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Microorganisms
Volume 11
Issue 3
10.3390/microorganisms11030564
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Article

The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI

by
Samantha J. McCarlie
1,
Laurinda Steyn
1,
Louis L. du Preez
2,
Charlotte E. Boucher
1,
Julio Castillo Hernandez
1 and
Robert R. Bragg
2,*
1
Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
2
eResearch & HPC: ICT Services, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9301, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microorganisms 2023, 11(3), 564; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030564
Submission received: 1 February 2023 / Revised: 10 February 2023 / Accepted: 21 February 2023 / Published: 23 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Antibiotic and Antifungal Resistance and Related Alternative Therapies)
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Abstract

Hormesis, or the hormetic effect, is a dose- or concentration-dependent response characterised by growth stimulation at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations. The impact of sub-lethal levels of disinfectants on the growth of Serratia species is critical to understanding the increasing number of outbreaks caused by this pathogen in healthcare settings. Serratia sp. HRI and Serratia marcescens ATCC 13880 were cultivated in sub-lethal levels of benzalkonium chloride (BAC), Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), and VirukillTM. The maximum specific growth rates, doubling times, and cell counts were compared. The results revealed significant increases in maximum specific growth rates and shorter doubling times for Serratia sp. HRI when cultivated in sub-lethal levels of BAC and DDAC. The significant stimulatory effect of sub-lethal levels of these disinfectants for Serratia sp. HRI represents the first time hormesis has been observed in a Gram-negative bacterium for any disinfectant. Furthermore, this study is the first to observe the hormetic effect after treatment with DDAC and the second study to date analysing the impact of sub-lethal levels of disinfectants on the growth of bacterial species.
Keywords: quaternary ammonium compounds; antimicrobial tolerance; growth analysis quaternary ammonium compounds; antimicrobial tolerance; growth analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

McCarlie, S.J.; Steyn, L.; du Preez, L.L.; Boucher, C.E.; Hernandez, J.C.; Bragg, R.R. The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI. Microorganisms 2023, 11, 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030564

AMA Style

McCarlie SJ, Steyn L, du Preez LL, Boucher CE, Hernandez JC, Bragg RR. The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI. Microorganisms. 2023; 11(3):564. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030564

Chicago/Turabian Style

McCarlie, Samantha J., Laurinda Steyn, Louis L. du Preez, Charlotte E. Boucher, Julio Castillo Hernandez, and Robert R. Bragg. 2023. "The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI" Microorganisms 11, no. 3: 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030564

APA Style

McCarlie, S. J., Steyn, L., du Preez, L. L., Boucher, C. E., Hernandez, J. C., & Bragg, R. R. (2023). The Hormetic Effect Observed for Benzalkonium Chloride and Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride in Serratia sp. HRI. Microorganisms, 11(3), 564. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11030564

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