Societies

35 pages, 3475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mirroring Cultural Dominance: Disclosing Large Language Models Social Values, Attitudes and Stereotypes

by Kristian Dokic, Barbara Pisker and Bojan Radisic

Societies 2025, 15(5), 142; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050142 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 141

The paper aims to address large language models’ (LLMs) cultural bias using the World Value Survey Wave 7 (WVS) questionnaire on social values, attitudes, and stereotypes. Comparative analysis and LLMs interview methods measure the Euclidean distance of response vectors of four culturally diverse [...] Read more.

The paper aims to address large language models’ (LLMs) cultural bias using the World Value Survey Wave 7 (WVS) questionnaire on social values, attitudes, and stereotypes. Comparative analysis and LLMs interview methods measure the Euclidean distance of response vectors of four culturally diverse LLMs (USA, China, Russia, UAE) in a multidimensional vector space to contrast originated WVS research countries and population positions. The results confirmed the initial hypotheses reflecting culturally and linguistically biased LLM answers, considering specific socio-cultural contexts and English language and Latin script digital dominance in available training materials. USA-constructed LLMs showed the most liberal attitudes, followed by China, Russia, and the UAE. LLM interview results also show WVS results closest to the United States population, positioning the similarity of the responses in first place for China and Russia followed by the USA and the UAE. Mitigating initiatives in LLMs’ cultural and linguistic debiasing is required to preserve cultural and linguistic diversity in the digital space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Artificial Intelligence in Participatory Environments: Technologies, Ethics, and Literacy Aspects)

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20 pages, 277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Impact of Addictive Behaviors and Online Behaviors on Adolescents’ Conflict Management Ability: A Psychosocial and Legal Perspective

by Mihaela Rus, Mariana Floricica Călin, Mihaela Luminița Sandu, Mihai Ștefănoaia, Carmen-Mihaela Baiceanu, Maria Pescaru, Constantina Alina Ilie Miloș, Florin Lobonț and Ramona Băluțescu

Societies 2025, 15(5), 141; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050141 - 21 May 2025

Viewed by 214

Abstract

This study explores the relationship between addictive behaviors, online behaviors, and adolescents’ ability to manage conflict. Effective conflict management is influenced by emotional self-regulation, empathy, and the digital environment. The literature suggests that deficits in these areas may exacerbate antisocial behavior and social [...] Read more.

This study explores the relationship between addictive behaviors, online behaviors, and adolescents’ ability to manage conflict. Effective conflict management is influenced by emotional self-regulation, empathy, and the digital environment. The literature suggests that deficits in these areas may exacerbate antisocial behavior and social adjustment difficulties. This study evaluates the influence of emotional intelligence, addictive behaviors, and online behaviors on conflict management. The hypotheses include adolescents with a high level of emotional adjustment who manage conflicts more effectively (H2) and that addictive and problematic online behaviors increase the risk of conflict escalation (H1, H3). The research involved 403 adolescents, selected through non-probabilistic methods using structured questionnaires. Statistical analysis included normality tests, Spearman’s correlations, and Mann-Whitney U tests to identify group differences. Adolescents with high emotional adjustment obtained significantly higher scores in conflict management and emotional self-regulation. Addictive and problematic online behaviors are associated with more significant difficulties in conflict management. Adolescents involved in minor crimes demonstrate deficits in emotion and conflict management. The results confirm the essential role of emotional intelligence in conflict management and the negative impact of addictive and problematic online behavior. Educational interventions promoting emotional intelligence development and responsible use of technology can reduce antisocial behaviors and improve adolescents’ social adjustment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Social Research in Economics, Environment, Education, and Philosophy)

17 pages, 254 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Community Social Cohesion During a Large Public Housing and Neighborhood Redevelopment: A Mixed Methods Study

by Judith L. Perrigo, Anna Ginther, Haniya S. Syeda, Victoria Shier and Ashlesha Datar

Societies 2025, 15(5), 140; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050140 - 20 May 2025

Viewed by 243

Abstract

Public housing redevelopments can disrupt community members’ sense of belonging and attachment to their neighborhood, in large part due to resident displacement and gentrification. Recent public housing redevelopment efforts seek to mitigate these adverse changes, but evidence of their association with community social [...] Read more.

Public housing redevelopments can disrupt community members’ sense of belonging and attachment to their neighborhood, in large part due to resident displacement and gentrification. Recent public housing redevelopment efforts seek to mitigate these adverse changes, but evidence of their association with community social cohesion is limited. The current mixed methods study examines community social cohesion from different perspectives during a large public housing and neighborhood redevelopment in Southern California. Semi-structured qualitative interviews (n = 21) were conducted with various community stakeholders to explore their perceptions of social cohesion within the context of public housing and neighborhood redevelopment. Additionally, the Social Cohesion scale was used to evaluate residents’ (n = 647) sense of neighborhood social cohesion. Stakeholders raised concerns about how redevelopment could disrupt the social fabric of their communities and underscored the importance of deliberate efforts to promote integration between existing and incoming residents. The significance of creating physical spaces, protecting landmarks, and facilitating social interaction to cultivate a sense of belonging was also emphasized. Residents of the public housing redevelopment reported significantly higher levels of social cohesion when compared to residents from two neighboring public housing complexes that are not undergoing redevelopment. Implications for public housing redevelopment strategies, community integration efforts, and future research are discussed. Full article

21 pages, 472 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Teacher Education, Diversity, and the Prevention of Hate Speech: Ethical and Political Foundations for Inclusive Citizenship

by Jesús Marolla-Gajardo and Irma Riquelme Plaza

Societies 2025, 15(5), 139; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050139 - 19 May 2025

Viewed by 239

Abstract

This study explores hate speech in educational contexts, focusing on initial teacher training in Chile. It conceptualizes hate speech as a form of expression that promotes violence and exclusion, emphasizing the role of social media in its amplification. Drawing on the theories of [...] Read more.

This study explores hate speech in educational contexts, focusing on initial teacher training in Chile. It conceptualizes hate speech as a form of expression that promotes violence and exclusion, emphasizing the role of social media in its amplification. Drawing on the theories of Levinas, Arendt, and Žižek, the research highlights the importance of citizenship education in building inclusive and democratic educational environments. A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational design was employed, based on a survey conducted among history pedagogy students at Chilean universities. Using non-probabilistic sampling, the study applied statistical analyses, including Spearman’s correlation and Cronbach’s alpha (0.84), to ensure reliability. Key findings indicate that 51% of participants believe teacher training should explicitly address hate speech, while 70% expect the Ministry of Education to provide institutional support. A strong correlation (0.49) was found between social media usage and the spread of hate speech. Although students recognize the problem, significant resistance remains regarding the inclusion of hate speech and diversity-related content in teacher education programs. The results underscore the urgent need for public policies that integrate diversity, human rights, and critical digital literacy into teacher training, aiming to prevent discrimination and promote ethical and inclusive educational practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Citizenship Education in Times of Social Turbulence: Education for Diversity, Equity and Inclusion)

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21 pages, 883 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Human Resource Management in Industry 4.0 Era: The Influence of Resilience and Self-Efficacy on the Relationship Between Emotional Intelligence and Formative Assessment: A Study of Public Primary Educational Organizations

by Athanasia Panagiotidou, Chryssoula Chatzigeorgiou, Evangelos Christou and Ioannis Roussakis

Societies 2025, 15(5), 138; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050138 - 19 May 2025

Viewed by 503

Abstract

The Industry 4.0 era has brought significant changes in all areas of everyday life. This development has an impact on employment relations, making evaluation a core aspect of human resource management, especially in education, where new skills and knowledge are important. Thus, the [...] Read more.

The Industry 4.0 era has brought significant changes in all areas of everyday life. This development has an impact on employment relations, making evaluation a core aspect of human resource management, especially in education, where new skills and knowledge are important. Thus, the role of educational leaders as managers and evaluators of the educational staff, and especially, the characteristics/skills they should possess for an effective employee evaluation, are essential for a positive work environment. This study explores the qualitative characteristics that the educational unit manager should have to implement formative assessment practices effectively, and specifically, the mediating role of resilience and self-efficacy in the relationship between emotional intelligence and formative assessment. The sample consisted of 258 educational unit managers serving in primary public schools in the prefectures of Pieria, Imathia, Pella, Kilkis, and Chalkidiki, Greece. A self-report questionnaire was administered online using four scales: TEIQue-SF for emotional intelligence, the Multidimensional Teachers’ Resilience Scale, the New Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale, and the Teacher Formative Assessment Practice Scale. The model was evaluated with SPSS.20 and PLS-SEM v. 4.1.0.6. The results indicate that resilience plays the most crucial role in the model, acting as a key mediator between emotional intelligence and formative assessment. While self-efficacy also has a mediating role, it is effective only when combined with resilience, rather than functioning independently. This research’s results suggest a necessity for implementing professional development programs within schools for both educational managers and teachers. These findings have practical implications for in-service training of educational leaders in emotional intelligence and resilience-based HR practices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employment Relations in the Era of Industry 4.0)

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16 pages, 1715 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Basic Human Values in Portugal: Exploring the Years 2002 to 2020

by Maurício Gonçalves e Silva and Eduardo Duque

Societies 2025, 15(5), 137; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050137 - 16 May 2025

Viewed by 93

Abstract

Understanding the evolution of societal values is crucial amidst globalization and migration. This study aimed to (1) map Portugal’s basic human values (BHVs) profile in 2020 through comparison with six European countries (Bulgaria, France, United Kingdom, Hungary, Italy, and Norway) and (2) analyze [...] Read more.

Understanding the evolution of societal values is crucial amidst globalization and migration. This study aimed to (1) map Portugal’s basic human values (BHVs) profile in 2020 through comparison with six European countries (Bulgaria, France, United Kingdom, Hungary, Italy, and Norway) and (2) analyze Portugal’s BHVs trajectory from 2002 to 2020. Drawing on Schwartz’s theory and European Social Survey (ESS) data, we applied descriptive statistics, similarity indices, post-stratification weighting, and trend analysis after extensive data cleaning. Results indicate that in 2020, Portugal displayed high self-transcendence and relatively high openness to change, aligning most closely with the United Kingdom and Hungary. Longitudinal analysis revealed a shift after 2012, marked by rising hedonism, stimulation, and self-direction, and declining conformity. These value dynamics offer insights into future societal demands and potential tensions. Moreover, Portugal’s emerging value configuration—balancing self-transcendence with growing openness—may foster economic opportunities by enhancing attractiveness for innovation ecosystems (linked to self-direction and stimulation), experience-driven tourism (hedonism), and investments aligned with sustainable and social goals (universalism and benevolence). Monitoring value changes remains essential to anticipate societal transformations and inform policy design. Full article

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23 pages, 276 KiB

Open AccessReview

How and When Do Individuating Information and Social Category Information Influence Implicit Judgments of Individual Members of Known Social Groups? A Review

by Rachel S. Rubinstein and Lee Jussim

Societies 2025, 15(5), 136; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050136 - 16 May 2025

Viewed by 77

Abstract

The present review discusses the literature on how and when social category information and individuating information influence people’s implicit judgments of other individuals who belong to existing (i.e., known) social groups. After providing some foundational information, we discuss several key principles that emerge [...] Read more.

The present review discusses the literature on how and when social category information and individuating information influence people’s implicit judgments of other individuals who belong to existing (i.e., known) social groups. After providing some foundational information, we discuss several key principles that emerge from this literature: (a) individuating information moderates stereotype-based biases in implicit (i.e., indirectly measured) person perception, (b) individuating information usually exerts small to no effects on attitude-based biases in implicit person perception, (c) individuating information influences explicit (i.e., directly measured) person perception more than implicit person perception, (d) social category information affects implicit person perception more than it affects explicit person perception, and (e) the ability of other variables to moderate the effects of individuating information on stereotype- and attitude-based biases in implicit person perception varies. Within the discussion of each of these key points, relevant research questions that remain unaddressed in the literature are presented. Finally, we discuss both theoretical and practical implications of the principles discussed in this review. Full article

17 pages, 1276 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Role of Food Security in Stunting Prevention Efforts in the Bondowoso Community, Indonesia

by Gunawan Prayitno, Aidha Auliah, Lilik Zuhriyah, Achmad Efendi, Syamsul Arifin, Rahmawati Rahmawati, Achmad Tjachja Nugraha and Enock Siankwilimba

Societies 2025, 15(5), 135; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050135 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 237

Abstract

Stunting—defined by the World Health Organization as a height-for-age z-score < −2 SD—signals chronic undernutrition that impairs both physical and cognitive development. This study investigates how the three pillars of food security (availability, access, utilization) influence stunting prevention efforts in the Bondowoso Regency, [...] Read more.

Stunting—defined by the World Health Organization as a height-for-age z-score < −2 SD—signals chronic undernutrition that impairs both physical and cognitive development. This study investigates how the three pillars of food security (availability, access, utilization) influence stunting prevention efforts in the Bondowoso Regency, East Java, Indonesia. A cross-sectional survey of 113 mothers of stunted children (0–59 months) was analysed with Structural Equation Modelling using Partial Least Squares (PLS-SEM). The model reveals significant positive paths from food security pillars to composite stunting prevention behaviours (β = 0.18–0.86, p < 0.05), with availability emerging as the strongest predictor. These findings highlight food security as a lever for reducing the local stunting prevalence (local 32% vs. national 24.4%) and provide evidence for community-based nutrition programmes in similar agrarian districts. Strengthening food security is therefore essential to safeguarding child well-being in vulnerable Indonesian communities. Full article

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35 pages, 1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constructing Authenticity in Digital Landscapes: Deion Sanders’s Social Media Presence and Its Impact on Fan Perceptions

by Mara F. Singer and Olivia E. Jones

Societies 2025, 15(5), 134; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050134 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 311

Abstract

This qualitative research explores the intersection of social media, personal branding, and perceived authenticity in sports figures, focusing on Deion Sanders’s digital presence as head football coach at the University of Colorado. Two interrelated studies examine how Sanders manages his authenticity on social [...] Read more.

This qualitative research explores the intersection of social media, personal branding, and perceived authenticity in sports figures, focusing on Deion Sanders’s digital presence as head football coach at the University of Colorado. Two interrelated studies examine how Sanders manages his authenticity on social media and how audiences perceive his authenticity. Study 1 employs a six-factor framework applied to eight focus groups to understand what factors social media audiences consider most important in developing Sanders’s perceived authenticity as a digital content creator. Study 2 utilizes a two-factor model of authenticity management to examine Sanders’s personal social media content during his inaugural season as CU’s head coach. The research incorporates a spatial perspective from sport sociology. This approach examines how Sanders’s social media activity creates and shapes virtual spaces where interaction and identity formation occur. Findings reveal that while Sanders is generally perceived as authentic, digital charisma emerged as the most significant factor in constructing his perceived authenticity. The study contributes to understanding the evolving nature of authenticity in digital spaces and the role of digital charisma in personal branding for public figures balancing multiple roles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Spatial Perspective of Sport Sociology)

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19 pages, 1273 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effects on Territorial Dynamics and Labor Commuting During the Pre- and Post-Pandemic Period in Chile

by Luz María Ferrada, Claudio Mancilla and Sergio Soza-Amigo

Societies 2025, 15(5), 133; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050133 - 14 May 2025

Viewed by 598

Abstract

Labor commuting plays a crucial role in the economic and productive development of territories. Additionally, external shocks, such as the COVID-19 health crisis, may induce shifts in regional labor dynamics. This study analyzes changes in the relationship between labor commuting and productive sectors [...] Read more.

Labor commuting plays a crucial role in the economic and productive development of territories. Additionally, external shocks, such as the COVID-19 health crisis, may induce shifts in regional labor dynamics. This study analyzes changes in the relationship between labor commuting and productive sectors in Chile during the years before and after the COVID-19 crisis, delineating trends by geographic zones. The research is based on microdata from the National Employment and Supplementary Income Survey spanning 2018 to 2022. The main findings indicate that the decline in commuting recorded at the national level in 2020 exhibited distinct patterns across geographic regions and economic sectors. Notably, employment in the mining sector is associated with a higher probability of commuting compared to other sectors; however, this characteristic diminished during the crisis in most of the analyzed zones. Conversely, the traditionally negative correlation between commuting and employment in the agriculture sector weakened in 2020 across all zones, except for Patagonia (the southernmost region of the country). These results demonstrate that external shocks alter labor commuting dynamics across territories, emphasizing the need for public policies that anticipate diverse mobility trends. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Employment Relations in the Era of Industry 4.0)

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22 pages, 1314 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Unlocking Performance Potential: Workforce Diversity Management and Gender Diversity as Drivers of Employee Performance in Ghana’s Public Healthcare Sector

by Hayford Asare Obeng, Bright Akwasi Gyamfi, Richard Arhinful and Leviticus Mensah

Societies 2025, 15(5), 132; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050132 - 13 May 2025

Viewed by 284

Abstract

This study leveraged the Social Categorization Theory to examine the influence of workforce diversity management on employee performance, considering the moderating role of gender diversity in this relationship. This study used a quantitative descriptive research design and a snowball sampling technique to obtain [...] Read more.

This study leveraged the Social Categorization Theory to examine the influence of workforce diversity management on employee performance, considering the moderating role of gender diversity in this relationship. This study used a quantitative descriptive research design and a snowball sampling technique to obtain data from 392 respondents. The data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares–Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SM) algorithm, bootstrapping a sample size of 5000. The study identified a significant and positive effect of workforce diversity management on employee performance. Likewise, it revealed a significant positive effect of gender diversity on employee performance, enhancing collaboration, innovation, and overall productivity, particularly within diverse teams exhibiting an equitable gender distribution. Finally, the study revealed that gender diversity moderates the relationship between workforce diversity management and employee performance. The findings underscore the necessity of implementing diversity management strategies to enhance employee performance. They prove that hospital environments can effectively leverage gender diversity to achieve superior organizational outcomes through customized solutions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Revitalizing Workplaces: The Intersection of Public Health and Sustainable Wellbeing in Organizations)

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9 pages, 189 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Linguistic Justice in the Face of Anti-Immigrant Rhetoric: The Threat of English-Only Policies to Spanish Speakers and Multilingualism in the United States

by Daniel Guarín

Societies 2025, 15(5), 131; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050131 - 10 May 2025

Viewed by 368

Abstract

Anti-immigrant rhetoric has intensified under the Trump 2025 administration, reinforcing linguistic discrimination and fostering a climate of fear for Spanish speakers in public spaces. In this essay, I examine the linguistic and historical relevance of Spanish in the U.S., the consequences of linguistic [...] Read more.

Anti-immigrant rhetoric has intensified under the Trump 2025 administration, reinforcing linguistic discrimination and fostering a climate of fear for Spanish speakers in public spaces. In this essay, I examine the linguistic and historical relevance of Spanish in the U.S., the consequences of linguistic profiling on minority language speakers, and the implications of the 2025 executive order designating English as the official language. I argue that such policies erode linguistic rights and deepen social inequalities. Additionally, I consider the role of schools and churches, which are critical spaces for language preservation and cultural expression and are being increasingly threatened by immigration enforcement. In advocating for sociolinguistic justice, this essay calls for policies that recognize and protect the linguistic rights of Spanish and other minority language speakers, framing multilingualism as a societal strength rather than a threat. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue International Migration and the Adaptation Process)

13 pages, 1923 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shooting the Messenger? Harassment and Hate Speech Directed at Journalists on Social Media

by Simón Peña-Fernández, Urko Peña-Alonso, Ainara Larrondo-Ureta and Jordi Morales-i-Gras

Societies 2025, 15(5), 130; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050130 - 10 May 2025

Viewed by 241

Abstract

Journalists have incorporated social networks into their work as a standard tool, enhancing their ability to produce and disseminate information and making it easier for them to connect more directly with their audiences. However, this greater presence in the digital public sphere has [...] Read more.

Journalists have incorporated social networks into their work as a standard tool, enhancing their ability to produce and disseminate information and making it easier for them to connect more directly with their audiences. However, this greater presence in the digital public sphere has also increased their exposure to harassment and hate speech, particularly in the case of women journalists. This study analyzes the presence of harassment and hate speech in responses (n = 60,684) to messages that 200 journalists and media outlets posted on X (formerly Twitter) accounts during the days immediately preceding and following the July 23 (23-J) general elections held in Spain in 2023. The results indicate that the most common forms of harassment were insults and political hate, which were more frequently aimed at personal accounts than institutional ones, highlighting the significant role of political polarization—particularly during election periods—in shaping the hostility that journalists face. Moreover, although, generally speaking, the total number of harassing messages was similar for men and women, it was found that a greater number of sexist messages were aimed at women journalists, and an ideological dimension was identified in the hate speech that extremists or right-wing populists directed at them. This study corroborates that this is a minor but systemic issue, particularly from a political and gender perspective. To counteract this, the media must develop proactive policies and protective actions extending even to the individual level, where this issue usually applies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Algorithms on Public Opinion: Disinformation, Social Media Use and Generative Artificial Intelligence)

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24 pages, 3207 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Resilient Rice Farming: Household Strategies for Coping with Recurrent Floods in Tempe Lake, Indonesia

by Rahim Darma, Rahmadanih Rahmadanih, Majdah M. Zain, Riri Amandaria, Mario Mario and Rida Akzar

Societies 2025, 15(5), 129; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050129 - 8 May 2025

Viewed by 418

Abstract

Flooding in Tempe Lake, Indonesia, poses ongoing socioeconomic challenges, mainly affecting food security, agricultural output, and household livelihoods. The recurrent and unpredictable floods disrupt planting and harvesting periods, resulting in significant food production deficits and posing complex adaptive challenges for residents. This study [...] Read more.

Flooding in Tempe Lake, Indonesia, poses ongoing socioeconomic challenges, mainly affecting food security, agricultural output, and household livelihoods. The recurrent and unpredictable floods disrupt planting and harvesting periods, resulting in significant food production deficits and posing complex adaptive challenges for residents. This study examines the socioeconomic adaptation strategies employed by rice farmer households to mitigate the adverse effects of flooding. The study analyzed a random sample of 160 people, utilized descriptive–analytical methodologies, and displayed the findings through graphs and matrix tables. Research reveals that fishing and rice farming serve as the primary revenue sources for households in the region. Despite financial challenges, households maintain security due to dependable food sources and proximity to the lake. The study emphasises the importance of efficient rice cultivation management owing to its short growth cycles and vulnerability to flooding. Moreover, freshwater aquaculture presents a sustainable strategy for mitigating flood risks in climate change, mainly when supported by microcredit, training, and improved market access. The findings highlight the necessity of social and structural adjustments in reducing vulnerability and enhancing community resilience, offering substantial recommendations for improving long-term resilience and food security in flood-prone regions. Full article

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22 pages, 267 KiB

Open AccessEssay

The Importance of White Males with Power, Resources, and Influence as Allies Supporting Diversity in the US Workplace

by Darrell Norman Burrell and Stacey L. Morin

Societies 2025, 15(5), 128; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050128 - 7 May 2025

Viewed by 572

Abstract

Workplace inequities disproportionately affect African American professionals, with 41% reporting discrimination in hiring, salary negotiations, and promotions due to their racial or ethnic identity. These challenges are further accentuated by gender disparities, as 48% of Black men and 36% of Black women acknowledge [...] Read more.

Workplace inequities disproportionately affect African American professionals, with 41% reporting discrimination in hiring, salary negotiations, and promotions due to their racial or ethnic identity. These challenges are further accentuated by gender disparities, as 48% of Black men and 36% of Black women acknowledge experiencing workplace discrimination. Comparatively, smaller proportions of Asian (25%), Hispanic (20%), and White (8%) employees report similar treatment, underscoring the systemic barriers that shape the professional trajectories of marginalized workers in the United States. Addressing these pervasive inequities necessitates a transformative framework rooted in allyship, particularly among White male leaders who occupy positions of significant power and influence. Allyship, a dynamic and relational process, requires intentional advocacy, empathy, and accountability to dismantle exclusionary practices and foster inclusion. This research employs human geography as a metaphor to explore the challenges faced by minority employees in navigating workplaces that often resemble hostile terrains characterized by bias, limited representation, and a lack of psychological safety. The climb to senior leadership for minorities parallels traversing rugged landscapes, requiring resilience and access to critical pathways such as mentorship, sponsorship, and equitable opportunities. As inclusive planners, White male allies can address these systemic barriers by leveraging their privilege to create equitable and supportive environments. Aligning allyship with principles of human geography highlights its potential to address workplace inequities and contributes to broader societal cohesion. This study underscores a pivotal lacuna in the discourse on organizational equity: the insufficient exploration of allyship as a transformative paradigm, particularly when championed by White male leaders who occupy positions of substantial authority and influence. Full article

17 pages, 1910 KiB

Open AccessArticle

AI Response Quality in Public Services: Temperature Settings and Contextual Factors

by Domenico Trezza, Giuseppe Luca De Luca Picione and Carmine Sergianni

Societies 2025, 15(5), 127; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050127 - 6 May 2025

Viewed by 247

Abstract

This study investigated how generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems—now increasingly integrated into public services—respond to different technical configurations, and how these configurations affect the perceived quality of the outputs. Drawing on an experimental evaluation of Govern-AI, a chatbot designed for professionals in [...] Read more.

This study investigated how generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems—now increasingly integrated into public services—respond to different technical configurations, and how these configurations affect the perceived quality of the outputs. Drawing on an experimental evaluation of Govern-AI, a chatbot designed for professionals in the social, educational, and labor sectors, we analyzed the impact of the temperature parameter—which controls the degree of creativity and variability in the responses—on two key dimensions: accuracy and comprehensibility. This analysis was based on 8880 individual evaluations collected from five professional profiles. The findings revealed the following: (1) the high-temperature responses were generally more comprehensible and appreciated, yet less accurate in strategically sensitive contexts; (2) professional groups differed significantly in their assessments, where trade union representatives and regional policy staff expressed more critical views than the others; (3) the type of question—whether operational or informational—significantly influenced the perceived output quality. This study demonstrated that the AI performance was far from neutral: it depended on technical settings, usage contexts, and the profiles of the end users. Investigating these “behind-the-scenes” dynamics is essential for fostering the informed governance of AI in public services, and for avoiding the risk of technology functioning as an opaque black box within decision-making processes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Reshaping Social Reality: Digital Societies and the Data-Based Approach)

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21 pages, 579 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Contrasting Prosumption Models: Experiences, Benefits and Continuation in Allotment Gardens and Community-Supported Agriculture in Switzerland

by Stefan Galley, Stefan Mann and Patrick Bottazzi

Societies 2025, 15(5), 126; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050126 - 6 May 2025

Viewed by 324

Abstract

Agricultural prosumption is a transformative pathway, enabling individuals to reconnect to nature whilst producing food for their own consumption. Allotment gardens (AGs) and community-supported agriculture (CSA) are two main types of this practice, forming opposing sides on a continuous prosumption scale, ranging from [...] Read more.

Agricultural prosumption is a transformative pathway, enabling individuals to reconnect to nature whilst producing food for their own consumption. Allotment gardens (AGs) and community-supported agriculture (CSA) are two main types of this practice, forming opposing sides on a continuous prosumption scale, ranging from prosumption-as-consumption (p-a-c), as in consumption focused CSA initiatives, to prosumption-as-production (p-a-p), as in the production-orientated AGs. Using a survey completed by Swiss CSA (n = 250) and AG members (n = 201), this study shows how prosumers perceive the benefits of their activity, how these experiences shape their likeliness to continue and how differently they rate the effects of prosumption on individuals, communities and society. In addition, it provides an outlook on associated societal developments, regarding these activities as forms of contributive economy. Although the two groups differed in their socio-demographics, their attitudes and experiences were similar. P-a-p organisations (AGs) enhance production-related individual benefits, while p-a-c organisations foster positive experiences around consumption activities. AG continuation is driven by the experienced health and food-related benefits, while CSAs rely on the communal and organisational involvement of their members. While AG members focus on individual benefits, CSA members strive to be part of a food system change, using their communal structures to create a social movement. This demonstrates the wide range and potential of food prosumption in fostering diverse forms of engagement, offering insights into its potential for sustaining participation and contributing to alternative economic models. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Building Healthy Communities)

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19 pages, 940 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Social Support and Environmental Factors for Older People Living in South Tyrol: A Multivariate Analysis

by Giulia Cavrini, Nadia Paone and Evan Tedeschi

Societies 2025, 15(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050125 - 5 May 2025

Viewed by 329

Abstract

Background and Aims: Current changes in family structures make the development of models for sustainably ensuring high-quality care for older people in the province of Bolzano–Bozen increasingly necessary to identify new solutions to address the needs of older people. This research project explores [...] Read more.

Background and Aims: Current changes in family structures make the development of models for sustainably ensuring high-quality care for older people in the province of Bolzano–Bozen increasingly necessary to identify new solutions to address the needs of older people. This research project explores support options that enable older individuals to live independently in their homes for as long as possible, based on data collected through a quantitative survey. Special attention is devoted to recent transformations in family dynamics, highlighting the urgency of rethinking care strategies for older people. Data and Methods: The study focuses on a sample of individuals aged 60 and older who reside in their own homes in South Tyrol. Data were collected through 536 interviews conducted in 2020, using a questionnaire administered in both German and Italian. A Latent Class Model (LCA) was used to identify latent categorical indicators, with each category representing a specific combination of factors derived from the data. Results: The findings underscore the critical role of eliminating architectural barriers, fostering social connections, and promoting volunteer activities as key factors in enhancing the quality of life and independence of older adults. Full article

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14 pages, 477 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Between Preservation of Built Cultural Heritage and Economic Development in Lisbon and Porto: Cultural Legacy and Urban Revitalization as Serial Mediation Mechanisms

by Rosa Rodrigues, João Caldeira Heitor, Helena Pimentel and Tiago Lopes

Societies 2025, 15(5), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050124 - 1 May 2025

Viewed by 452

Abstract

The preservation of built cultural heritage (PBCH) plays a vital role in fostering economic development by stimulating and revitalizing urban spaces. This study, conducted in the Portuguese cities of Lisbon and Porto, evaluated the impact of PBCH on urban economic growth, emphasizing the [...] Read more.

The preservation of built cultural heritage (PBCH) plays a vital role in fostering economic development by stimulating and revitalizing urban spaces. This study, conducted in the Portuguese cities of Lisbon and Porto, evaluated the impact of PBCH on urban economic growth, emphasizing the roles of cultural legacy and urban revitalization as serial mediators. Employing a cross-sectional, quantitative approach grounded in a hypothetico-deductive methodology, data were collected from 633 tourists aged 18 to 73 years (57.2% female) via a structured questionnaire. The findings demonstrated that PBCH, cultural legacy, and urban revitalization significantly contribute to regional economic development. Moreover, cultural legacy partially mediates the relationship between heritage preservation and urban revitalization, indicating a positive indirect effect. A serial mediation mechanism—where two mediators operate in a specific causal order, linking the independent variable (PBCH) to the dependent variable (economic development) through cultural legacy followed by urban revitalization—was identified. A comparative analysis of the indirect effects highlighted that cultural legacy has a stronger mediating influence than urban revitalization alone, although the combined serial effect proved to be the most substantial. This research underscores the critical role of PBCH as a driver of economic progress, facilitated through its intertwined relationships with cultural heritage and urban renewal, offering valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in urban development Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Embodiment and Engagement of Tourism with Social Sustainability)

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17 pages, 260 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Interrogating Transitional Justice: The Multiple Meanings of a Concept

by Brigitte Weiffen and Júlia Battistuzzi Penachioni

Societies 2025, 15(5), 123; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050123 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 645

Abstract

‘Transitional justice’ refers to the full range of efforts to deal with past human rights violations. Since its inception, the concept has undergone an immense expansion of interpretation as it has been applied to a wider range of scenarios in the field. This [...] Read more.

‘Transitional justice’ refers to the full range of efforts to deal with past human rights violations. Since its inception, the concept has undergone an immense expansion of interpretation as it has been applied to a wider range of scenarios in the field. This paper examines the dilemmas of transitional justice as a concept, showing how it has evolved over time and adapted to new contexts. After a brief conceptual history, the paper analyzes the two components of the concept, ‘justice’ and ‘transition’, followed by an examination of the contemporary challenges facing the concept. We argue that the evolving and multifaceted nature of transitional justice defies a singular definition, as neither the term ‘justice’ nor ‘transition’ fully encapsulates its scope. Although conceptual ambiguities persist and debates over its boundaries continue, the conclusion argues that the term remains analytically and normatively valuable and warrants further engagement rather than abandonment. Full article

37 pages, 702 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“I Think Even in Challenging Times We Can Still Be Uplifting”: Indigenous Women’s Experiences of Resilience to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Alaska

by Marya Rozanova-Smith, Charlene Apok and Andrey N. Petrov

Societies 2025, 15(5), 122; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050122 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 233

Abstract

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Alaska communities faced an extremely challenging situation given their socioeconomic, cultural, and demographic characteristics, as well as issues related to remoteness and colonial legacy. This paper seeks to advance the understanding of the gendered impacts and implications of crises [...] Read more.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Alaska communities faced an extremely challenging situation given their socioeconomic, cultural, and demographic characteristics, as well as issues related to remoteness and colonial legacy. This paper seeks to advance the understanding of the gendered impacts and implications of crises like the COVID-19 pandemic on Indigenous women in Alaskan urban and rural communities through a resilience lens. The paper addresses two primary research questions: (1) What are the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on Indigenous women in urban and rural Alaska, and specifically what are the gendered implications in the personal, sociocultural, and economic domains? (2) What are the strengths associated with women’s responses to COVID-19 that contribute to individual and community resilience during crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic, and what are the constraints? This research is based on seventeen in-depth thematic interviews conducted in the city of Anchorage, the hub community of Nome, and its neighboring rural communities on the Seward Peninsula. Using the deficit-based approach combined with a strength-based perspective, this study provides a comprehensive examination of Indigenous women experiences during the pandemic across key domains of gendered impacts and responses, also providing a first-ever analysis of differences between rural and urban settings. The results revealed that despite significant challenges in personal, sociocultural, and economic domains, women demonstrated resilience and resourcefulness, while serving as caregivers at home and across their communities. The Indigenous holistic concepts of health and well-being, along with values of care, mutual support, and strong social and kinship ties, combined with traditional land- and water-based activities and cultural practices, play a crucial role in times of crisis, significantly contributing to building resilience and fostering empowerment at both the individual and community levels. Full article

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19 pages, 271 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Dissonances in the Institutionalization of Gender in Chilean Universities: Theoretical Reflections for the Ongoing Debate¹

by Sandra Vera Gajardo, Antonieta Vera, Tamara Vidaurrazaga Aránguiz, Andrea Vera-Gajardo, Claudia Montero and Lelya Troncoso

Societies 2025, 15(5), 121; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050121 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 442

Abstract

The Chilean feminist movements challenged the state and educational authorities regarding recurring instances of gender-based violence that were perpetuated and silenced. Reports of harassment and sexual abuse led to a broader critique about the ways in which education plays a part in the [...] Read more.

The Chilean feminist movements challenged the state and educational authorities regarding recurring instances of gender-based violence that were perpetuated and silenced. Reports of harassment and sexual abuse led to a broader critique about the ways in which education plays a part in the establishment of a model that sustains gender gaps. University authorities responded with institutional policies, establishing protocols and formal spaces to address these issues. However, these measures have revealed new problems. Given that the institutional response to the feminist uprising illuminated a range of nuances, obstacles, and new tensions related to issues of punishment, reparation, and justice, we identify four critical points of these political dissonances that emerged in Chilean universities following this cycle of protests: 1. problems in the definition and naming of violence and experiences of grievance; 2. public exposure of grievances, including “funas” (public shaming) and punitive practices; 3. disputes over the meaning of the slogan “non-sexist education”; 4. challenges in integrating the feminist complaint within the university community. Based on the analysis of slogans, key protest moments, and a comprehensive literature review, we argue that these tensions may hinder feminism’s transformative potential while simultaneously enabling a valuable internal critique. Full article

16 pages, 1224 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies

by Saiful Bahri, Arif Imam Suroso, Suhendi and Linda Karlina Sari

Societies 2025, 15(5), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120 - 28 Apr 2025

Viewed by 347

Abstract

Despite the rapid advancements in payment technologies, cash continues to play a significant role in modern society. This phenomenon presents a unique area of analysis, particularly within metropolitan societies such as those in the Jakarta metropolitan area in Indonesia. The present study aimed [...] Read more.

Despite the rapid advancements in payment technologies, cash continues to play a significant role in modern society. This phenomenon presents a unique area of analysis, particularly within metropolitan societies such as those in the Jakarta metropolitan area in Indonesia. The present study aimed to investigate cash usage in the Jakarta metropolitan area by analyzing two cases: (1) cash usage in physical stores, and (2) intention to continue to use cash in daily activities. To this end, two analytical techniques were employed: logistic regression and structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). These techniques were implemented using data from 400 respondents residing in the Jakarta metropolitan area. The results of the study indicate a preference for cash over digital payments in transactions among a significant proportion of the respondents. The determinant analysis further identified several factors influencing cash usage in physical stores, including education, employment status, and the number of bank accounts. Furthermore, this study identified attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, and satisfaction as variables affecting the intention to continue using cash in Indonesian society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Social Research in Economics, Environment, Education, and Philosophy)

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17 pages, 1277 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Role of ESG Activities in Strengthening Fan Trust and Loyalty: A Societal Perspective on Sustainable Sports Business

by Dohun Kim and Yunduk Jeong

Societies 2025, 15(5), 119; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050119 - 27 Apr 2025

Viewed by 620

Abstract

This study aims to establish the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activities undertaken by South Korean professional sports clubs on fan trust and loyalty. Furthermore, it examines the moderating influence of fan citizenship among these connections. Data were gathered via surveys [...] Read more.

This study aims to establish the impact of environmental, social, and governance (ESG) activities undertaken by South Korean professional sports clubs on fan trust and loyalty. Furthermore, it examines the moderating influence of fan citizenship among these connections. Data were gathered via surveys administered to 348 spectators at matches of two professional sports clubs in South Korea that are noted for their active ESG activities. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and moderation analysis using Jamovi software (version 2.4.8) were employed to analyze the data and test the proposed hypotheses. The findings reveal that environmental and social activities significantly impact fan trust and loyalty, whereas governance activities positively influence fan trust but do not significantly impact fan loyalty. Moreover, fan trust directly impacts fan loyalty. Regarding the moderating effects, fan citizenship strengthens the relationship between ESG activities and fan loyalty but does not affect the relationship between ESG activities and fan trust. This study contributes to this research by incorporating fan citizenship as a moderating variable in exploring how ESG practices can increase fan loyalty through fan citizenship. Moreover, these findings enhance our theoretical understanding by explaining how ESG strategies are related to relationship-building processes in the sports business, and they provide practical suggestions for teams on promoting sustainability and fan engagement by focusing on specific ESG activities. Full article

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19 pages, 3788 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Informational Divergence on the Mental Health of the Population in Crisis Situations: A Study in COVID-19

by G. F. Vaccaro-Witt, Hilaria Bernal, Sergio Guerra Heredia, F. E. Cabrera and J. I. Peláez

Societies 2025, 15(5), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050118 - 26 Apr 2025

Viewed by 374

Abstract

Informational divergence emerged as a significant phenomenon during the COVID-19 health crisis. This period was characterized by information overload and changes in the communication of public health recommendations and policies by authorities and media outlets. This study examines the impact of such divergence [...] Read more.

Informational divergence emerged as a significant phenomenon during the COVID-19 health crisis. This period was characterized by information overload and changes in the communication of public health recommendations and policies by authorities and media outlets. This study examines the impact of such divergence on the population’s mental health, focusing on primary emotions expressed in comments across digital ecosystems. A media EMIC approach was used to analyze digital ecosystems during March and April 2020. Data were collected from Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, official press websites, and internet forums, yielding 3,456,387 communications. These were filtered to extract emotion-expressing content, resulting in 106,261 communications. Communications were categorized into primary emotions (anger, disgust, joy, fear, and sadness) using an exclusionary emotion assignment procedure. Analysis techniques included polarity and term frequency calculation, content analysis using Natural Language Understanding, emotion intensity measurement using IBM Watson Analytics, and data reliability assessment using the ISMA-OWA operator. The findings suggest that exposure to informational divergence from governments, health organizations, and media negatively affected mental health, evidenced by sadness, fear, disgust, and anger, which are associated with elevated levels of stress, anxiety, and information fatigue. In contrast, information perceived as reflecting coordination, support, and solidarity elicited positive emotional responses, particularly joy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Public Health, Well-Being and Environmental Justice)

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23 pages, 755 KiB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Physical Activity and Sport in Acculturation Processes in Immigrant Women: A Systematic Review

by Ana Blanco-Ayala, Roshan Galvaan and Jesús Fernández-Gavira

Societies 2025, 15(5), 117; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050117 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 415

Abstract

Acculturation is a key process in the adaptation of immigrant women to their host countries, influenced by social, cultural, and structural factors. Physical activity and sport have been identified as potential tools to facilitate this transition, promoting social inclusion and cultural adaptation. This [...] Read more.

Acculturation is a key process in the adaptation of immigrant women to their host countries, influenced by social, cultural, and structural factors. Physical activity and sport have been identified as potential tools to facilitate this transition, promoting social inclusion and cultural adaptation. This systematic review, following the PRISMA guidelines and the Cochrane Handbook, analyzed empirical and conceptual studies published in English since 2000 from Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and ERIC. Inclusion criteria encompassed studies examining the relationship between physical activity, sport, and acculturation in immigrant women, while excluding non-empirical research, studies focusing exclusively on men or children, and those published in languages other than English. A total of 17 studies met the eligibility criteria. Thematic analysis revealed four key dimensions: (1) the bidirectional relationship between acculturation and sport participation, (2) gender and cultural barriers, (3) socio-economic and structural determinants, and (4) the impact on health and psychosocial well-being. The review highlights the role of physical activity in fostering social capital and integration while identifying persistent barriers such as cultural norms, economic constraints, and policy limitations. Although findings support the positive impact of these activities, further research is needed to address intersectional challenges and structural inequalities. Full article

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28 pages, 1019 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Experience of Internal Exclusion Within the Context of Education in Africa: A Scoping Review of the Views of Philosophers of Education and Educationists

by Cornelius Ewuoso and Temidayo Ogundiran

Societies 2025, 15(5), 116; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050116 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 352

Abstract

Although philosophers of education and educationists in Africa recognize that individuals can experience exclusion while included, the various ways this occurs have not been synthesized. Additionally, little consideration has been given to how the experience of internal exclusion can influence a more targeted [...] Read more.

Although philosophers of education and educationists in Africa recognize that individuals can experience exclusion while included, the various ways this occurs have not been synthesized. Additionally, little consideration has been given to how the experience of internal exclusion can influence a more targeted inclusion work and strategies that respond to the quest to decolonize. This review adopts the scoping review extension of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-ScR) that fills this gap. Sixty-six articles published between 2000 and 2024 met our inclusion criteria. Our review identifies physical activities, othering, epistemic de-rooting, language of competence or standard, policies, and space as six key sites of internal exclusion within the education setting in Africa. Our review also demonstrates that the inclusion that responds particularly to the quest to decolonize education would be informed by who (or what) is targeted for the inclusion, the site of internal exclusion, and the context and level at which the inclusion work is being undertaken. This review also highlights gaps in the literature and outlines recommendations. Particularly, future studies are required to deeply explore how context can influence individuals’ experience of internal exclusion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity Competence and Social Inequalities)

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13 pages, 200 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Binge Eating Disorder and Fatphobia: Social Stigma, Exclusion, and the Need for a New Perspective on Health

by Alexandra Ainz-Galende, María José Torres-Haro and Rubén Rodríguez-Puertas

Societies 2025, 15(5), 115; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050115 - 23 Apr 2025

Viewed by 456

Abstract

Binge eating disorder (BED) has long been an overlooked mental health condition, making its recognition and treatment more challenging. This study examines the impacts of social stigma and fatphobia on individuals with BED, exploring how these factors influence their well-being and perpetuate cycles [...] Read more.

Binge eating disorder (BED) has long been an overlooked mental health condition, making its recognition and treatment more challenging. This study examines the impacts of social stigma and fatphobia on individuals with BED, exploring how these factors influence their well-being and perpetuate cycles of exclusion and discrimination. Using a psychosocial approach, this research analyzes how societal misperceptions about BED foster harmful stereotypes, such as the belief that being overweight results from a lack of willpower or personal negligence. This study is based on a qualitative discourse analysis of 12 participants diagnosed with BED. The findings highlight the presence of compensatory behaviors, including fasting, excessive exercise, and laxative use, which challenge the conventional understanding of BED. The results reveal that BED affects not only individuals at a personal level, but also deeply impacts their social and family lives, reinforcing shame, guilt, and self-hatred. Diet culture and weight stigma contribute to social exclusion, further hindering access to proper treatment. This study provides a critical perspective on the need for a cultural shift in how society perceives weight and eating behaviors, advocating for a more inclusive health model that prioritizes mental well-being and body diversity over arbitrary aesthetic standards. These findings underscore the need for greater societal understanding, inclusive health narratives, and further qualitative research into the lived experiences of individuals with BED. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative and Multidisciplinary Approaches to Healthcare)

31 pages, 2966 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Consumer Boycotts and Fast-Food Chains: Economic Consequences and Reputational Damage

by Ibrahim A. Elshaer, Alaa M. S. Azazz, Sameh Fayyad, Chokri Kooli, Amr Mohamed Fouad, Amira Hamdy and Eslam Ahmed Fathy

Societies 2025, 15(5), 114; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050114 - 22 Apr 2025

Viewed by 1575

Abstract

The increasing avoidance of international fast-food chains is a widespread phenomenon influenced by economic, social, and political factors. This study examines the risks and implications of restaurant boycotts, focusing on their role in social justice movements and economic shifts. The authors employed the [...] Read more.

The increasing avoidance of international fast-food chains is a widespread phenomenon influenced by economic, social, and political factors. This study examines the risks and implications of restaurant boycotts, focusing on their role in social justice movements and economic shifts. The authors employed the qualitative approach; using an exploratory case study and a critical discourse analysis, we investigated consumer motivations for avoidance, the financial and reputational risks businesses face, and how corporate responses shape brand perception. By integrating political consumerism and social justice theory, we provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the psychological, ethical, and economic drivers of boycotts. The findings highlight that boycott behavior significantly impacted declining sales and profits for McDonald’s and Starbucks and forced the closure of outlets, as well as leading to the loss of consumer trust and long-term brand loyalty. Thus, it forced companies to create strategies for protecting their reputation. Consumer activism, which draws from social justice and ethical consumerism, demonstrates its capability to affect corporate policy choices and business practices in sensitive political situations to fight injustices. This research offers valuable insights for business leaders navigating consumer activism, emphasizing the need for proactive corporate responsibility strategies to mitigate the risks of reputational damage and declining consumer trust. Full article

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Societies, Volume 15, Issue 5 (May 2025) – 29 articles

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