Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies
Abstract
1. Introduction
- RQ1.
- How do sociodemographic and economic factors influence the use of cash payments at physical stores?
- RQ2.
- How do psychological factors influence the intention to use cash?
2. Literature Review
2.1. Extant Research on Cash Payment
2.2. Hypothesis Development
3. Methodology
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Analysis
4.2. Determinant Factor of Cash Usage in Physical Stores
4.3. Determinant Factor of Continuous Intention to Use Cash
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Variables and Indicators
Variable | Indicators |
Perceived Ease of Use | I find cash transactions easy. I have never encountered any difficulty with cash transactions. I prefer cash over other payment methods because it is convenient. Cash is always readily available. Using cash allows me to maintain control over my spending. Transactions involving cash are faster and more practical. I am not concerned about security when using cash in transactions. |
Perceived Risk | I feel the risk associated with cash transactions is lower than that of other payment systems. I feel that cash is more secure form of currency because it is tangible and can be physically held. I feel that the privacy of my transactions is protected when I use cash. I have not experienced any losses after conducting transactions with cash. I feel secure carrying sufficient cash to meet my daily needs. I generally do not worry about the risk of losing my cash or having it stolen. The use of cash saves me from the potential risks associated with digital payments. |
Perceived Quality Attribute | I feel that the design and quality of the cash is satisfactory and aesthetically pleasing. The quality of the cash material ensures its suitability for daily transactions. I feel that the quality of cash printing is improving day by day. I feel that cash has a long shelf life and is not easily damaged. I feel that cash is widely accepted without any issues. |
Satisfaction | My overall experience with cash has been very satisfactory. I find cash to be highly convenient in a variety of situations. I feel comfortable and satisfied that cash is a reliable and accessible payment method that does not require any additional devices. I am satisfied with the level of security that cash offers in maintaining my privacy and personal data. I am satisfied that there are no additional costs associated with using cash. |
Perceived Usefulness | Cash is more suitable for meeting my needs. Cash is the most efficient method of making payments. I feel that cash has become an effective solution for payments. Cash is very useful for everyday transactions due to its universal acceptance. Cash is the most expeditious way to make transactions, bypassing the often time-consuming digital process. I feel that cash is useful because it does not incur additional costs. |
Attitude | I feel that cash is the most suitable form of payment. I find cash to be an effective and efficient method of payment. I generally prefer to use cash for transactions everywhere. Cash remains important to me because its value cannot be replaced by technology. I have a positive view of cash as a reliable means of payment. |
Subjective Norm | I use cash because it is the preferred method of payment of the people around me. My friends suggest that I use cash for transactions. My group physically suggests I use cash for transactions. My group virtually recommends that I use cash for transactions. The majority of the places I transact with still prefer to use cash for transactions. People around me expect that I will continue to rely on cash in my day-to-day transactions. I feel more socially accepted when I use cash for transactions. |
Perceived Behavioral Control | I am more confident and skilled when using cash in transactions. I feel that cash is relatively efficient medium of exchange. I do not need support in obtaining cash. I have never had difficulty in obtaining cash for daily transactions. I find it easy to organize and control the use of cash in my daily transactions. I am confident in my ability to overcome any obstacles that may arise when using cash. |
Intention to Continue to Use Cash | I intend to continue using cash for transactions at both physical stores and online stores. I would recommend others continue using cash for transactions. I intend to increase the number of transactions made through cash payments in comparison to other payment systems. I intend to maintain my use of cash, despite the growing popularity of alternative payment methods. I plan to continue using cash as a payment method in the long term. |
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Variable | Mean | Median | Maximum | Minimum | Std.Dev |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAY | 0.563 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.497 |
AGE | 34.623 | 31.000 | 72.000 | 18.000 | 12.596 |
EDUCATION | 3.063 | 3.000 | 5.000 | 1.000 | 0.858 |
WORKST | 1.728 | 2.000 | 2.000 | 1.000 | 0.446 |
MARD | 1.680 | 2.000 | 4.000 | 1.000 | 0.623 |
EXPEND | 3,154,813 | 3,000,000 | 55,000,000 | 25,000 | 3,616,460 |
JAB | 1.480 | 1.000 | 8.000 | 0.000 | 1.163 |
AGE | EDU | WORK | MAR | EXPEND | ABA | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AGE | 1.000 | |||||
EDU | 0.021 | 1.000 | ||||
WORK | −0.155 | −0.209 | 1.000 | |||
MAR | −0.624 | 0.173 | 0.235 | 1.000 | ||
EXPEND | −0.190 | −0.142 | −0.059 | −0.034 | 1.000 | |
ABA | 0.152 | −0.071 | −0.205 | −0.010 | −0.242 | 1.000 |
Variable | Coefficient (B) | Standard Error (S.E) |
---|---|---|
CONSTANT | 3.110 *** | 0.890 |
AGEi | 0.037 | 0.016 |
EDUi | −1.322 *** | 0.222 |
WORKi | 0.692 ** | 0.312 |
MARi | −0.364 | 0.366 |
EXPENDi | 0.000 | 0.000 |
ABAi | −0.756 *** | 0.150 |
Nagelkerke R-square | 0.428 | |
Hosmer and Lemeshow test (Chi-square) | 10.810 |
Variable | Composite Reliability (rho_c) | Average Variance Extracted (AVE) |
---|---|---|
Attitude | 0.934 | 0.738 |
Continuous Intention to Use Cash | 0.936 | 0.744 |
Perceived Behavioral Control | 0.932 | 0.694 |
Perceived Ease of Use | 0.917 | 0.648 |
Perceived Quality Attribute | 0.903 | 0.651 |
Perceived Risk | 0.910 | 0.593 |
Perceived Usefulness | 0.943 | 0.736 |
Satisfaction | 0.930 | 0.727 |
Subjective Norm | 0.941 | 0.694 |
Saturated Model | Estimated Model | |
---|---|---|
SRMR | 0.072 | 0.112 |
d_ULS | 7.140 | 17.354 |
d_G | 1.959 | 2.437 |
Chi-square | 4332.566 | 4881.368 |
NFI | 0.781 | 0.754 |
Variable | Original Sample (O) | Sample Mean (M) | Standard Deviation (STDEV) | T Statistics (|O/STDEV|) | p-Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ATD → CIUC | 0.395 | 0.399 | 0.093 | 4.256 | 0.000 |
PBC → CIUC | 0.115 | 0.116 | 0.090 | 1.278 | 0.201 |
PEU → CIUC | 0.064 | 0.061 | 0.068 | 0.940 | 0.347 |
PEU → PU | 0.809 | 0.810 | 0.020 | 39.635 | 0.000 |
PEU → SATS | 0.755 | 0.756 | 0.024 | 31.457 | 0.000 |
PQA → ATD | 0.218 | 0.220 | 0.053 | 4.150 | 0.000 |
PR → ATD | 0.585 | 0.585 | 0.054 | 10.877 | 0.000 |
PU → CIUC | 0.012 | 0.011 | 0.086 | 0.138 | 0.890 |
SATS → CIUC | −0.153 | −0.153 | 0.075 | 2.051 | 0.040 |
SN → CIUC | 0.431 | 0.431 | 0.055 | 7.886 | 0.000 |
Variable | Original Sample (O) | Sample Mean (M) | Standard Deviation (STDEV) | T-Statistics (|O/STDEV|) | p-Values |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PQA → ATD → CIUC | 0.086 | 0.088 | 0.030 | 2.854 | 0.004 |
PR → ATD → CIUC | 0.231 | 0.233 | 0.058 | 3.969 | 0.000 |
PEU → SATS → CIUC | −0.116 | −0.116 | 0.056 | 2.061 | 0.039 |
PEU → PU → CIUC | 0.010 | 0.009 | 0.070 | 0.138 | 0.891 |
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Bahri, S.; Suroso, A.I.; Suhendi; Sari, L.K. Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies. Societies 2025, 15, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120
Bahri S, Suroso AI, Suhendi, Sari LK. Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies. Societies. 2025; 15(5):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120
Chicago/Turabian StyleBahri, Saiful, Arif Imam Suroso, Suhendi, and Linda Karlina Sari. 2025. "Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies" Societies 15, no. 5: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120
APA StyleBahri, S., Suroso, A. I., Suhendi, & Sari, L. K. (2025). Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies. Societies, 15(5), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120