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Volume 16
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Hot-Deformation Mechanical Properties and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 12Cr2Mo1V Steel

by
Ruxing Shi
1,2,
Ming Yang
2,*,
Jiyao Liu
3,*,
Chong Chen
4,*,
Litao Yin
2,
Ming Chen
2,
Yaqiong Chang
2,
Guohui Yin
2 and
Xianju Li
2
1
State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Mining Heavy Equipment, Luoyang 471039, China
2
CITIC Heavy Industries Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471039, China
3
School of Intelligent Manufacturing, Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, China
4
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Metals 2026, 16(9), 1032; https://doi.org/10.3390/met16091032
Submission received: 19 August 2026 / Revised: 9 September 2026 / Accepted: 13 September 2026 / Published: 16 September 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Metal Casting, Forming and Heat Treatment)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study investigates the hot-deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallization (DRX) kinetics of 12Cr2Mo1V steel for heavy forgings of large hydrogenation reactors. Gleeble isothermal compression tests were performed at 950–1200 °C and strain rates of 0.01–5 s−1 with friction correction to obtain reliable flow–stress data. A strain-compensated Arrhenius constitutive model was established to characterize the hot flow behavior over the entire strain range, with R = 0.9918 and AARE = 3.8826%. The dynamic material model was used to determine the optimal stable processing window of 1000–1200 °C and 0.01–0.1 s−1. Microstructural analyses reveal that continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) dominates grain evolution below 1100 °C, while discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX) prevails at higher temperatures. A mechanism-segmented DRX model with a 1100 °C transition threshold is proposed to precisely describe the temperature-dependent dual-DRX kinetics of the studied steel. The calibrated constitutive equation and segmented DRX sub-models were embedded into the DEFORM finite-element software for coupled thermo-mechanical–microstructural simulations, and the simulated microstructures agree well with experimental results. This work supports refined numerical simulation and process-parameter optimization of heavy reactor forgings, while providing a convenient and efficient modeling strategy for alloys with temperature-dependent dual-DRX mechanisms.
Keywords: 12Cr2Mo1V steel; hot deformation; constitutive model; hot-processing map; dynamic recrystallization; finite-element simulation 12Cr2Mo1V steel; hot deformation; constitutive model; hot-processing map; dynamic recrystallization; finite-element simulation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Shi, R.; Yang, M.; Liu, J.; Chen, C.; Yin, L.; Chen, M.; Chang, Y.; Yin, G.; Li, X. Hot-Deformation Mechanical Properties and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 12Cr2Mo1V Steel. Metals 2026, 16, 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/met16091032

AMA Style

Shi R, Yang M, Liu J, Chen C, Yin L, Chen M, Chang Y, Yin G, Li X. Hot-Deformation Mechanical Properties and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 12Cr2Mo1V Steel. Metals. 2026; 16(9):1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/met16091032

Chicago/Turabian Style

Shi, Ruxing, Ming Yang, Jiyao Liu, Chong Chen, Litao Yin, Ming Chen, Yaqiong Chang, Guohui Yin, and Xianju Li. 2026. "Hot-Deformation Mechanical Properties and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 12Cr2Mo1V Steel" Metals 16, no. 9: 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/met16091032

APA Style

Shi, R., Yang, M., Liu, J., Chen, C., Yin, L., Chen, M., Chang, Y., Yin, G., & Li, X. (2026). Hot-Deformation Mechanical Properties and Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of 12Cr2Mo1V Steel. Metals, 16(9), 1032. https://doi.org/10.3390/met16091032

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