Societies

29 pages, 571 KB

Open AccessArticle

Students’ Perceptions of Remote Work After COVID-19: A Comparative Study of Romania and Bulgaria

by Anamaria Beatrice Aldea, Silvia Parusheva and Slaveya Zhelyazkova

Societies 2025, 15(10), 291; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100291 (registering DOI) - 18 Oct 2025

One of the most important changes after the COVID-19 pandemic was the adoption of remote or hybrid work, which has become increasingly common in many sectors and industries. In this context, based on data from a questionnaire survey, this study aims to explore [...] Read more.

One of the most important changes after the COVID-19 pandemic was the adoption of remote or hybrid work, which has become increasingly common in many sectors and industries. In this context, based on data from a questionnaire survey, this study aims to explore the perceptions and expectations of students from two Eastern European countries—Romania and Bulgaria—regarding working from home as an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. To achieve this aim, this study is based on The Job Demands–Resources Theory and the Task–Technology Fit model, which provide an important theoretical framework in interpreting the results. The research employed a non-probability sampling method, with the final sample including 260 respondents from various bachelor’s, master’s, and doctoral programs from two universities, 115 from Romania and 145 from Bulgaria. Data analysis was performed using descriptives statistics, nonparametric correlation analysis, nonparametric tests, as well as multinomial logistic regression and a two-step cluster analysis. The empirical results showed that there are significant differences between the two countries in terms of several aspects related to working from home. We found that the national context influences how people perceive the advantages and disadvantages of working from home and what skills are most important in the post-pandemic labor market. However, respondents have similar expectations regarding future working arrangements, with the majority wanting a hybrid work style. Consequently, the COVID-19 pandemic has had a powerful effect on how people currently work, an effect that will also continue in the future. Full article

18 pages, 636 KB

Open AccessArticle

Navigating Layered Exclusion: Workplace Dynamics and Inter-Migrant Discrimination Among African Professionals in Australia

by Olabisi Imonitie, Stephen Bolaji, Tinashe Dune, Sulay Jalloh and Isaac Akefe

Societies 2025, 15(10), 290; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100290 - 17 Oct 2025

Viewed by 33

Abstract

This paper investigates layered workplace exclusions experienced by African professionals in Australian workplaces. Through semi-structured interviews with 44 participants and a qualitative phenomenological design, the study reveals experiences of subtle exclusion, workplace gatekeeping, and power struggles that African professionals face from various sources—dominant [...] Read more.

This paper investigates layered workplace exclusions experienced by African professionals in Australian workplaces. Through semi-structured interviews with 44 participants and a qualitative phenomenological design, the study reveals experiences of subtle exclusion, workplace gatekeeping, and power struggles that African professionals face from various sources—dominant cultural groups, other migrant communities, and within their own professional networks. An integrated theoretical framework combining Intersectionality Theory, Social Dominance Theory, and Bourdieu’s concepts of cultural capital and habitus examines how overlapping identities and power hierarchies shape workplace relationships and professional belonging. The findings show that diversity and inclusion efforts often neglect the layered nature of exclusion that African professionals navigate, limiting their effectiveness. This study contributes to migration and workplace diversity scholarship by highlighting the need for inclusion strategies that address the complex realities of workplace exclusion in multicultural professional environments rather than relying on simple majority–minority binaries. Full article

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18 pages, 294 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beyond Unearned Income: The Contribution of Rural Youth to Earned Household Income in the Free State Province of South Africa

by Johannes I. F. Henning

Societies 2025, 15(10), 289; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100289 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 152

Abstract

South Africa’s urbanization is often driven by poverty, unemployment, and limited resource access. Unearned income, such as social grants and other sources, has contributed to poverty alleviation. However, concerns have also been raised that this unearned support may reduce individuals’ motivation to pursue [...] Read more.

South Africa’s urbanization is often driven by poverty, unemployment, and limited resource access. Unearned income, such as social grants and other sources, has contributed to poverty alleviation. However, concerns have also been raised that this unearned support may reduce individuals’ motivation to pursue earned income opportunities. This study investigates whether a two-step modelling approach provides better insight than a single-framework model to assess the influence of youths’ access to resources on household income generation. The results indicate that the two-step model is more effective, as different factors influence the decision to earn income and the amount earned. Youth unemployment and household receipt of remittances had similar effects on both the decision to earn income and the amount earned. In contrast, youth involvement in agriculture was positively associated with the decision to earn income but negatively associated with the amount of income. Youth-headed households face additional constraints due to limited access to and ownership of productive resources. The study concludes that a two-step approach provides more information and thus a more accurate understanding of rural income dynamics. Enhancing youth access to quality resources and evaluating the effectiveness of support programs are essential for fostering income generation and improving rural livelihoods. Full article

14 pages, 872 KB

Open AccessReview

Cultural Participation as a Pathway to Social Inclusion: A Systematic Review and Youth Perspectives on Disability and Engagement

by Sara Sáez-Velasco, Abel Merino-Orozco, Cristina Di Giusto-Valle, Elvira Mercado-Val, Gloria Pérez De Albéniz-Garrote, Vanesa Delgado-Benito and Begoña Medina-Gómez

Societies 2025, 15(10), 288; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100288 - 16 Oct 2025

Viewed by 180

Abstract

Social inclusion, particularly in the cultural domain, is a fundamental pillar for ensuring the full participation of all individuals in community life, fostering equity, well-being, and the recognition of diversity. This article has two objectives. Firstly, it aims to conduct a systematic review [...] Read more.

Social inclusion, particularly in the cultural domain, is a fundamental pillar for ensuring the full participation of all individuals in community life, fostering equity, well-being, and the recognition of diversity. This article has two objectives. Firstly, it aims to conduct a systematic review to diagnose the factors that exclude vulnerable groups from cultural access. Secondly, the aim is to understand how a group of young people with disabilities perceive the role of culture as a tool for social and labour inclusion. In October 2023, a systematic review was conducted in the Web of Science and Scopus electronic databases. A total of 37 articles were included in the review and classified into the following five areas of interest. The categories were as follows: (1) the relationship between cultural participation and physical and emotional well-being; (2) universal accessibility as a right to guarantee equitable access to culture; (3) the ability of people with disabilities to participate in culture; (4) the role of cultural policies as facilitators or barriers to inclusion; and (5) participation in contexts of cultural diversity as a means of social integration. These categories guided discussions with two focus groups comprising 15 young people. The positive impact of cultural participation, especially in its social dimension, was highlighted. The data point to the value of technology as a facilitator of access to culture, particularly for young people. Policies should focus on diverse cultural expressions and promote cognitive accessibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Critical Disability Studies, a Social Theory and Praxis Supporting Changes in Socio-Political Conditions of Social Exclusion of People with Disabilities)

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17 pages, 283 KB

Open AccessArticle

Descriptive Study on State and Trait Anxiety Levels in University Students and Their Potential Influencing Factors

by Itziar Quevedo-Bayona, María-Camino Escolar-Llamazares, María-Ángeles Martínez-Martín and Francisco Luis Adell Carrasco

Societies 2025, 15(10), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100287 - 14 Oct 2025

Viewed by 286

Abstract

While anxiety can be adaptive at moderate levels, it may also develop into a clinical disorder when it becomes excessively intense. In the university academic environment, such disorders not only affect the students’ academic performance but also their overall well-being. This study aims [...] Read more.

While anxiety can be adaptive at moderate levels, it may also develop into a clinical disorder when it becomes excessively intense. In the university academic environment, such disorders not only affect the students’ academic performance but also their overall well-being. This study aims to analyze anxiety levels among students at the University of Burgos and identify factors that may influence the manifestation of anxiety. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) was administrated digitally to 302 students (74 men, 228 women) from the University of Burgos via Microsoft Forms, following a cross-sectional quantitative research design. The study revealed high levels of both state and trait anxiety among the student sample. While trait anxiety levels were similar between genders, women tended to report higher state anxiety. Students in technical fields and those fully dedicated to their studies exhibited higher trait anxiety. Additionally, age, academic discipline, and living away from one’s hometown significantly predicted higher state anxiety. Age and exclusive academic dedication also predicted higher trait anxiety. These findings emphasize the importance of addressing anxiety differences across student subgroups and providing targeted support during this critical developmental period. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mental Health, Anxiety, and Emerging Technologies: Assessment, Social Implications, and Interventions)

21 pages, 753 KB

Open AccessArticle

Uneven Grounds: Class, Gender, and the Social Distribution of Work Flexibility

by Nelson Lay-Raby, Hanns de la Fuente-Mella, Juan Felipe Espinosa-Cristia and Gonzalo Ríos-Vásquez

Societies 2025, 15(10), 286; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100286 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 435

Abstract

This article analyzes the unequal distribution of perceived work flexibility in Chile, drawing on data from the 2023 National Time Use Survey (ENUT). Using multilevel multinomial logistic regression models, this study explores how individual and contextual variables shape the likelihood of perceiving jobs [...] Read more.

This article analyzes the unequal distribution of perceived work flexibility in Chile, drawing on data from the 2023 National Time Use Survey (ENUT). Using multilevel multinomial logistic regression models, this study explores how individual and contextual variables shape the likelihood of perceiving jobs as fully flexible, partially flexible, or non-flexible. The findings reveal that flexibility is a stratified experience: women are more likely to access partial—but not full—flexibility; workers with higher educational attainment report lower perceptions of flexibility, and longer working hours are associated with diminished flexibility. Among the contextual factors, occupation stands out as the strongest predictor, explaining a substantial share of variance across the models. Employers are more likely to report full flexibility, while dependent workers tend to experience only limited forms of autonomy. These results challenge the notion of flexibility as a universally empowering feature of modern labor markets, underscoring the need for policies and organizational practices that address the structural inequalities embedded in flexible work arrangements. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity Competence and Social Inequalities)

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24 pages, 1892 KB

Open AccessArticle

Correlational and Configurational Perspectives on the Determinants of Generative AI Adoption Among Spanish Zoomers and Millennials

by Antonio Pérez-Portabella, Mario Arias-Oliva, Graciela Padilla-Castillo and Jorge de Andrés-Sánchez

Societies 2025, 15(10), 285; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100285 - 11 Oct 2025

Viewed by 153

Abstract

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) has become a topic of increasing societal and academic relevance, with its rapid diffusion reshaping public debate, policymaking, and scholarly inquiry across diverse disciplines. Building on this context, the present study explores the factors influencing GAI adoption among Spanish [...] Read more.

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) has become a topic of increasing societal and academic relevance, with its rapid diffusion reshaping public debate, policymaking, and scholarly inquiry across diverse disciplines. Building on this context, the present study explores the factors influencing GAI adoption among Spanish digital natives (Millennials and Zoomers), using data from a large national survey of 1533 participants (average age = 33.51 years). The theoretical foundation of this research is the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB). Accordingly, the study examines how perceived usefulness (USEFUL), innovativeness (INNOV), privacy concerns (PRI), knowledge (KNOWL), perceived social performance (SPER), and perceived need for regulation (NREG), along with gender (FEM) and generational identity (GENZ), influence the frequency of GAI use. A mixed-methods design combines ordered logistic regression to assess average effects and fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to uncover multiple causal paths. The results show that USEFUL, INNOV, KNOWL, and GENZ positively influence GAI use, whereas NREG discourages it. PRI and SPER show no statistically significant differences. The fsQCA reveals 17 configurations leading to GAI use and eight to non-use, confirming an asymmetric pattern in which all variables, including PRI, SPER, and FEM, are relevant in specific combinations. These insights highlight the multifaceted nature of GAI adoption and suggest tailored educational, communication, and policy strategies to promote responsible and inclusive use. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technology and Social Change in the Digital Age)

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16 pages, 238 KB

Open AccessArticle

Anti-Bullying in the Digital Age: How Cyberhate Travels from Social Media to Classroom Climate in Pre-Service Teacher Programmes

by Jesús Marolla-Gajardo and María Yazmina Lozano Mas

Societies 2025, 15(10), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100284 - 10 Oct 2025

Viewed by 250

Abstract

This article examines online hate as a driver of cyberbullying and a barrier to inclusive schooling, integrating theoretical, philosophical and methodological perspectives. We approach hate speech as communicative practices that legitimise discrimination and exclusion and, once amplified by social media affordances, erode equity, [...] Read more.

This article examines online hate as a driver of cyberbullying and a barrier to inclusive schooling, integrating theoretical, philosophical and methodological perspectives. We approach hate speech as communicative practices that legitimise discrimination and exclusion and, once amplified by social media affordances, erode equity, belonging and well-being in educational settings. The study adopts a qualitative, exploratory–descriptive design using focus groups with pre-service teachers from initial teacher education programmes across several Chilean regions. Participants reflected on the presence, trajectories and classroom effects of cyberhate/cyberbullying. Data were analysed thematically with ATLAS.ti24. Findings describe a recurrent pathway in which anonymous posts lead to public exposure, followed by heightened anxiety and eventual withdrawal. This shows how online aggression spills into classrooms, normalises everyday disparagement and fuels self-censorship, especially among minoritised students. The analysis also highlights the amplifying role of educator authority (tone, feedback, modelling) and institutional inaction. In response, participants identified protective practices: explicit dialogic norms, rapid and caring classroom interventions, restorative and care-centred feedback, partnership with families and peers, and critical digital citizenship that links platform literacy with ethical reasoning. The article contributes evidence to inform anti-bullying policy, inclusive curriculums and teacher education by proposing actionable, context-sensitive strategies that strengthen equity, dignity and belonging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Anti-Bullying in the Digital Age: Evidences and Emerging Trends)

22 pages, 12655 KB

Open AccessArticle

Building a New World in the Shell of the Old: Co-Designing Post-Capitalist Visions

by Alix Gerber

Societies 2025, 15(10), 283; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100283 - 9 Oct 2025

Viewed by 422

Abstract

Designers working towards social change have often focused on designing discrete solutions to social problems, rather than working within the long-term world-making practices of movements. This paper examines the potential of a more embedded design practice within prefigurative movements, where mutual aid networks, [...] Read more.

Designers working towards social change have often focused on designing discrete solutions to social problems, rather than working within the long-term world-making practices of movements. This paper examines the potential of a more embedded design practice within prefigurative movements, where mutual aid networks, worker cooperatives, and other solidarity economy initiatives are already developing alternative systems in the present. What if we could design everyday tools with these collectives to embody their transformative visions? Yet it can be difficult to design for transformation collaboratively. Collectives include members with diverse visions that can conflict, as well as different ideas about how to create change. To explore these challenges, I discuss a project that guided local prefigurative collectives in articulating and sharing their visions of a future 100 years beyond the fall of capitalism by co-creating an illustrated map. The project achieved the collaborative articulation of transformed futures, and it also initiated a dialogue on how to design for these transformative visions today. Moving forward, the project raises questions about the risks of sharing diverging visions while attempting to build coalitions, as well as the opportunity to clarify where our dreams overlap and diverge, empowering collective members to take non-normative steps with confidence. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inside-Out: Critical Design Thinking for Transformative Social Innovation)

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11 pages, 211 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustainable Community Services, Community Working Methods and Practices

by Maria Arapovics

Societies 2025, 15(10), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100282 - 5 Oct 2025

Viewed by 431

Abstract

The Community and Civil Research Group of Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest) investigated sustainable community activities in Hungary and abroad to identify local responses to global challenges. Using qualitative research methods, focus groups and interviews, this research defined the concepts of community service, community [...] Read more.

The Community and Civil Research Group of Eötvös Loránd University (Budapest) investigated sustainable community activities in Hungary and abroad to identify local responses to global challenges. Using qualitative research methods, focus groups and interviews, this research defined the concepts of community service, community practice and working methods by analysing nearly 80 practical examples and 65 interviews in Hungary. The practical examples were used to create a “sustainable community model” and a methodological guide for community developers on how to implement community services. The steps of the process presented in the model are based on building community involvement and participation, mobilising local resources and capacities, creating community-based services, building sustainability and self-sufficiency and consolidating innovative training and community working practices. The research resulted in the creation of an online Community Repository, which provides community responses to the 17 UN Global Sustainability Challenges and Goals —economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection—by organising the collected community services, small community practices and working methods around seven community development perspectives: governance, place, sustainable livelihoods, culture (and the arts), identity (belonging and connection), human rights and resilience and engagement and knowledge. This study provides a methodological foundation for developing resilient community-based services that contribute to sustainability, inclusivity and innovation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adapting to Change: Social, Organizational, and Technological Responses to Contemporary Challenges)

17 pages, 1034 KB

Open AccessArticle

Role of Income, Education, and Physical Activity in Mediating the Relationship Between Self-Rated Health and Political Participation of European Citizens

by Marcelo de Maio Nascimento, Adilson Marques, Élvio Rúbio Gouveia and Andreas Ihle

Societies 2025, 15(10), 281; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100281 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 355

Abstract

Background: Health problems can be an impediment during aging to political participation (PP), including voting. Furthermore, factors such as income, education, and level of physical activity (PA) also influence the PP of older adults. We examined whether income, education, and PA mediated the [...] Read more.

Background: Health problems can be an impediment during aging to political participation (PP), including voting. Furthermore, factors such as income, education, and level of physical activity (PA) also influence the PP of older adults. We examined whether income, education, and PA mediated the relationship between self-rated health (SRH) and PP in voters and non-voters aged 50 and over from 20 European countries. Methods: Data were taken from the European Social Survey. We included 14,701 individuals (64.63 ± 9.69 years), of which 52.5% were women. Results: Multivariate analyses suggested that increased SRH, income, education, and PA scores represented greater odds for intensifying PP in voters and non-voters. Mediation analyses showed that income, education, and PA partially mediated the association between SRH and PP among voters. Among non-voters, income was not a significant mediator of the association between SRH and PP. The largest mediated proportion occurred in the SRH → PA → PP path of voters at 35.34% and non-voters at 36.38%. The direct effect of SRH on the PP was verified only among voters. Conclusions: The findings contribute to a better understanding of the PP of individuals aged 50 and over and may contribute to planning strategies to increase PP in Europe. Full article

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13 pages, 227 KB

Open AccessArticle

Promoting Social and Economic Justice in Black Communities in the Current Anti-DEI Climate

by Robert P. Singh

Societies 2025, 15(10), 280; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100280 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 413

Abstract

Hostility toward diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs threaten to widen long-term racial economic gaps in the U.S. As the demographic makeup of the country continues to shift, a failure to address these gaps will have growing negative impacts on overall national prosperity. [...] Read more.

Hostility toward diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) programs threaten to widen long-term racial economic gaps in the U.S. As the demographic makeup of the country continues to shift, a failure to address these gaps will have growing negative impacts on overall national prosperity. In this paper, three issues are discussed in order to achieve the broad goal of greater social and economic justice: (1) rebranding DEI and encouraging equity and fairness principles (EFP) for all, (2) using organizational and social science theories to illustrate and explain the ongoing sources of inequity and unfairness within Black and other minority communities, and (3) changing the focus of the argument for social justice away from a moral argument to the economic argument. This paper provides conceptual and theory-based arguments to illustrate how superior organizational performance is achieved through diversity and to make the case for the proposed EFP framework. Practical and theoretical implications are explored to reduce misunderstanding of the goals of DEI and return focus toward the continued and ongoing need to address social and economic inequality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Social Inclusion and Well-Being, How Contemporary Societies Have Transformed)

17 pages, 942 KB

Open AccessArticle

Holistic Competencies and Employability: Diagnosis and Improvements for Higher Education in Ecuador from a Labor Market Perspective

by Diana Patricia Moya Loaiza, Juan Alcides Cárdenas Tapia and Cristian Leonardo García García

Societies 2025, 15(10), 279; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100279 - 2 Oct 2025

Viewed by 488

Abstract

Soft skills are increasingly recognised as decisive factors for employability and career advancement in the global labour market. This study examines their role in the professional trajectories of university graduates in Ecuador, analysing both the competencies supplied by higher education and the structural [...] Read more.

Soft skills are increasingly recognised as decisive factors for employability and career advancement in the global labour market. This study examines their role in the professional trajectories of university graduates in Ecuador, analysing both the competencies supplied by higher education and the structural demand of the labour market. Based on institutional surveys applied to 3358 graduates from the Salesian Polytechnic University (Cuenca campus), the results show that more than

90 %

of graduates remain in operational positions, while only

5 %

reach tactical or managerial levels. To address this phenomenon, five key soft skills—leadership, effective communication, teamwork, problem-solving, and adaptability—were evaluated through a structured questionnaire using Likert-type items. The findings reveal a persistent concentration of professionals in lower organisational levels and heterogeneous perceptions of the applicability of academic training. These outcomes highlight both individual skill gaps and structural limitations of the Ecuadorian labour market, such as the scarcity of managerial positions and the prevalence of family-based business structures. In response, the study proposes a sector-based curricular improvement strategy that systematically incorporates soft skills into university programmes, differentiated by economic sectors such as education, health, commerce, public administration, industry, and primary activities. Grounded in empirical evidence, this approach provides a practical framework to enhance graduates’ career progression, foster more equitable professional mobility, and strengthen the relevance of higher education. The model can be replicated across other Latin American universities facing similar challenges, while also aligning with international standards for competency-based education. Full article

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16 pages, 287 KB

Open AccessArticle

Social Workers’ Experiences and Collaboration with Public Health Professionals in a Low-Income Country: A Qualitative Study

by Gloria Macassa, Janete Mabuie, José da Cruz Francisco and Joaquim Soares

Societies 2025, 15(10), 278; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100278 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 332

Abstract

Social workers and public health professionals are expected to collaborate in promoting health and social equity to address the complex challenges faced by societies now and in the future. This collaboration is particularly crucial in low-income countries, where social and health issues significantly [...] Read more.

Social workers and public health professionals are expected to collaborate in promoting health and social equity to address the complex challenges faced by societies now and in the future. This collaboration is particularly crucial in low-income countries, where social and health issues significantly affect people’s wellbeing. This study explored social workers’ perceptions of their role in society, their collaboration with public health professionals, and the importance of sustainable development in their professional practice. An exploratory qualitative study was conducted between March and June 2024, involving semi-structured interviews with twelve professional social workers from the three main geographic regions of Mozambique (north, central, and south). Content analysis was used to identify and synthesize the key categories that emerged from the data. Four main categories were identified: limited public understanding of the mission and practice of social work; a lack of collaboration with public health professionals; the integration of sustainable development goals into social work practice; and anticipated future challenges for Mozambique’s social and public health sectors. The findings highlight a perceived lack of societal awareness regarding the role of social workers and limited interprofessional collaboration, with barriers such as poor communication and a lack of mutual understanding between the two professions. Moreover, the participants recognized the need to contribute, through their daily work alongside public health professionals, to the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Holistic Approaches: The Inter-Effect Between Social Ecology and Social Work for Vulnerable Groups)

19 pages, 629 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions of Diversity in School Leadership Promotions: An Initial Exploratory Study in the Republic of Ireland

by Robert Hannan, Niamh Lafferty and Patricia Mannix-McNamara

Societies 2025, 15(10), 277; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100277 - 1 Oct 2025

Viewed by 359

Abstract

This initial exploratory study examined the perceptions of teachers and school leaders in the Republic of Ireland regarding diversity in promotions to school principalship, framed by Equity Theory, Organisational Justice Theory, and Legitimacy Theory. A mixed-methods approach was utilised within this study. Data [...] Read more.

This initial exploratory study examined the perceptions of teachers and school leaders in the Republic of Ireland regarding diversity in promotions to school principalship, framed by Equity Theory, Organisational Justice Theory, and Legitimacy Theory. A mixed-methods approach was utilised within this study. Data was collected from 123 participants via an online survey comprising Likert-type statements and open-ended questions. This data was analysed using descriptive statistics and quantitative analysis for the Likert-type statements and thematic analysis was used to examine the qualitative responses, allowing for the identification of recurring patterns and themes to complement the quantitative findings. Findings indicated disparities between perceived and desired prioritisation of diversity, alongside varied perceptions of its impact on school performance and leadership. Disability, social class, and religious diversity were perceived as the least prioritised in promotion practices, while gender and cultural diversity received greater support and were more frequently linked to positive leadership outcomes. Participants reported mixed perceptions across diversity dimensions, with gender, age, and cultural diversity associated with the most positive impacts. Concerns about tokenism and the perceived undermining of merit-based promotion were widespread, reflecting the importance of fairness, transparency, and alignment with stakeholder expectations. The study underscored the need for promotion processes that are both equitable and credible, and for organisational cultures that enable diverse leaders to thrive. These findings provided a foundation for further research and policy development to foster inclusive and representative school leadership in Ireland. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Interdisciplinary Social Research in Economics, Environment, Education, and Philosophy)

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24 pages, 324 KB

Open AccessArticle

Gender Role Reversal in Gig Economy Households: A Sociological Insight from Southeast Asia with Evidence from Pakistan

by Umar Daraz, Štefan Bojnec and Younas Khan

Societies 2025, 15(10), 276; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100276 - 1 Oct 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 456

Abstract

The rapid growth of the gig economy and digital platforms is challenging traditional gender roles, particularly in developing countries where structural inequalities continue to shape labor and household dynamics. Despite growing global interest in gender equity and digital inclusion, limited research has examined [...] Read more.

The rapid growth of the gig economy and digital platforms is challenging traditional gender roles, particularly in developing countries where structural inequalities continue to shape labor and household dynamics. Despite growing global interest in gender equity and digital inclusion, limited research has examined how gig work, digital access, and women’s income contributions interact to influence household gender dynamics within culturally conservative contexts. This study aimed to investigate the multidimensional impacts of women’s participation in gig work on time use redistribution, intra-household decision making, gender ideology, and role reversal within households in Pakistan. Using a cross-sectional survey design, data were collected from a representative sample of married couples engaged in the gig economy across urban and peri-urban areas of Pakistan. A quantitative analysis was conducted employing a combination of an analysis of variance, ordinal logistic regression, hierarchical multiple regression, and structural equation modeling to evaluate the direct and indirect relationships between constructs. The findings revealed that women’s gig work participation significantly predicted enhanced digital access, greater income contributions, and increased intra-household decision-making power. These, in turn, contributed to a measurable shift in gender ideology toward equality norms and a partial reversal of traditional gender roles, particularly in household labor division. The study concludes that the intersection of economic participation and digital empowerment serves as a catalyst for progressive gender restructuring within households. Policy implications include the need for gender-responsive labor policies, investment in digital infrastructure, and targeted interventions to support empowering women in non-traditional work roles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating Inequality and Well-Being in the Changing World of Work: A Cross-Sectoral Perspective)

22 pages, 303 KB

Open AccessConcept Paper

Modelling Inclusion: Using Participatory Methods for Equitable Research on Inequalities in Marginalized Groups

by Rachel Julian, Ghazala Mir, Riddhi Singh and on behalf of the PEI Partners

Societies 2025, 15(10), 275; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100275 - 30 Sep 2025

Viewed by 383

Abstract

This paper explores the methodological implications, processes, and opportunities relating to the use of participatory approaches in the study of intersecting inequalities. Within the context of an international, interdisciplinary project (Partnerships for Equality and Inclusion (PEI)), four sub-projects elected to use participatory methodologies [...] Read more.

This paper explores the methodological implications, processes, and opportunities relating to the use of participatory approaches in the study of intersecting inequalities. Within the context of an international, interdisciplinary project (Partnerships for Equality and Inclusion (PEI)), four sub-projects elected to use participatory methodologies to engage with marginalized and excluded communities so that their needs, voices, and knowledge were included in the data collection process and the dissemination of findings at micro (community) and macro (policy) levels. The four project teams in Kenya, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Nigeria engaged with training and research processes so that participants with lived experience could contribute both as peer researchers and in focus groups that contributed study data. In this paper, we bring together the findings and learning from each project about how these methods contributed to equity in the research process. We conclude with insights and recommendations on how participatory methods can enable an intersectional and grounded perspective from people facing multiple inequalities in periods of crisis and political change. Full article

16 pages, 276 KB

Open AccessConcept Paper

The Emerging Gig Economy and Sustainable Development in Sub-Saharan Africa

by Desmond Ayentimi, Albert Amankwaa and John Burgess

Societies 2025, 15(10), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100274 - 29 Sep 2025

Viewed by 777

Abstract

Online work mediated by digital platforms is prevalent across various sectors, including food delivery, data entry, and professional services. Globally, gig work and the gig economy are growing with improved and increased Internet coverage and mobile phone sales. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is no [...] Read more.

Online work mediated by digital platforms is prevalent across various sectors, including food delivery, data entry, and professional services. Globally, gig work and the gig economy are growing with improved and increased Internet coverage and mobile phone sales. Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is no exception as the online economy expands, albeit unevenly across the many countries in the region. Given that the region is afflicted by poverty, unemployment, and underemployment (especially for youth), low rates of female workforce participation, and a dominant informal economy where labour standards are absent, it is appropriate to consider whether the gig economy can contribute to the Sustainable Development Goals linked to work. Drawing on secondary evidence, this review article considers the potential for the gig economy to contribute to jobs, income, employment standards, gender equity, and training and development. Despite the limited evidence from across the region and the evidence that many gig jobs are precarious and low-paid, it is suggested that gig working has the potential to contribute to the sustainable development of the region. Full article

14 pages, 3030 KB

Open AccessArticle

Toward Social Disclosure Alignment: Evaluating the Interoperability of ISSB S2 with ESRS and GRI Standards

by Péter Molnár, Bence Lukács and Árpád Tóth

Societies 2025, 15(10), 273; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100273 - 28 Sep 2025

Viewed by 512

Abstract

The evolution of sustainability reporting has led to an increased emphasis on environmental disclosures, often at the expense of social and governance dimensions. While frameworks such as the International Sustainability Standards Board’s (ISSB) IFRS S2 standard offer important advances in climate-related transparency, they [...] Read more.

The evolution of sustainability reporting has led to an increased emphasis on environmental disclosures, often at the expense of social and governance dimensions. While frameworks such as the International Sustainability Standards Board’s (ISSB) IFRS S2 standard offer important advances in climate-related transparency, they insufficiently address the broader social aspects of corporate sustainability performance. In response to this gap, this study investigates the interoperability of social disclosures across three major frameworks: ISSB S2, the European Sustainability Reporting Standards (ESRS), and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) standards. Using a structured interoperability index, we systematically map and score the degree of thematic and structural alignment between these standards, focusing specifically on social disclosure topics. The analysis reveals moderate interoperability between ESRS and GRI social disclosures, but far lower alignment between ISSB S2 and either ESRS or GRI, confirming the ongoing underrepresentation of the social pillar within the ISSB framework. Connectivity ratios remain below 6% across all matrices, underscoring persistent fragmentation in global ESG reporting standards. These findings highlight the need for regulatory bodies and standard setters to advance harmonization efforts that equally prioritize environmental, social, and governance dimensions. By foregrounding the interoperability gaps in social disclosures, this study contributes to the academic debate on ESG convergence and informs policy discussions on developing multidimensional, stakeholder-responsive reporting architectures. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Adapting to Change: Social, Organizational, and Technological Responses to Contemporary Challenges)

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16 pages, 1523 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of a Teacher Training Program on Students’ Perceptions of the Teaching–Learning Process

by Jorge López González, Belén Obispo-Díaz and Jesús Rodríguez Barroso

Societies 2025, 15(10), 272; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100272 - 28 Sep 2025

Viewed by 277

Abstract

The aim of this article is to identify the effectiveness of a teacher education program based on student perceptions. In this aim, a longitudinal research project was carried out with a sample of 14,229 students at a Spanish university who evaluated their teachers [...] Read more.

The aim of this article is to identify the effectiveness of a teacher education program based on student perceptions. In this aim, a longitudinal research project was carried out with a sample of 14,229 students at a Spanish university who evaluated their teachers (using a Likert-type scale) after they completed a teacher training program. The CEDA teacher evaluation scale (α = 0.968; ω = 0.968) was used to assess students’ perceptions of the instructor’s role as a facilitator of learning. Complementary qualitative information was also collected, which complemented the quantitative findings. The first conclusion is the positive impact of key variables of the teacher training program: the pedagogical model, educational innovation, and evaluation strategies. Secondly, the students’ perception was slightly better in relation to the pedagogical model, followed by evaluation strategies and finally educational innovation. Thirdly, although students generally rated the teaching of technical subjects more highly than the humanities, the perception of change linked to teacher training was positive for all subjects. Finally, there was a slight difference in students’ perceptions according to the academic course (second, third, or fourth). All of the above should be considered for future teacher training programs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic AI Trends in Teacher and Student Training)

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17 pages, 228 KB

Open AccessArticle

Working from (a New) Home: Tensions Faced by Remote Working Immigrants in Canada

by Samantha Jackson and Suzanne Huot

Societies 2025, 15(10), 271; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100271 - 28 Sep 2025

Viewed by 441

Abstract

Remote work has become a prevalent work model in Canada but there is limited research on how immigrants experience this type of work. This paper shares thematic findings from an instrumental case study that explored such experiences in two of Canada’s largest immigrant-receiving [...] Read more.

Remote work has become a prevalent work model in Canada but there is limited research on how immigrants experience this type of work. This paper shares thematic findings from an instrumental case study that explored such experiences in two of Canada’s largest immigrant-receiving provinces. We interviewed 21 highly educated remote workers from the Global South who had immigrated to Canada in the last 10 years. We generated three themes from a reflexive thematic analysis of interview transcripts. (1) Shifting labour market value: despite enhancing their skillsets, many participants still faced labour market devaluation, which led to feelings of insecurity. (2) Occupational flexibility: participants enjoyed the flexibility remote work provided but often could not draw distinct boundaries between work and home. (3) Socialization and belonging: being physically removed from the workplace affected participants’ connections with others within and outside of the workplace. Participants viewed hybrid work as a possible solution for achieving better balance. Using a Bourdieusian lens, we conceptualize the Canadian job market as a site where social inequalities are reproduced by employers and immigrants. We suggest that greater governmental and workplace support systems for socialization, integration, mentorship and building cultural awareness could help immigrants better achieve their career goals. Full article

14 pages, 276 KB

Open AccessArticle

Parental Communication and Discipline Styles as Predictors of Adolescent Aggression and Moral Attitudes: A Cross-Sectional Study

by Mihaela Rus, Mihaela Luminița Sandu, Mariana Floricica Călin, Carmen-Mihaela Băiceanu, Maria Pescaru, Mihai Ștefănoaia, Constantina Alina Ilie Miloș, Ramona Băluțescu and Corina Costache Colareza

Societies 2025, 15(10), 270; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100270 - 28 Sep 2025

Viewed by 969

Abstract

This research examines the impact of parental communication and education on the aggressive behavior of adolescents and their attitudes toward morality, from an interdisciplinary perspective. The study aims to investigate the relationship between parental attitudes towards aggressive behaviors, the disciplinary styles used, and [...] Read more.

This research examines the impact of parental communication and education on the aggressive behavior of adolescents and their attitudes toward morality, from an interdisciplinary perspective. The study aims to investigate the relationship between parental attitudes towards aggressive behaviors, the disciplinary styles used, and the school adaptation of adolescents. The central hypothesis is that a parenting style based on open communication reduces aggressive behavior and improves moral attitudes. Methods. The method involved a cross-sectional study on a sample of 403 adolescents, using structured questionnaires to assess parental communication, attitudes towards aggression, school experience, and aggressive behaviors. The findings revealed a significant positive association between parental tolerance of aggression and adolescents’ aggressive behaviors (r = 0.280, p < 0.001). In contrast, open parental communication was positively related to school adaptation (r = 0.348, p < 0.001). Moreover, negative school attitudes were strong predictors of aggressive manifestations (r = −0.374, p < 0.001). The conclusions emphasize the importance of parental intervention programs that promote effective communication and reduce tolerance of aggressive behaviors, thereby fostering the development of prosocial behaviors and healthy moral attitudes in adolescents. Full article

18 pages, 703 KB

Open AccessArticle

Should I Stay or Should I Go? Mapping the Key Drivers of Skilled Migration Using Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Methodology

by Ejder Ayçin and Esra Erarslan

Societies 2025, 15(10), 269; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100269 - 26 Sep 2025

Viewed by 473

Abstract

The emigration of highly skilled individuals has become a critical concern for many countries amid increasing global labor mobility. This study employs the Improved Fuzzy Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (IF-SWARA) method within a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (FMCDM) framework to identify and prioritize [...] Read more.

The emigration of highly skilled individuals has become a critical concern for many countries amid increasing global labor mobility. This study employs the Improved Fuzzy Step-Wise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis (IF-SWARA) method within a fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (FMCDM) framework to identify and prioritize the key drivers of skilled migration. Drawing on opinions from sixteen Turkish emigrants currently residing abroad, the study captures firsthand perspectives on the structural factors influencing their migration decisions. The results indicate that the most influential factors are workplace conditions, living standards, and academic standards. These findings underscore the multifaceted nature of brain drain and highlight the necessity for comprehensive policy approaches that address both push and pull dynamics. By systematically ranking these determinants, the study contributes to the growing body of evidence-based research on international human capital flows. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue International Migration and the Adaptation Process)

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19 pages, 273 KB

Open AccessArticle

Perceptions of Care in Residential Facilities According to Functional Dependency: A Phenomenological Approach Centred on Older Adults’ Dignity

by Sara Fernández-Ming, María Carmen Martín-Cano, Marta García-Domingo and Adrián Jesús Ricoy-Cano

Societies 2025, 15(10), 268; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100268 - 26 Sep 2025

Viewed by 332

Abstract

Population ageing and the increase in life expectancy have heightened the demand for long-term care in residential facilities. In Spain, it is projected that by 2054 the functional dependency rate among those aged 65 and over will exceed 53.0%, posing significant challenges for [...] Read more.

Population ageing and the increase in life expectancy have heightened the demand for long-term care in residential facilities. In Spain, it is projected that by 2054 the functional dependency rate among those aged 65 and over will exceed 53.0%, posing significant challenges for person-centred care. This study aims to examine institutionalised older adults’ perceptions of care in relation to their functional dependency, and how these perceptions shape their dignity and participation in residential life. A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was conducted in a residential facility located in the north-east of Andalusia, Spain, involving eight residents with varying degrees of autonomy and dependency. Data were collected through individual semi-structured interviews and analysed using Colaizzi’s phenomenological method. The findings revealed that, as dependency increases, care is perceived as more impersonal, generating feelings of diminished dignity and greater exclusion. In addition, limitations were observed in communication and participation in residential life. Respect for privacy and personal preferences was particularly relevant for women. The study concludes that the care received is conditioned by the degree of dependency and the resources available. It is recommended to enhance staff training, increase staffing levels, and promote the active participation of residents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for Social Inclusion of Older Adults in Liquid Modernity)

11 pages, 230 KB

Open AccessArticle

Ethics in the Shadow: Political Marketing’s Role in Shaping Electoral Trust

by Ionela-Alina Alupoaei and Dumitru Goldbach

Societies 2025, 15(10), 267; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100267 - 26 Sep 2025

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Abstract

This study analyzes the relationships between ethical perceptions, perceived sincerity of politicians, and the influences of political marketing on electoral behavior in Romania. Relevant connections were identified using an online questionnaire, resulting in a complex model of the moral and communicational evaluation of [...] Read more.

This study analyzes the relationships between ethical perceptions, perceived sincerity of politicians, and the influences of political marketing on electoral behavior in Romania. Relevant connections were identified using an online questionnaire, resulting in a complex model of the moral and communicational evaluation of political actors. The findings show that people with a high level of ethical evaluation tend to interpret politicians’ lack of sincerity as being caused by external influences, such as political consultants and communication experts. At the same time, ethically oriented respondents show increased trust in independent candidates and greater openness to the possibility that electoral promises are achievable, suggesting an orientation towards moral alternatives to the traditional political system. Additionally, individuals with a high degree of psychological resilience appear to be more skeptical about the sincerity of political discourse, indicating a cognitive defense mechanism through caution and distrust. The analysis also highlights slight demographic differences, especially by gender and age, as well as a remarkable intercorrelation between perceptions of the veracity of parties and politicians, suggesting the existence of a unitary construct underlying the perception of honesty in politics. These results provide valuable insights regarding the impact of political marketing strategies on the symbolic capital of sincerity and contribute to the shaping of ethical directions for electoral communication. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Populism Development in Media Digitalization: The Role of Social Ideologies)

17 pages, 658 KB

Open AccessArticle

Generational Climate Engagement in Liquid Modernity: Eco-Anxiety, Environmental Activism and Pro-Environmental Behavior Among Older Adults in Spain

by María D. López-Rodríguez, Antonia Lozano-Díaz, Rubén Rodríguez-Puertas and Juan S. Fernández-Prados

Societies 2025, 15(10), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100266 - 25 Sep 2025

Viewed by 375

Abstract

Generational approaches to climate engagement among older adults remain limited. This study examines the evolution of eco-anxiety, environmental activism, and pro-environmental behavior from a life course perspective, focusing on older adults in Spain. A nationwide CATI survey of 3000 residents aged 18 and [...] Read more.

Generational approaches to climate engagement among older adults remain limited. This study examines the evolution of eco-anxiety, environmental activism, and pro-environmental behavior from a life course perspective, focusing on older adults in Spain. A nationwide CATI survey of 3000 residents aged 18 and older was conducted, employing validated multidimensional scales for eco-anxiety, environmental activism, and pro-environmental behavior, each rescaled to a 0–10 range. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analyses of variance, and hierarchical regression models to estimate linear and quadratic age effects beyond sex, education, and subjective social class. Results show that (1) eco-anxiety follows an inverted-U pattern, peaking at ages 45–49 and declining significantly after 60; (2) environmental activism remains high until the late sixties, while everyday pro-environmental behaviors sharply decline after retirement; and (3) eco-anxiety and environmental action in older adults are partially decoupled, reflecting the role of supportive personal and contextual factors beyond emotional concern. The findings challenge prevailing stereotypes of passive older adults by demonstrating that older age can constitute a significant period of climate engagement. Despite a slight decline in climate concern following retirement, the willingness to take action remains notably resilient. Older adults maintain consistent involvement in environmental volunteering and activism, often motivated by a desire to leave a lasting legacy and shaped by personal experiences of past crises and collective struggles. However, pro-environmental behaviors show a marked decrease in older adults, not due to diminished interest but likely as a result of structural constraints such as declining health, limited income, and inadequate housing conditions. This study suggests that, in the context of liquid modernity marked by rapid change and uncertainty, older adults may serve as societal anchors—preserving narratives, emotional bonds, and civic networks. Through policies that address structural barriers, this anchor role can be supported, empowering older adults to improve their well-being and strengthening community resilience in the face of climate change. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Challenges for Social Inclusion of Older Adults in Liquid Modernity)

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23 pages, 731 KB

Open AccessArticle

Multilevel Factors for (Non)Reporting Intimate Partner Violence: The Case of Bulgaria

by Georgi Petrunov

Societies 2025, 15(10), 265; https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15100265 - 24 Sep 2025

Viewed by 501

Abstract

Intimate partner violence is recognized as one of the most common forms of violence against women. However, it remains under-reported in many countries. The text aims to present key factors affecting women’s willingness to report intimate partner violence in Bulgaria. We proceed from [...] Read more.

Intimate partner violence is recognized as one of the most common forms of violence against women. However, it remains under-reported in many countries. The text aims to present key factors affecting women’s willingness to report intimate partner violence in Bulgaria. We proceed from the idea that the factors that create conditions for the existence of this type of violence in a society are also a major obstacle for women to file official complaints. Considering the complexity of the phenomenon and the numerous aspects that influence whether a victim will seek help or not, we use the three analytical levels—micro, meso and macro—to identify the main barriers to reporting intimate partner violence. The data used in the article were collected through a nationally representative adult population survey on attitudes towards violence against women in Bulgaria, in-depth interviews and focus groups with experts from various institutions related to the problem, and a survey among women victims of violence. The analysis revealed the impact on reporting willingness of macro factors such as the legal framework for preventing and regulating violence against women, as well as the existence of widely accepted cultural norms that normalize milder types of violence. At the meso level, ineffective institutional responses and a lack of support from the closest environment appear to be deterrents to reporting violence. Along with individual characteristics (such as psychological, emotional, and economic reliance) indicated by earlier studies and validated in our research, the analysis identified some poorly studied factors that positively influence the reporting of violence, such as public support expressed through social media and civil protests. Full article

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Societies, Volume 15, Issue 10 (October 2025) – 27 articles

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