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1337; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091337 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 198
Abstract
The peripartum period is critical for breeding female donkeys (i.e., jennies) and ensuring the delivery of healthy neonatal foals. The gut microbiota deeply influences the host metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in the gut microbiome during the peripartum period [...] Read more.
The peripartum period is critical for breeding female donkeys (i.e., jennies) and ensuring the delivery of healthy neonatal foals. The gut microbiota deeply influences the host metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the dynamic changes in the gut microbiome during the peripartum period in jennies. Fresh fecal samples of eight adult jennies were collected at the following seven sampling time points: 21, 7, and 3 days prepartum (G21, G7, and G3) and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days postpartum (L1, L3, L7, and L14). Sequencing of the V4 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA genes was carried out using fecal samples to identify the differences in the microbiome across the peripartum period. Bacteroidota and Firmicutes were the most abundant bacterial phyla in the feces. Treponema and Lachnospiraceae XPB1014 group significantly increased in the L3 group compared to the G7 group (q < 0.05), and a decline trend was observed in L1 group around parturition. The genus Clostridium sensu stricto 1, family Clostridiaceae, and order Clostridiales were considered to be biomarkers of the L3 group. Among the 25 functional pathways detected by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, beta lactam resistance, insulin resistance, and peptidases were the top three important pathways observed in the gut microbiota during the peripartum period in jennies. The gut microbial structure changed significantly at different time points during the peripartum period in jennies. These results contribute to a better understanding of the gut microbiota to ensure health care during important phases from late pregnancy to early lactation in jennies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Research on Donkeys and Mules)
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16 pages, 2146 KiB  
Article
A Pilot Study on Management Practices in Dairy Farms in the Basque Country: Focus on Colostrum Feeding and Vaccination
by Maddi Oyanguren, Elena Molina, Maitane Mugica, Ainara Badiola, Ana Hurtado, Gorka Aduriz and Natalia Elguezabal
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091336 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
Colostrum feeding is crucial for calf rearing to guarantee passive immunity transfer (PIT) of antibodies. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the calf’s immunological parameters focusing on vaccination and colostrum management. Data were gathered on management [...] Read more.
Colostrum feeding is crucial for calf rearing to guarantee passive immunity transfer (PIT) of antibodies. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of different management practices on the calf’s immunological parameters focusing on vaccination and colostrum management. Data were gathered on management routines, vaccination programs, and antimicrobial usage. Farmers were provided with colostrum management guidelines and a digital Brix refractometer to enhance colostrum feeding practices. Colostrum quality, PIT and lymphocyte subpopulations in both colostrum and blood were analyzed for further characterization. The combined farm and laboratory data were then examined to evaluate each farm’s situation. Farmers reliably monitored colostrum quality by Brix refractometry and were able to modify colostrum management in a way that favored PIT. High-quality colostrum was linked to better PIT outcomes. Notably, Farm C, the sole non-vaccinated farm, reported higher antibiotic usage in both calves and lactating animals and showed reduced γδ T cell levels in colostrum. In conclusion, lymphocyte subpopulation content should be further studied as a trait of colostrum quality as well as of PIT. Failure to implement a vaccination program in the farm can have negative consequences on colostrum quality, as shown when analyzing both immunoglobulins and lymphocytes. This can result in a higher number of antibiotic treatments that may in turn be followed by different patterns of antimicrobial resistance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal System and Management)
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22 pages, 4424 KiB  
Article
Genomic and Transcriptomic Profiling of Amino Acid Compositions in Common Carp Fillets
by Yingjie Chen, Kaikuo Wang, Qi Wang, Yiming Cao, Ran Zhao, Yan Zhang and Jiongtang Li
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1335; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091335 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 242
Abstract
Fish are rich sources of amino acids (AAs), particularly human essential amino acids (HEAAs). Exploring the regulatory mechanisms behind the changes in the combined AA content in the fillet and enhancing the content of AAs, especially HEAAs, in fillets of farmed fish is [...] Read more.
Fish are rich sources of amino acids (AAs), particularly human essential amino acids (HEAAs). Exploring the regulatory mechanisms behind the changes in the combined AA content in the fillet and enhancing the content of AAs, especially HEAAs, in fillets of farmed fish is crucial for meeting human nutritional needs. After hot acidic hydrolysis of 304 common carp fillets, we quantified the contents of 17 single AAs and 5 AA groups and observed significant variations among them. Except for Pro, 16 single AAs and all AA groups showed medium-to-high heritabilities over 0.2. Through a genome-wide association study (GWAS), we identified 1974 SNPs and candidate genes associated with at least one AA content. Using transcriptome data from groups with the highest and lowest contents for each AA, 7089 candidate genes were related to the concentrations of at least two AAs. For the total HEAA content, 121 SNPs and their associated genes preferred ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity, and 4727 differentially expressed genes were enriched in cytokine activity, chemokine activity, oxidoreductase activity, and ion binding. With the optimal genomic selection programs and associated SNPs, the correlation between the actual AA contents and estimated breeding values was high and positive, ranging from 0.76 to 0.90. These findings revealed the major-effect processes and regulatory mechanisms modulating the differences in fillet AA contents. The genomic selection programs will guide the future selection of common carp with high AA contents. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetic Analysis of Important Traits in Domestic Animals)
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15 pages, 1016 KiB  
Article
Physiological and Immunomodulatory Effects of Purslane Extract in Cirrhinus mrigala Juveniles: Implications for Sustainable Production
by Muhammad Faisal, Syed Makhdoom Hussain, Shafaqat Ali, Dariusz Kucharczyk and Khalid A. Al-Ghanim
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091334 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 247
Abstract
Medicinal plants are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, making them potentially suitable for use as chemotherapeutic agents and as additives in aquafeed. Our research evaluated the effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract supplemented in sunflower-based diets on the growth, carcass [...] Read more.
Medicinal plants are rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds, making them potentially suitable for use as chemotherapeutic agents and as additives in aquafeed. Our research evaluated the effects of purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract supplemented in sunflower-based diets on the growth, carcass composition, blood indices, mineral content, liver antioxidant enzyme profile, and immune response in Cirrhinus mrigala (8.26 ± 0.07 g/fish). The juveniles were fed one of seven different diets—T0 (no extract), T1 (0.5%), T2 (1%), T3 (1.5%), T4 (2%), T5 (2.5%), and T6 (3%)—twice daily, at a feeding rate of 5% of their live body weight. They were stocked in V-shaped steel tanks for 90 days, with 15 juveniles per tank and three replicates per dietary treatment. The results of this research revealed that 1–2% purslane extract substantially enhanced growth indices in fish (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the supplementation of 1–2% dietary purslane extract in the diet significantly lowered fat content and improved protein content (p < 0.05) compared to the diets with 0% and 3% purslane extract inclusion. The outcomes also indicated that the hematology and mineral content in the bodies of juveniles were significantly improved (p < 0.05) at all levels of purslane supplementation, relative to the control groups with 0% and 3% inclusion levels. Moreover, the administration of purslane extract markedly increased the liver antioxidant profile, including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. Additionally, there was a notable reduction in malondialdehyde levels when fish were fed diets having 1% and 1.5% extract. The findings of this study also revealed improvements in immunological markers, characterized by increased lysozyme activity and elevated total globulin levels. The current research suggests that supplementing C. mrigala diets with 1% purslane extract optimally enhances growth and immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)
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17 pages, 2293 KiB  
Article
Serum Norepinephrine and Cholesterol Concentrations as Novel Diagnostic Biomarkers for Vitamin E Deficiency in Holstein Cows
by Yuxi Song, Xuejie Jiang, Yu Hao, Rui Sun, Yunlong Bai, Chuang Xu and Cheng Xia
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1333; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091333 - 6 May 2025
Viewed by 282
Abstract
Vitamin E deficiency (VED) represents a common micronutrient deficiency in dairy cows (DCs), leading to severe degenerative diseases, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and various health issues, ultimately causing significant economic losses for the global dairy sector. Accordingly, our objective was to explore the [...] Read more.
Vitamin E deficiency (VED) represents a common micronutrient deficiency in dairy cows (DCs), leading to severe degenerative diseases, oxidative stress, immune dysfunction, and various health issues, ultimately causing significant economic losses for the global dairy sector. Accordingly, our objective was to explore the metabolic features of VED-afflicted cows by combining the untargeted gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS) and targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify effective serum VED biomarkers. Untargeted GC-TOF-MS analysis identified 31 differential metabolites (DMs): 20 were overexpressed and 11 were suppressed in the VED group compared to the healthy control group. These DMs were enriched in six major metabolic pathways: glycine, serine, and threonine; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate; cysteine and methionine; tyrosine; primary bile acid biosynthesis; and nitrogen metabolisms. These outcomes show that VED significantly disrupts amino acid/lipid/energy metabolism pathways in DCs. Further targeted LC-MS quantification revealed significant alterations in key metabolites, including increased levels of norepinephrine, glycine, cysteine, and L-glutamine, as well as a significant reduction in cholesterol concentrations. Binary logistic regression analysis identified norepinephrine and cholesterol as strong candidate biomarkers for VED. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis established outstanding diagnostic accuracy for norepinephrine and cholesterol (for both p < 0.001, area under the curve = 0.980 and 0.990, correspondingly), with sensitivities and specificities of 90% and 100%, respectively. In conclusion, this study integrates untargeted and targeted metabolomics approaches to reveal VED-caused metabolic disruptions in DCs, particularly in amino acid/lipid/energy metabolism pathways. Norepinephrine and cholesterol were identified as highly accurate serum VED biomarkers with excellent diagnostic performance. Early detection and timely intervention using these biomarkers could promote disease treatment and cow health, as well as productivity, and decrease economic losses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Cattle)
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9 pages, 858 KiB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Anti-Müllerian Hormone Concentration in Two Indigenous Slovenian Sheep Breeds
by Nataša Šterbenc, Janko Mrkun, Špela Petročnik, Meta Sterniša and Maja Zakošek Pipan
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1332; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091332 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced only by granulosa cells, is a biomarker for ovarian reserve in sheep. This study compared AMH levels in two Slovenian breeds: Istrska pramenka (IP), a seasonal breeder, and Jezersko–Solčava (JS), which reproduces year-round. Blood serum samples from 78 sheep [...] Read more.
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), produced only by granulosa cells, is a biomarker for ovarian reserve in sheep. This study compared AMH levels in two Slovenian breeds: Istrska pramenka (IP), a seasonal breeder, and Jezersko–Solčava (JS), which reproduces year-round. Blood serum samples from 78 sheep were analyzed during the estrus period using an ovine AMH ELISA. JS sheep were grouped by age (1–3, 4–6, ≥ 7 years), while the majority of IP sheep were ≥7 years. AMH levels differed significantly between breeds (p < 0.001), with JS sheep showing higher concentrations. No age-related differences were found within the JS breed (p = 0.752), but JS sheep ≥ 7 years had higher AMH than IP sheep of the same age (p < 0.001). AMH levels were also higher in ewes lambing two lambs (p < 0.001) and were positively correlated with litter size, particularly in the JS sheep ≥ 7 years (p < 0.001). These findings suggest AMH is a useful fertility marker in sheep, although breed-specific reference values are essential for an accurate interpretation. The study highlights the influence of breed and age on AMH levels and its potential role in predicting reproductive performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Management of Ruminants)
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21 pages, 2000 KiB  
Review
Gas Endeavour: An Innovative Equipment for Estimating Methane Kinetics During In Vitro Rumen Fermentation
by Rashid Iqbal, Sheyla Arango, Franco Tagliapietra and Lucia Bailoni
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1331; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091331 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 252
Abstract
The growing need to reduce methane emissions from ruminants while enhancing feed utilization has driven the development of innovative in vitro measurement techniques. This review examines the Gas Endeavour (GES), an automated volumetric apparatus that quantifies both total gas and methane production in [...] Read more.
The growing need to reduce methane emissions from ruminants while enhancing feed utilization has driven the development of innovative in vitro measurement techniques. This review examines the Gas Endeavour (GES), an automated volumetric apparatus that quantifies both total gas and methane production in real time during rumen fermentation. Utilizing the principles of liquid displacement and buoyancy, the GES integrates a thermostatically controlled water bath, specialized gas flow cells, and an alkaline CO2 absorption unit to deliver precise kinetic data on fermentation. Compared to conventional methods—which often rely on manual measurements and post-incubation gas chromatography—the GES provides continuous monitoring and immediate data acquisition, reducing labour and potential errors. This review discusses the system’s design, operational challenges such as controlling headspace pressure and ensuring consistent inoculum preparation, and its applications in both animal nutrition and biomethane potential assessments. The findings suggest that, with further standardization and protocol refinement, the GES could significantly advance research aimed at optimizing feed digestibility and mitigating methane emissions in ruminant production systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
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13 pages, 233 KiB  
Article
The Role of Black Soldier Fly Larvae in Optimizing Performance and Amino Acid Composition in Thai Native Chicken
by Theeraphat Srikha, Padsakorn Pootthachaya, Warin Puangsap, Suphakon Pramotchit, Wuttigrai Boonkum, Chanon Suntara, Yupa Hanboonsong, Anusorn Cherdthong, Bundit Tengjaroensakul and Sawitree Wongtangtintharn
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1330; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091330 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 264
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) inclusion on the performance, economic return, carcass traits, meat quality, amino acid profile, and purine content in the breast meat of Thai native chickens (TNCs) (Pradu Hang [...] Read more.
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) inclusion on the performance, economic return, carcass traits, meat quality, amino acid profile, and purine content in the breast meat of Thai native chickens (TNCs) (Pradu Hang Dam Mor Kor 55: PD) from 10 to 70 days of age. A total of 216 ten-day-old PD chickens (108 males and 108 females) were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments with four replicates per treatment (18 birds per replicate, with a 1:1 male-to-female ratio). The treatments included (T1) control diet with soybean meal as the main protein source, (T2) 10% BSFL meal replacing soybean meal, and (T3) 12% BSFL meal replacing soybean meal. The results showed that BSFL inclusion had no significant effect on overall growth performance (p > 0.05), but it reduced abdominal fat and feed cost per gain while improving economic returns (p < 0.05). Additionally, BSFL increased some breast meat amino acid profiles, such as serine, glutamic acid, threonine, arginine, and lysine (p < 0.05), and increased total purine content (p < 0.05), although the values were still within the safe limit for human consumption. These results suggest that BSFL can be used as a sustainable alternative protein source in Thai native chicken diets without compromising product performance or quality. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Health: Potential Benefits of Edible Insects)
14 pages, 461 KiB  
Article
Tandem Administration of Prostaglandin F2α and Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone in Beef Heifers and Cows as a Convergent Presynchronization Method in the 7 & 7 Synch Protocol
by Lucas J. Palcheff, Genevieve M. VanWye, Kimberly R. Ricardo, Kendal L. Green, Franklin J. Even, Samantha R. Roberts, Adella B. Lonas, Christine M. Spinka, Scott E. Poock, Saulo Menegatti Zoca, Jessica N. Drum and Jordan M. Thomas
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091329 - 5 May 2025
Viewed by 396
Abstract
An experiment was designed to evaluate modifications to the 7 & 7 Synch protocol, with the hypothesis that tandem administration of prostaglandin F2α (PG) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during the presynchronization portion of the protocol would generate a convergent ovarian response among anestrous [...] Read more.
An experiment was designed to evaluate modifications to the 7 & 7 Synch protocol, with the hypothesis that tandem administration of prostaglandin F2α (PG) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during the presynchronization portion of the protocol would generate a convergent ovarian response among anestrous and estrous cycling females. Nulliparous, primiparous, and multiparous Angus and Angus-cross females were blocked based on parity and pre-treatment luteal status and, within a block, randomly assigned to one of three treatments. The females assigned to the 7 & 7 Synch treatment (n = 765) received an intravaginal progesterone-releasing insert (CIDR®) and an administration of PG on Day 0, GnRH on Day 7, and PG concurrent with CIDR removal on Day 14. Estrotect™ estrus detection aids were applied on Day 14 at the time of CIDR removal and PG administration. The females assigned to the 7 & 7 + G treatment (n = 769) received the same treatment schedule, with the modification that GnRH was administered in tandem with PG on Day 0. The females assigned to the 7 & 7 + G + P treatment (n = 786) received the same treatment schedule, with the modification that GnRH was administered in tandem with PG on both Days 0 and 7. Fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) was performed at 54 ± 2 h (nulliparous) or 66 ± 2 h (primiparous and multiparous) after CIDR removal. Transrectal ovarian ultrasonography was performed on Days 7 and 14 to characterize the largest follicle diameter (LFD) and the presence of corpora lutea (CL). Estrus prior to FTAI was characterized using estrus detection aids. Pregnancy status was determined via transrectal ultrasonography approximately 60–100 days after FTAI. The proportion of multiparous females with CL on Day 14 tended to be greater following treatment with 7 & 7 Synch or 7 & 7 + G (90% and 87%, respectively), as compared to females treated with 7 & 7 + G + P (82%; p = 0.09). A greater proportion of multiparous females expressed behavioral estrus prior to FTAI when treated with 7 & 7 + G + P (90%) as compared to multiparous females treated with 7 & 7 + G (79%; p < 0.002) or 7 & 7 Synch (78%; p = 0.0004); however, pregnancy rates resulting from FTAI did not differ based on treatment. In summary, tandem administration of GnRH and PG on Days 0 and 7 of the 7 & 7 Synch protocol effectively generated a convergent ovarian response among females with variable pretreatment luteal status but failed to enhance pregnancy rates to FTAI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reproductive Management Strategies for Dairy and Beef Cows)
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21 pages, 1175 KiB  
Article
Health Status of Skopelos Goats and Its Impact on Milk Yield Under Intensive and Extensive Farming Systems
by Vera Korelidou, Aphrodite I. Kalogianni, Georgios Arsenos and Athanasios I. Gelasakis
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091328 - 4 May 2025
Viewed by 235
Abstract
Health and welfare are fundamental to goat production; however, their impact on milk yield in goats reared under different farming systems remains insufficiently studied. The objective was to examine the frequency of various health issues in dairy goats reared under two different farming [...] Read more.
Health and welfare are fundamental to goat production; however, their impact on milk yield in goats reared under different farming systems remains insufficiently studied. The objective was to examine the frequency of various health issues in dairy goats reared under two different farming systems and to assess their effects on daily milk yield (DMY). A total of 286 Skopelos goats from an intensive (NA = 153) and an extensive (NB = 133) farm, all with the same genetic background, were prospectively monitored for two consecutive lactation periods. Each goat was clinically examined for animal-based health indicators every 50 days, while individual DMY was also recorded. Morbidity frequency measures (cumulative incidence, point, and period prevalence) were calculated for each one of the studied health issues, and mixed linear regression models were developed to assess the effect of each one of the studied health issues on DMY. The results indicated that overgrown hooves were more common in intensively reared goats, while anemia and nasal discharge prevailed in extensively reared goats. Udder asymmetry, udder fibrosis, body abscesses, poor hair coat quality, and swollen lymph nodes were common in both farms, albeit more prevalent in extensively reared goats, except for udder asymmetry. Among the studied health issues, lameness (18.5%, p < 0.05), mouth lesions (14.1%, p < 0.05), udder asymmetry (6.6%, p < 0.001), and udder fibrosis (9.5%, p < 0.001), were significantly associated with reductions in DMY. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing herd health management practices in dairy goats based on evidence and farming system requirements. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Diseases of Small Ruminants)
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11 pages, 1555 KiB  
Article
Deep Learning-Based Classification of Canine Cataracts from Ocular B-Mode Ultrasound Images
by Sanghyeon Park, Seokmin Go, Seonhyo Kim and Jaeho Shim
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1327; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091327 - 4 May 2025
Viewed by 253
Abstract
Cataracts are a prevalent cause of vision loss in dogs, and timely diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. This study aimed to develop and evaluate deep learning models to automatically classify canine cataracts from ocular ultrasound images. A dataset of 3155 ultrasound images [...] Read more.
Cataracts are a prevalent cause of vision loss in dogs, and timely diagnosis is essential for effective treatment. This study aimed to develop and evaluate deep learning models to automatically classify canine cataracts from ocular ultrasound images. A dataset of 3155 ultrasound images (comprising 1329 No cataract, 614 Cortical, 1033 Mature, and 179 Hypermature cases) was used to train and validate four widely used deep learning models (AlexNet, EfficientNetB3, ResNet50, and DenseNet161). Data augmentation and normalization techniques were applied to address category imbalance. DenseNet161 demonstrated the best performance, achieving a test accuracy of 92.03% and an F1-score of 0.8744. The confusion matrix revealed that the model attained the highest accuracy for the No cataract category (99.0%), followed by Cortical (90.3%) and Mature (86.5%) cataracts, while Hypermature cataracts were classified with lower accuracy (78.6%). Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis confirmed strong discriminative ability, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.99. Visual interpretation using Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping indicated that the model effectively focused on clinically relevant regions. This deep learning-based classification framework shows significant potential for assisting veterinarians in diagnosing cataracts, thereby improving clinical decision-making in veterinary ophthalmology. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic AI, Deep Learning, and Machine Learning in Veterinary Science Imaging)
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15 pages, 1348 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Gabapentin on the Efficiency of a Desensitization–Counter-Conditioning Claw-Trimming Protocol for Cats with Healthcare Phobias: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial
by Lua Raucourt and Sylvia Masson
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1326; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091326 - 3 May 2025
Viewed by 1233
Abstract
Feline healthcare phobia is a major challenge in veterinary practice, limiting medical care and increasing stress for cats, owners, and veterinarians. Traditional desensitization–counter-conditioning (DS-CC) protocols aim to reduce fear responses, but their success is limited in sensitized cats. This study evaluates whether gabapentin [...] Read more.
Feline healthcare phobia is a major challenge in veterinary practice, limiting medical care and increasing stress for cats, owners, and veterinarians. Traditional desensitization–counter-conditioning (DS-CC) protocols aim to reduce fear responses, but their success is limited in sensitized cats. This study evaluates whether gabapentin can improve the efficiency of DS-CC training in healthcare phobia in cats. Forty-two sensitized cats participated in a claw-trimming learning protocol. Using a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial, the cats followed 10 training sessions: the first 5 under one product and the last 5 under the other one. Their progression through the learning steps was monitored. The results indicate that gabapentin significantly accelerated the cats’ ability to complete DS-CC steps, suggesting a positive effect on the learning process. While some side effects, such as mild sedation and ataxia, were observed in 42% of the cats, they were transient and did not hinder participation. These findings suggest that gabapentin should be added when engaging patients in DS-CC protocols in order to lower the time needed to achieve therapy, which will improve the overall welfare of our patients. Further studies are needed to confirm these results in other types of therapies and in a clinical setting. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
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11 pages, 226 KiB  
Communication
A Comparison of Artificial Intelligence and Human Observation in the Assessment of Cattle Handling and Slaughter
by Lily Edwards-Callaway, Huey Yi Loh, Carina Kautsky and Paxton Sullivan
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1325; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091325 - 3 May 2025
Viewed by 538
Abstract
Slaughter facilities use a variety of tools to evaluate animal handling, including but not limited to live audits, the use of remote video auditing, and some AI technologies. The objective of this study was to determine the similarity between AI and human evaluator [...] Read more.
Slaughter facilities use a variety of tools to evaluate animal handling, including but not limited to live audits, the use of remote video auditing, and some AI technologies. The objective of this study was to determine the similarity between AI and human evaluator assessments of critical cattle handling outcomes in a slaughter plant. One hundred twelve video clips of cattle handling and stunning from a slaughter plant in the United Kingdom were collected. The AI identified the presence or absence of: Stunning, Electric Prod Usage, Falling, Pen Crowding, and Questionable Handling Events. Three human evaluators scored the videos for these outcomes. Four different datasets were generated, and Jaccard similarity indices were generated. There was high similarity (JI > 0.90) for Stunning, Electric Prod Usage, and Falls between the evaluators and the AI. There was high consistency (JI > 0.80) for Pen Crowding. There were differences (JI ≥ 0.50) between the humans and the AI when identifying Questionable Animal Handling Events but the AI was adept at identifying events for further review. The implementation of AI to assist with cattle handling in a slaughter facility environment could be an added tool to enhance animal welfare programs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Animal Production in the Artificial Intelligence Era: Advances and Applications)
16 pages, 284 KiB  
Article
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CU33 Fermented Product Improves Growth Performance, Diarrhea, and Immunity of Goat Kids
by Tsung-Yu Lee, Yueh-Sheng Lee, Chean-Ping Wu, Bor-Chun Weng and Kuo-Lung Chen
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1324; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091324 - 3 May 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
This study focused on the physicochemical characteristics of the fermented products (FP) produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CU33 (CU33) from soybean meal with 70% moisture. Additionally, it investigated the effects of adding FP to starter on the growth performance, general health performance, blood clinical [...] Read more.
This study focused on the physicochemical characteristics of the fermented products (FP) produced by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CU33 (CU33) from soybean meal with 70% moisture. Additionally, it investigated the effects of adding FP to starter on the growth performance, general health performance, blood clinical biochemistry, and immunity of Alpine goat kids during the weaning period. Forty 14-day-old male Alpine goat kids were randomly assigned into starter supplementations of 0, 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5% CU33 FP for 8 weeks, and each goat kid was individually raised in stainless steel cage (width 70 cm × height 70 cm × depth 80 cm). The moisture after fermentation was linearly decreased as fermentation time increased (p < 0.05), and the pH value and Bacillus-like counts reached the highest at 24 h of fermentation. The activity of neutral protease and alkaline protease, the content of surfactin and γ-PGA, the viscosity, and the odor of CU33 FP were linearly increased as fermentation time increased (p < 0.05). The neutral protease activity, surfactin, γ-PGA, and viscosity increased after drying, whereas the moisture, pH value, Bacillus-like counts, and odor decreased (p < 0.05). During the pre-weaning period (0–4 weeks), the body weight gain (BWG) of the 0.1% CU33 FP group was higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05), and all CU33 FP groups showed a better feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the control group (p < 0.05). During the post-weaning period (4–8 weeks) and throughout the entire experimental period (0–8 weeks), the BWG and FCR of all CU33 FP groups were better than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, both BWG and FCR improved linearly as the dietary level of CU33 FP increased (p < 0.05). Simultaneously, the fecal consistency index at 0–4 and 4–8 weeks and the coliform counts in the rectum at 4 weeks linearly decreased (p < 0.05), and the Bacillus-like counts in the rectum linearly increased at 4 and 8 weeks (p < 0.05). Phosphorous (P), total protein (TP), blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in serum at 8 weeks, and the oxidative burst capacity at 4 weeks linearly increased as the dietary level of CU33 FP increased, but the skin sensitization test showed a quadratic curve, and the 0.1% CU33 FP group had the lowest performance (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 0.1% of CU33 FP can improve the growth performance, diarrhea status, and oxidative burst capacity of Alpine goat kids, showing the potential to be a feed additive. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Animal Nutrition)
14 pages, 1343 KiB  
Article
Comparing the Use of Transverse Abdominis Plane Block and Splash Block for Postoperative Pain Control in Dogs Undergoing Mastectomy—A Blinded Randomized Prospective Clinical Study
by Daniele Corona, Simone K. Ringer, Stefanie Keller, Iris M. Reichler, Regula Bettschart-Wolfensberger and Annette P. N. Kutter
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1323; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091323 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 537
Abstract
To compare the use of postoperative analgesia for mastectomy, 44 dogs were randomly allocated to either the Splash treatment group (group A) or the Transverse Abdominis Plane block treatment group (TAP, group B). Following intramuscular (IM) premedication with pethidine (4 mg kg−1 [...] Read more.
To compare the use of postoperative analgesia for mastectomy, 44 dogs were randomly allocated to either the Splash treatment group (group A) or the Transverse Abdominis Plane block treatment group (TAP, group B). Following intramuscular (IM) premedication with pethidine (4 mg kg−1) and acepromazine (0.01 mg kg−1), anesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) propofol and maintained with isoflurane by an anesthetist (DC) who was unaware of the treatment. In group A, ropivacaine 0.5% (2 mg kg−1) was administered prior to surgical wound closure. In group B, ropivacaine 0.5% (0.8–1 mg kg−1 per point) was administered by ultrasound-guided TAP block with two injection points per treated body side. At the end of the surgery, all dogs received pethidine (4 mg kg−1 IM), meloxicam (0.2 mg kg−1 IV), and acepromazine (0.005 mg kg−1 IV). The animals’ pain was assessed by the anesthetist, who remained unaware of the treatment type used, via the Short Form of the Glasgow Composite Pain Scale. When the pain scores were ≥6, methadone (0.2 mg kg−1 IV) and gabapentin (10 mg kg−1 per oral) were started. When the pain score remained ≥ 6, ketamine (1 mg kg−1 subcutaneously) was administered. The dogs in the TAP block group had lower postoperative pain scores 3–12 h after anesthesia administration was terminated and required significantly less rescue analgesia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Clinical Studies)
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14 pages, 1057 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Tricaine (MS-222) and Eugenol for Sedation of Peruvian Grunt Anisotremus scapularis
by Luis Antonio Espinoza-Ramos, Ydelsa Puma-Vilca, Jordan I. Huanacuni and Renzo Pepe-Victoriano
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1322; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091322 - 2 May 2025
Viewed by 330
Abstract
Anisotremus scapularis is a commercially important species in Peru, where its cultivation and management require technological strategies to minimize stress during aquaculture and fishing practices. Fish handling and transport can induce adverse physiological responses, making anesthetic use a key tool to mitigate these [...] Read more.
Anisotremus scapularis is a commercially important species in Peru, where its cultivation and management require technological strategies to minimize stress during aquaculture and fishing practices. Fish handling and transport can induce adverse physiological responses, making anesthetic use a key tool to mitigate these effects and enhance animal welfare. However, information on optimal doses, safety margins, and induction and recovery times of anesthetics in this species remains limited. This study evaluated the effects of eugenol and tricaine (MS-222) on the sedation of A. scapularis juveniles. A total of 450 individuals (9–10 cm total length) were exposed to different concentrations of eugenol and MS-222 (20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 mg/L) via immersion. Induction and recovery times were recorded, determining that the lowest concentrations allowing an optimal induction time (<6 min) and adequate recovery (<16 min) were 20–60 mg/L for eugenol and 80 mg/L for MS-222. These results provide essential information to optimize sedation protocols for A. scapularis juveniles, promoting more efficient handling with minimal impact on fish welfare in production and fishery management systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Aquatic Animals)
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14 pages, 1090 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Genetic Connectivity and Climate-Driven Northward Range Expansion of Turbo sazae (Gastropoda: Turbinidae) Along the Eastern Coast of Korea
by Young-Ghan Cho, Kyungman Kwon, Hyun Soo Rho, Won-Gi Min, Hee-Do Jeung, Un-Ki Hwang, Yong-Kyun Ryu, Areumi Park, Hyun-Ki Hong, Jong-Seop Shin and Hyun-Sung Yang
Animals 2025, 15(9), 1321; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15091321 - 2 May 2025
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Abstract
Turbo sazae, a commercially and ecologically significant marine gastropod traditionally found in Jeju Island and the southern coast of Korea, is experiencing a reported northward expansion into the East Sea, likely influenced by rising seawater temperatures. This study provides preliminary genetic insights [...] Read more.
Turbo sazae, a commercially and ecologically significant marine gastropod traditionally found in Jeju Island and the southern coast of Korea, is experiencing a reported northward expansion into the East Sea, likely influenced by rising seawater temperatures. This study provides preliminary genetic insights into the genetic structure and connectivity of T. sazae populations between Jeju and the East Sea using mitochondrial COI sequences. Samples from 6 geographically distinct locations were analyzed, with three cloned replicates generated to enhance sequence reliability. Genetic diversity, haplotype distribution, and population differentiation were then assessed. Our analysis reveals potential genetic connectivity between Jeju and East Sea populations, possibly driven by larval dispersal via the Kuroshio and Tsushima Currents, highlighted by the predominance of shared haplotype EJ1 (60.0% in Jeju, 50.0% in East Sea). Bayesian phylogenetic analysis estimated the time to the most recent common ancestor (MRCA) between Jeju and East Sea populations at approximately 9.7 to 23.3 million years ago, indicating ancient divergence rather than very recent separation. Pairwise FST values and AMOVA results showed generally low levels of genetic differentiation. Given the small sample sizes and use of a single mitochondrial marker, these findings should be interpreted cautiously as preliminary evidence. Nevertheless, this study highlights the need for continued genetic monitoring of T. sazae populations under climate-driven range shifts and provides a foundation for future research incorporating broader genomic approaches. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Changes in Population Characteristics of Marine and Freshwater Organisms and Their Environmental Driving Factors)
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