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Article

Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies

by
Saiful Bahri
1,
Arif Imam Suroso
2,*,
Suhendi
2 and
Linda Karlina Sari
2
1
PERURI, Jakarta 12160, Indonesia
2
School of Business, IPB University, Bogor 16151, Indonesia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Societies 2025, 15(5), 120; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120
Submission received: 24 February 2025 / Revised: 9 April 2025 / Accepted: 11 April 2025 / Published: 28 April 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Social Research in Economics, Environment, Education, and Philosophy)
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Abstract

Despite the rapid advancements in payment technologies, cash continues to play a significant role in modern society. This phenomenon presents a unique area of analysis, particularly within metropolitan societies such as those in the Jakarta metropolitan area in Indonesia. The present study aimed to investigate cash usage in the Jakarta metropolitan area by analyzing two cases: (1) cash usage in physical stores, and (2) intention to continue to use cash in daily activities. To this end, two analytical techniques were employed: logistic regression and structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). These techniques were implemented using data from 400 respondents residing in the Jakarta metropolitan area. The results of the study indicate a preference for cash over digital payments in transactions among a significant proportion of the respondents. The determinant analysis further identified several factors influencing cash usage in physical stores, including education, employment status, and the number of bank accounts. Furthermore, this study identified attitudes toward behavior, subjective norms, and satisfaction as variables affecting the intention to continue using cash in Indonesian society.

1. Introduction

Concurrently with the advancement of information and communication technology in the financial sector, various countries have developed digitally based payment systems as a substitute for cash. A comprehensive review of the extant literature reveals a preponderance of positive and significant perceptions concerning the enjoyment, credibility, security, usefulness, benefits, and value of these systems from a consumer perspective [1,2,3]. This inclination is underscored by the rising trend of digital payment users across various nations, prominently including Indonesia. According to one report [4], the adoption of digital payment systems in Indonesia increased in 2022, coinciding with the efforts of policymakers to promote digital transformation. However, the report also noted that cash transactions remained the predominant form of payment that year. This observation underscores the ongoing discourse surrounding the cashless economy and the debate regarding the indispensable role of cash in payment systems [5]. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which reached Indonesia in March 2020, led to a decline in banknote demand in 2021, as cash was regarded as a potential medium for SARS-CoV-2 transmission [6]. Nevertheless, the adoption of digital payments during the COVID-19 pandemic was predominantly driven by users’ concerns for self-protection rather than a deliberate intention to supplant traditional payment methods [7]. Furthermore, the substitution of cash payments for daily transactions via credit cards did not result in a significant decline in the demand for cash [8].
Cash continues to play an important role in consumer payments, particularly in retail transactions and as a reliable instrument in emergency situations [9]. Consequently, cash persists as a pivotal payment system within society. A substantial corpus of research has emerged on the subject of cash usage, encompassing studies from both the corporate perspective, i.e., the decision to retain cash reserves [10,11,12,13], and the national viewpoint on cash demand [5,14,15]. Concurrently, research on digital payments has witnessed a marked shift toward a focus on the factors that influence their use [16,17,18,19,20]. However, studies examining cash payment systems from the consumer’s perspective remain scarce, particularly in the context of developing countries like Indonesia. The majority of existing studies on cash usage have been confined to developed countries [21,22,23]. In the context of metropolitan areas in Indonesia, cash usage serves as a pivotal metric for forecasting shopping patterns. This observation is an essential for monitoring the evolution of people’s payment modes in the future. This is particularly important given the declining motivation of consumers to use cash in their daily transactions, while the demand to hold cash as a savings medium continues to increase. This underscores the necessity for further analysis to gain a more profound understanding of the factors driving this evolving behavior.
According to Statistics Indonesia in 2024, there was a positive trend in cash demand from 2013 to 2023, especially with regard to the growth of banknotes and coins. Notably, during the period of economic downturn caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the demand for cash in Indonesia persisted. This statistic report indicates the persistent significance of cash in Indonesia. The sustained increase in banknote demand signifies a persistent inclination among consumers to rely on physical currency for transactions. However, the factors that determine the propensity of individuals to use cash as opposed to alternative payment methods in Indonesian societies remain under-explored. The Indonesian society is characterized by significant diversity across various sociodemographic, economic, and individual psychological factors. These factors potentially influence consumer decisions concerning the use of cash as payment method in physical stores. In light of these considerations, the present study aims to address two main research questions (RQ):
RQ1.
How do sociodemographic and economic factors influence the use of cash payments at physical stores?
RQ2.
How do psychological factors influence the intention to use cash?
Based on these two research questions, this study seeks to address the research gap concerning the factors that influence the continued use of cash. The novelty of the study findings lies in the exploration of factors beyond the social and economic characteristics of individuals, including the development of psychological factors and perceptions of the quality of cash used in Indonesia. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors that determine the use of cash in Indonesia, focusing on the impact of the factors on cash use.

2. Literature Review

2.1. Extant Research on Cash Payment

The role of cash remains indispensable, and its benefits are numerous. For instance, it is crucial for addressing urgent fiscal needs across various programs, including investments for sustainable economic development [24]. Furthermore, cash offers benefits related to the protection of user privacy and data. This ensures equitable data accessibility, which is crucial for meeting cash payment requests directly or indirectly within supply chains [25]. The assessment of cash usage for payment could facilitate the identification of societal behavior within the economic system.
A number of studies have previously analyzed the use of cash from an individual perspective in recent years. Bagnall [21] conducted a comparative analysis of cash usage across eight countries: Canada, Australia, Austria, France, Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States. The study revealed a strong correlation between cash use and transaction size, demographics, merchant card acceptance, and venue. A study by Politronacci [26] examined the factors that influence cash and card use in France. The analysis revealed that transaction characteristics and transaction amounts had a major influence on cash and card use. However, sociodemographic variables also influenced these decisions, though their impact was relatively small. Świecka et al. [27] undertook a study in Poland, using statistical analysis to examine the influence of transaction characteristics on consumer payment preferences. Their analysis revealed that factors such as age, geographical location, financial situation, income, and debt significantly influence the adoption of cash and cashless payment systems. Further analysis found that the majority of respondents used traditional payment methods in terms of transaction value, the type of the purchased goods, and the location of the purchase of goods or services. A study by Kawamoto [28] utilized an econometric model to analyze the impact of sociodemographic variables on cash usage in retail stores in Sao Paulo. The results of the study indicated that sociodemographic factors, including poverty level, gender, age, and educational attainment, exerted a significant influence on cash usage, in addition to the impact of transaction value. Kotkowski [23], using the Heckman approach with ordinary least squares (OLS) regression and examined cash usage in Poland in 2020. The results showed that transaction value and type, POS terminals, the adoption of contactless cards, distance to ATMs, behavioral changes during the COVID-19 pandemic, issues with cash payments, perceptions of transactions, age, education level, income level (<1300), and domestic activities had a significant impact on cash usage.
The present study methodically examined the development of the literature pertaining to cash payments, thereby establishing a basis for the identification of variables influencing cash usage behavior among Indonesian respondents. The exploration of the extant literature revealed a paucity of research addressing the determinants of cash use, with such research being explained exclusively in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and issues regarding characteristics and transaction values. To address this gap, the present study attempts to examine the underlying factors inherent in individuals, particularly the socioeconomic and psychological dimensions of those who continue to use cash for daily transactions. These factors are frequently identified as the main determinants of the use of goods or services in various case studies, which will be adopted in the present study [29,30]. In addition, the present study examines the perception of quality in product attributes that are intrinsic and extrinsic, as subjective assessments of users of the product. This factor is also an important factor in terms of the product’s ability to produce experiences for users through taste and cognition [31]. Furthermore, risk perception is identified as a pivotal factor in this study, particularly concerning the assessment of potential negative consequences associated with cash use [32].

2.2. Hypothesis Development

In light of the foregoing elucidations, this study employed several theoretical frameworks to explain the driving factors for cash adoption. Socioeconomic factors remain relevant and are considered a primary driving force. Previous research on socioeconomic factors associated with cash usage behavior served as a basic reference for determining the variables that would be included in the study [5,27,28]. This study incorporated demographic factors, namely, age, education, employment status, marital status, expenditure, and the number of bank accounts. Among these, age emerged as a pivotal factor in the analysis of usage behavior, including the adoption of specific payment systems. Individuals in the younger age group are more likely to adopt digital payment systems. A distinguishing aspect of the present study is its focus on cash usage behavior, an area that has received less attention in previous research. Previous studies have identified age as a crucial factor influencing the adoption of novel payment methods, often serving as a significant impediment [33,34]. Educational attainment is another factor that influences preferences in choosing payment methods, including the use of cash. Individuals with limited educational attainment face constrained access and understanding of financial technology, consequently leading to a propensity to use cash for transaction. This phenomenon has been documented in several previous studies, which have indicated that education is a pivotal factor in determining the adoption of specific payment systems [23,33]. Furthermore, employment status plays a significant role in shaping individuals’ preferences regarding payment methods. Those in employment are more inclined to rely on cash for daily transactions, a propensity that may stem from restricted access to digital financial services or from entrenched cash-based practices within their workplace. Additionally, marital status has been identified as a significant predictor of payment system usage, as evidenced by previous studies [34,35]. The present study also addresses the issue of individual users’ economic circumstances, namely, the extent of their expenditure and the number of bank accounts they maintain. The extent of these variables also determines the payment method using cash, reflecting the greater financial capacity and access to alternative payment methods related to the cash holdings [26]. In light of these observations, the following hypotheses are proposed in this study to elucidate cash usage for payment purposes:
H1. 
Age has a negative and significant effect on the use of cash in physical stores.
H2. 
Educational attainment has a negative and significant effect on the use of cash in physical stores.
H3. 
Employment status has a positive and significant effect on the use of cash in physical stores.
H4. 
Marital status has a positive and significant effect on the use of cash in physical stores.
H5. 
The amount of expenditure has a positive and significant effect on the use of cash in physical stores.
H6. 
The number of bank accounts maintained has a positive and significant effect on the use of cash in physical stores.
The theoretical basis that was utilized in order to compile a model of determinants of cash usage from a psychological perspective and product-related perceptions was the theory of planned behavior (TPB), which is a form of theoretical development by the theory of reasoned action [36,37]. The TPB posits that the adoption of a good or service is influenced by three main factors: attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. In contradistinction to other theoretical frameworks, such as the technology acceptance model (TAM), the TPB demonstrates a higher degree of versatility. While the TAM is exclusively applicable to the domain of technological adoption case, the TPB finds application in a multitude of contexts. In the present study, the third factor was examined in relation to the intention to continue using cash, given the extensive application of the TPB in the context of assessing the intention to continually adopt a good or service [38,39]. The variables posited by the TPB, namely, attitude, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, are hypothesized to exert a positive and significant influence on adoption behavior. Within the context of cash payment, several conditions must be met. Firstly, individuals may feel more in control of their transactions. Secondly, individuals may derive social support from the perception of a secure payment method. Thirdly, individuals must possess a positive attitude toward transparency and simplicity in financial behavior. This model has the capacity to incorporate multiple variables, thereby offering an advantage in the prediction of various behaviors in many instances [40]. In the present study of the persistent use of cash, additional variables, such as satisfaction, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived risk, and perceived product quality, were also incorporated. A number of case studies reveal the significant impact of satisfaction, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, perceived risk, and perceived product quality on the intention to use a good or service repeatedly [41,42,43,44,45]. In the study of cash usage, satisfaction is expected to have a positive and significant effect on the intention to continue using cash. When users find satisfaction in their experience with cash, especially in terms of convenience, control, and reliability, it has the potential to encourage them to continue using cash as a routine and trusted form of transaction. In addition, the perceived usefulness of cash is anticipated to influence the intention to continue its use. Individuals who subscribe to the notion that cash is beneficial are more likely to persist in using cash, preferring it to other payment systems. In a previous study, Wilson et al. [46] utilized perceived ease of use as an indirect determinant of adoption. This suggests that the variable in question may function as a driving factor through its impact on satisfaction and perceived usefulness. A better understanding of the intricacies involved in the utilization of a payment system may enhance user satisfaction and perceived benefits. This enhanced satisfaction, in turn, can positively influence the continuous intention to use cash. Furthermore, a high perception of risk, coupled with the perceived quality of payment attributes, also potentially influences individual preferences, leading to a sustained use of cash. The hypotheses proposed in this study are as follows:
H7. 
Attitude has a positive and significant effect on the continuous intention to use cash.
H8. 
Subjective norm has a positive and significant effect on the continuous intention to use cash.
H9. 
Perceived behavioral control has a positive and significant effect on the continuous intention to use cash.
H10. 
Satisfaction has a positive and significant effect on the continuous intention to use cash.
H11. 
Perceived usefulness has a positive and significant effect on the continuous intention to use cash.
H12. 
Perceived ease of use has a positive and significant effect towards satisfaction and perceived usefulness.
H13. 
Perceived risk has a positive and significant effect on attitude.
H14. 
Perceived quality attribute has a positive and significant effect on attitude.
The present study examines several main aspects, including socioeconomics, psychology, and subjective assessments of individuals regarding the use of cash. This comprehensive approach aims to explain the driving factors for continuous cash use.

3. Methodology

The present study uses quantitative analysis to assess the cash payment usage patterns of the Indonesian populace. Through the collection of primary data, this study also describes the cash payment usage patterns of the Indonesian population residing in metropolitan areas. The scope of the study was limited to Greater Jakarta, a prominent metropolitan area in Indonesia and the nation’s economic hub, where transaction volumes are relatively larger than those in other regions. The data used in this study were derived from the administration of questionnaires, both physical and online, to 400 respondents. The sampling method employed is purposive sampling, with the following respondent criteria: (1) having resided in Greater Jakarta for the past year, and (2) engaging in cash and cashless transactions within the past week. Furthermore, the present study employs a descriptive analysis of several variables associated with cash usage behavior. These variables encompass the type of daily transactions, the frequency of cash usage in daily activities, and the total amount of cash used. Moreover, this study examines the impact of payment preferences during the pandemic on the shift in preference toward the currently used payment method among the Indonesian populace.
Two analysis techniques are used in this study: (1) logistic regression and (2) partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). The use of cash in transactions at physical stores and online stores (cash on delivery) is examined using a logistic regression model to ascertain the impact of socioeconomic factors on this behavior. Based on a number of previous studies of the use of cash [5,23,27,28], several socioeconomic variables are formulated for inclusion in the regression model of this study, as follows:
PAYi = β0 + β1AGEi + β2EDUi + β3WORKi + β4MARi + β5EXPENDi + β6ABAi + ei
In this model, PAYi denotes the type of payment used by individual in a physical store I (dummy variable assigned as 1 for cash payments and 0 for cashless payments), AGEi is the number of years in age for individual i, and EDUi is the type of education for individual i. WORKi denotes the employment status of individual i (dummy variable assigned as 1 for employed and 0 for other statuses). MARi signifies the marital status of individual i (dummy variable assigned as 1 for married and 0 for other statuses). EXPENDi represents the expenditure amount of individual i, while ABAi denotes the number of bank account maintained by individual i and ei functions as the residual term of regression.
The second analysis technique, PLS-SEM, enables the exploration of psychological and perceptual factors influencing the intention to use cash continuously. A comprehensive review of the extant literature guided the development of the present study’s theoretical framework. The TPB was selected as the overarching conceptual model, with the decision to incorporate additional variables aimed at elucidating the influence of specific factors on the continuous intention to use cash (Figure 1).
Partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS- SEM) is a statistical method that is used to develop measurement models and structural models. Causality, which shows that changes in one variable can affect other variables, is the basic principle of SEM, used primarily to analyze cause-and-effect relationships between latent variables [47]. The PLS-SEM is a valuable tool for many researchers because it enables the estimation of complex models with numerous constructs, indicator variables, and structural paths without imposing distributional assumptions on the data. The PLS-SEM analysis process encompasses three distinct steps: (1) designing structural and measurement models, (2) creating path diagrams, and (3) evaluating external models (to ascertain convergent validity and discriminant validity) and internal models (to assess R-square between analysis paths). The research variables and operational definitions of the determinant variable in the present study, especially the SEM-PLS variables, are delineated in Appendix A.

4. Results

4.1. Descriptive Analysis

The present study employed descriptive statistics to explore the cash usage behavior of Indonesian respondents, focusing on their preferences. This study investigated a series of variables, namely, the type of payment used in physical stores, age, educational attainment, employment status, marital status, expenditure amount, and the number of bank accounts maintained. Table 1 presents the descriptive analysis by using several statistics regarding these variables. The descriptive statistics result yielded pertinent information. With regard to the PAY variable, this study revealed that the majority of respondents expressed a predilection for the use of cash, as evidenced by the mean value that exceeded 0.50. The mean age of the respondents in the study was 34.623, with the range of ages being from 18 to 72 years. Regarding educational attainment, the majority of the respondents had obtained a senior high school diploma, as indicated by the mean value of 3.063. In addition, the predominant proportion of respondents held an employee status, with a mean value of 1.728. The average expenditure value as indicated in this study was IDR 3,154,813. The average number of bank accounts possessed by the respondents was 1.480, indicating that the majority of them have at least one bank account. Moreover, the variability of all variables was minimal, with the exception of EXPEND, which exhibited a Std.Dev greater than its mean value. This study also revealed the type of daily transactions, the cash usage intensity in daily activities, the amount of transactions using cash, and the payment preference during the COVID-19 pandemic. Figure 2 provides a detailed description of these four additional variables.

4.2. Determinant Factor of Cash Usage in Physical Stores

This subsection presents the results regarding the determinants of cash usage in physical stores as determined by logistic regression. The results encompass goodness-of-fit analysis, R-squared value, and logistic regression estimation. Prior to the analysis of the estimation, this study undertook the construction of a correlation matrix, as provided in Table 2. The resultant data indicate that the variables were free from multicollinearity, as the correlation value was found to be less than 0.8. Therefore, it was possible to employ this model to estimate the determinant factor of cash usage in physical stores.
As illustrated in Table 3, the findings of the logistic regression are provided. The resultant data indicate the presence of numerous factors that influence the use of cash in physical stores. The employment status of individuals has been demonstrated to exert a positive and significant influence on the propensity to utilize cash transactions in physical stores. This suggests that individuals who are employed are more likely to do so. Conversely, factors that exerted a negative influence included educational attainment and the number of bank accounts maintained. In essence, this suggests that a highly educated, married individual with numerous bank accounts is less inclined to rely on cash for transactions in physical stores. The Nagelkerke R-square value demonstrated that the resulting model exhibited quite a good fit within the context of socioeconomic research (0.428). The resulting model has also been deemed to be fit based on the Hosmer and Lemeshow test, which yielded a value of 10,810, or a significant value above 5%.

4.3. Determinant Factor of Continuous Intention to Use Cash

As illustrated in Table 4, an analysis of the measurement model was conducted through the utilization of composite reliability rho_c (CR) and average variance extracted (AVE) testing methodologies. The composite reliability (CR) tests exhibited a requirement of 0.7, while the AVE value ranged from 0.5 to 0.7. In light of this result, it is evident that the data utilized in this study’s model are reliable and valid. Moreover, Table 5 offers the goodness-of-fit (GoF) indicators through standardized root mean residual (SRMR), chi-square, and normed fit index (NFI). The present study’s estimation was deemed fit based on SRMR requirements with value below 0.10. In addition, the values from the chi-square test (significant at the 5% level) and the NFI (value below 0.90) indicate that the estimation is a good fit.
Table 6 presents the PLS-SEM estimation subsequent to the testing of reliability, validity, and goodness-of-fit. The results of the hypothesis testing demonstrated that two factors, namely, attitude (ATD) and subjective norm (SN), exerted a positive and significant influence on the continuous intention to use cash.
This finding suggests that an increase in an individual’s attitude towards cash and environmental factors, proxied by SN, may promote the continuous intention to use cash. This result is analogous to those of several previous studies, which demonstrated that these two factors influence intention to adopt [48,49]. Conversely, the level of satisfaction exhibited a negative and significant influence on the continuous intention to use cash.
Table 7 presents the results of indirect hypothesis testing regarding the role of mediating variables on the continuous intention to use cash. The results in Table 7 indicate that attitudes and levels of satisfaction have the potential to influence continuous intention to use cash, with p-values below 5%. Figure 3 summarizes the results of the PLS-SEM analysis regarding the determinants of cash usage behavior.

5. Discussion

The present study examined the factors influencing cash usage behavior, especially cash adoption in physical stores and continuous intention to use cash, in Indonesia, a country experiencing economic growth. This study is specifically focused on metropolitan societies in Indonesia, which serve as a source of diverse characteristics shaped by various social and cultural backgrounds. The findings yielded several noteworthy insights derived from both logistic regression and PLS-SEM analyses. The results of the logistic regression analysis indicate a negative correlation between the use of cash in physical stores and educational attainment, as well as the number of bank accounts. Individuals with higher education were more likely to use cashless payments instead of cash payments in physical stores. This finding aligns with the results of Arora et al. [50], which showed that the majority of students tend to prefer digital payments. Conversely, the possession of multiple bank accounts has been demonstrated to be associated with a greater propensity for individuals to use digital payments in physical stores. This finding indicates that individuals residing in metropolitan areas in Indonesia perceive digital payments as more effective when they have multiple bank accounts. The integration of digital payments with bank accounts has been found to encourage individuals with multiple accounts to adopt digital payments [51]. Furthermore, the present study found that employment status was associated with cash usage in physical stores. The phenomenon can be attributed to the fact that individuals with regular employment in Indonesia tend to have higher degrees of mobility and often patronize stores during their daily routines. These findings carry substantial implications, particularly in regard to the promotion of the transition to a digital economy from the perspective of analyzing cash usage behavior. The expansion of access to digital financial services, especially among individuals with limited educational attainment, can serve as a strategic measure to reduce the reliance on cash. Moreover, the provision of financial education for older age groups can help promote the adoption of cashless payment methods. In addition, policies designed to develop cashless payment infrastructure should be formulated with the objective of incentivizing individuals to adopt these services.
The present study’s findings, as derived from the PLS-SEM analysis of continuous usage of cash, indicate that certain latent variables exert a positive and significant influence on continuous intention to use cash. These variables include attitude, satisfaction, and subjective norm. This result aligns with the results of previous studies that examined the psychological factors contributing to the continuous intention to use in various contexts [16,34,52]. However, the enhancement of these factors must be considered by increasing some perception factors, namely, perceived quality of attribute, perceived risk, and perceived ease of use. A number of implications emerge from the results concerning the factors that influence continuous intention to use cash. Chief among the implications is the imperative for institutions responsible for issuing and printing banknotes to ensure the quality of the cash attributes, as these factors significantly influence user attitudes and intentions. Notwithstanding the finding that the perceived risk was low, the attitudes toward cash were favorable. Consequently, stringent security measures must be implemented, not only within the physical cash itself but also within the distribution system. While ease of use is undoubtedly an important factor, negative experiences with cash may lead to a decrease in intention to use, underscoring the need for ensuring user satisfaction. These findings suggest that the psychological factors exert a significant influence on the perpetuation of cash usage. This assertion is predicated on the premise that cash usage among metropolitan societies in Indonesia will persist into the future.
In general, the populace of the metropolitan area in Indonesia continues to rely on cash, a practice that is influenced by several significant factors. The findings of this study stand in stark contrast to the findings of numerous studies conducted in developed countries. These earlier studies indicate a gradual shift away from cash usage, a phenomenon attributed to the emergence of modern financial regulations and innovations [53]. Moreover, a substantial surge in global demand for cash has been observed since the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, giving rise to the so-called cash paradox [54]. This implies that other community motives are also influenced by various individual-level factors. In metropolitan communities in Indonesia, psychological factors emerge as the predominant determinants of cash use. The following are several unique characteristics of cash: (1) anonymity of user activity, (2) the most trusted method, (3) an offline payment system that can be used for both small and large payments, and (4) the security of individual personal data [55]. These characteristics are also the reason why people in metropolitan areas in Indonesian still consider using cash to make payments.

6. Conclusions

The objective of the present study was to investigate the cash usage behavior in Indonesia using determinant analysis in two cases: (1) the usage of cash in physical stores and (2) the continuous intention to use cash in daily activity. The result of the descriptive analysis indicates a preference among respondents for cash transactions over digital payments. Furthermore, the determinant analysis indicates that multiple factors influence cash usage in physical stores, including age, education, marital status, and the number of bank accounts maintained by individuals. Furthermore, the continuous intention to use cash in Indonesia is influenced by variables including attitude toward behavior, subjective norm, and satisfaction. This study elucidates several managerial implications. Chief among them is the notion that the continuous intention to use cash might be improved by the augmentation of environmental factors. This is predicated on the premise that individual behavior is contingent upon the prevailing environmental conditions, which in turn influence the propensity to use cash. Moreover, the observation that the use of cash is predominantly exhibited by respondents belonging to specific sociodemographic categories implies that variables such as age, educational attainment, and marital status are of particular importance for policymakers to deliberate, as they are associated with the propensity to use cash in physical stores. This study’s limitation is that it did not ascertain the dynamic relationship between variables due to the cross-sectional availability of data. It is recommended that future studies implement a dynamic analysis of cash usage behavior by considering the period of usage. Furthermore, the consideration of alternative analysis techniques could facilitate a comprehensive examination of cash usage behavior in Indonesia. One potential approach involves the utilization of decision analysis tools, which entail the collection of data from experts in the field.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, S.B. and A.I.S.; methodology, S.B., L.K.S.; formal analysis, A.I.S., L.K.S. and S.; investigation, A.I.S., L.K.S. and S.; resources, S.B.; data curation, S.B. and A.I.S.; writing—original draft preparation, S.B. and A.I.S.; writing—review and editing, L.K.S. and S. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by PERURI in 2024 with the number of contract: 05/SPK-PKIPB/VIII/2024.

Informed Consent Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.

Acknowledgments

We would like thanks to PERURI and School of Business, IPB university as the organization that give opportunities and support to do this research.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Appendix A. Variables and Indicators

VariableIndicators
Perceived Ease of UseI find cash transactions easy.
I have never encountered any difficulty with cash transactions.
I prefer cash over other payment methods because it is convenient.
Cash is always readily available.
Using cash allows me to maintain control over my spending.
Transactions involving cash are faster and more practical.
I am not concerned about security when using cash in transactions.
Perceived RiskI feel the risk associated with cash transactions is lower than that of other payment systems.
I feel that cash is more secure form of currency because it is tangible and can be physically held.
I feel that the privacy of my transactions is protected when I use cash.
I have not experienced any losses after conducting transactions with cash.
I feel secure carrying sufficient cash to meet my daily needs.
I generally do not worry about the risk of losing my cash or having it stolen.
The use of cash saves me from the potential risks associated with digital payments.
Perceived Quality AttributeI feel that the design and quality of the cash is satisfactory and aesthetically pleasing.
The quality of the cash material ensures its suitability for daily transactions.
I feel that the quality of cash printing is improving day by day.
I feel that cash has a long shelf life and is not easily damaged.
I feel that cash is widely accepted without any issues.
SatisfactionMy overall experience with cash has been very satisfactory.
I find cash to be highly convenient in a variety of situations.
I feel comfortable and satisfied that cash is a reliable and accessible payment method that does not require any additional devices.
I am satisfied with the level of security that cash offers in maintaining my privacy and personal data.
I am satisfied that there are no additional costs associated with using cash.
Perceived UsefulnessCash is more suitable for meeting my needs.
Cash is the most efficient method of making payments.
I feel that cash has become an effective solution for payments.
Cash is very useful for everyday transactions due to its universal acceptance.
Cash is the most expeditious way to make transactions, bypassing the often time-consuming digital process.
I feel that cash is useful because it does not incur additional costs.
AttitudeI feel that cash is the most suitable form of payment.
I find cash to be an effective and efficient method of payment.
I generally prefer to use cash for transactions everywhere.
Cash remains important to me because its value cannot be replaced by technology.
I have a positive view of cash as a reliable means of payment.
Subjective NormI use cash because it is the preferred method of payment of the people around me.
My friends suggest that I use cash for transactions.
My group physically suggests I use cash for transactions.
My group virtually recommends that I use cash for transactions.
The majority of the places I transact with still prefer to use cash for transactions.
People around me expect that I will continue to rely on cash in my day-to-day transactions.
I feel more socially accepted when I use cash for transactions.
Perceived Behavioral ControlI am more confident and skilled when using cash in transactions.
I feel that cash is relatively efficient medium of exchange.
I do not need support in obtaining cash.
I have never had difficulty in obtaining cash for daily transactions.
I find it easy to organize and control the use of cash in my daily transactions.
I am confident in my ability to overcome any obstacles that may arise when using cash.
Intention to Continue to Use CashI intend to continue using cash for transactions at both physical stores and online stores.
I would recommend others continue using cash for transactions.
I intend to increase the number of transactions made through cash payments in comparison to other payment systems.
I intend to maintain my use of cash, despite the growing popularity of alternative payment methods.
I plan to continue using cash as a payment method in the long term.

References

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Societies 15 00120 g001
Figure 1. SEM-PLS of cash usage behavior.
Figure 1. SEM-PLS of cash usage behavior.
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Figure 2. Detailed description of cash usage in various situations.
Figure 2. Detailed description of cash usage in various situations.
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Figure 3. The structural modeling of cash usage behavior.
Figure 3. The structural modeling of cash usage behavior.
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Table 1. The descriptive statistics of the respondents.
Table 1. The descriptive statistics of the respondents.
VariableMeanMedianMaximumMinimumStd.Dev
PAY0.5631.0001.0000.0000.497
AGE34.62331.00072.00018.00012.596
EDUCATION3.0633.0005.0001.0000.858
WORKST1.7282.0002.0001.0000.446
MARD1.6802.0004.0001.0000.623
EXPEND3,154,8133,000,00055,000,00025,0003,616,460
JAB1.4801.0008.0000.0001.163
Table 2. Correlation matrix.
Table 2. Correlation matrix.
AGEEDUWORKMAREXPENDABA
AGE1.000
EDU0.0211.000
WORK−0.155−0.2091.000
MAR−0.6240.1730.2351.000
EXPEND−0.190−0.142−0.059−0.0341.000
ABA0.152−0.071−0.205−0.010−0.2421.000
Table 3. The logistic regression estimation.
Table 3. The logistic regression estimation.
VariableCoefficient (B)Standard Error (S.E)
CONSTANT3.110 ***0.890
AGEi0.0370.016
EDUi−1.322 ***0.222
WORKi0.692 **0.312
MARi−0.3640.366
EXPENDi0.0000.000
ABAi−0.756 ***0.150
Nagelkerke R-square0.428
Hosmer and Lemeshow test
(Chi-square)		10.810
Note: **, and *** are significant at 5% and 1%.
Table 4. Reliability and validity tests.
Table 4. Reliability and validity tests.
VariableComposite Reliability (rho_c)Average Variance Extracted (AVE)
Attitude0.9340.738
Continuous Intention to Use Cash0.9360.744
Perceived Behavioral Control0.9320.694
Perceived Ease of Use0.9170.648
Perceived Quality Attribute0.9030.651
Perceived Risk0.9100.593
Perceived Usefulness0.9430.736
Satisfaction0.9300.727
Subjective Norm0.9410.694
Source: Own calculation (2024).
Table 5. Goodness-of-fit model.
Table 5. Goodness-of-fit model.
Saturated ModelEstimated Model
SRMR0.0720.112
d_ULS7.14017.354
d_G1.9592.437
Chi-square4332.5664881.368
NFI0.7810.754
Source: Own calculation (2024).
Table 6. Direct effect between variables.
Table 6. Direct effect between variables.
VariableOriginal Sample (O)Sample Mean (M)Standard Deviation (STDEV)T Statistics (|O/STDEV|)p-Values
ATD → CIUC0.3950.3990.0934.2560.000
PBC → CIUC0.1150.1160.0901.2780.201
PEU → CIUC0.0640.0610.0680.9400.347
PEU → PU0.8090.8100.02039.6350.000
PEU → SATS0.7550.7560.02431.4570.000
PQA → ATD0.2180.2200.0534.1500.000
PR → ATD0.5850.5850.05410.8770.000
PU → CIUC0.0120.0110.0860.1380.890
SATS → CIUC−0.153−0.1530.0752.0510.040
SN → CIUC0.4310.4310.0557.8860.000
Source: Own calculation (2024).
Table 7. Indirect effect between variables.
Table 7. Indirect effect between variables.
VariableOriginal Sample (O)Sample Mean (M)Standard Deviation (STDEV)T-Statistics (|O/STDEV|)p-Values
PQA → ATD → CIUC0.0860.0880.0302.8540.004
PR → ATD → CIUC0.2310.2330.0583.9690.000
PEU → SATS → CIUC−0.116−0.1160.0562.0610.039
PEU → PU → CIUC0.0100.0090.0700.1380.891
Source: Own calculation (2024).
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Bahri, S.; Suroso, A.I.; Suhendi; Sari, L.K. Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies. Societies 2025, 15, 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120

AMA Style

Bahri S, Suroso AI, Suhendi, Sari LK. Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies. Societies. 2025; 15(5):120. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120

Chicago/Turabian Style

Bahri, Saiful, Arif Imam Suroso, Suhendi, and Linda Karlina Sari. 2025. "Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies" Societies 15, no. 5: 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120

APA Style

Bahri, S., Suroso, A. I., Suhendi, & Sari, L. K. (2025). Examining Cash Usage Behavior in Metropolitan Greater Jakarta Societies. Societies, 15(5), 120. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15050120

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