First Account of Phylogeographic Variation, Larval Characters, and Laboratory Rearing of the Endangered Cobblestone Tiger Beetle Cicindelidia marginipennis, Dejean, 1831 with Observations of Their Natural History
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Specimen Collection
2.2. DNA Extraction and Sequencing
2.3. Sequence Alignment and Network Reconstruction
2.4. Phylogenetic Analysis of COI
2.5. Laboratory Rearing of Cicindelidia marginipennis
2.6. Morphological Description of Larvae
3. Results
3.1. mtDNA Sequencing and Analyses
3.2. Phylogeographic Diversity
3.3. Laboratory Rearing
3.4. Larval Descriptions
3.4.1. First (1st) Instar Larva
3.4.2. Second (2nd) Instar Larva
3.4.3. Third (3rd) Instar Larva
3.4.4. Key Characters for Distinguishing 3rd Instar Cicindelidia marginipennis
- Head and pronotum black;
- Twenty-six to 38 setae on the pronotal disc (but many small to minute);
- Inner hooks with spine about one-half or greater than total length of the spine;
- Four pairs of setae on 9th eusternum;
- Three setae on each medial hook.
4. Discussion
4.1. Cryptic Diversity within C. Marginipennis
4.2. Future Recommendations for Rearing C. marginipennis
4.3. Finding Larvae in the Field
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Date | Rearing Event |
---|---|
21 July 2019 | Adults field collected and brought into the lab |
23 July 2019 | Adults moved into oviposition bins with native soil |
4 August 2019 | First oviposition |
26 August 2019 | First hatch (1st instar) |
26 September 2019 | First 2nd instar |
6 January 2020 | Moved to larger aquaria |
22 January 2020 | First 3rd instar |
30 March 2020 | Most remaining larvae in 3rd instar |
Max. 1st Instar | Sex | Days Alive | Collected | Deceased | Accession # |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
34 | Female | 54 | 21 July | 13 September | VT1 |
32 | Female | 75 | 21 July | 4 October | NH1 |
11 | Female | 36 | 21 July | 26 August | VT3 |
10 | Female | 33 | 21 July | 23 August | NH3 |
9 | Female | 31 | 21 July | 21 August | NH2 |
8 | Female | 44 | 21 July | 3 September | VT2 |
20 | Female | 19 | 20 September | 9 October | NH5.1 |
5 | Female | 14 | 20 September | 4 October | NH4 |
3 | Female | 8 | 20 September | 28 September | NH5 |
N/A | Male | 70 | 21 July | 29 September | NH3 |
N/A | Male | 69 | 21 July | 28 September | NH1 |
N/A | Male | 54 | 21 July | 13 September | VT1 |
N/A | Male | 38 | 21 July | 28 August | VT3 |
N/A | Male | 36 | 21 July | 26 August | VT2 |
N/A | Male | 8 | 20 September | 28 September | NH4 |
Region | Alabama | ME/NH | Northeast | WV |
---|---|---|---|---|
Alabama | 99.31 | 3.47 | 3.47 | 3.20 |
ME/NH | 1.72 | 100.00 | 0.58 | 0.66 |
Northeast | 1.50 | 0.33 | 99.94 | 0.87 |
WV | 1.45 | 0.65 | 0.49 | 100.00 |
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Gwiazdowski, R.A.; Andersen, J.C.; Knisley, C.B.; Griffin, B.P.; Elkinton, J.S. First Account of Phylogeographic Variation, Larval Characters, and Laboratory Rearing of the Endangered Cobblestone Tiger Beetle Cicindelidia marginipennis, Dejean, 1831 with Observations of Their Natural History. Insects 2020, 11, 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100708
Gwiazdowski RA, Andersen JC, Knisley CB, Griffin BP, Elkinton JS. First Account of Phylogeographic Variation, Larval Characters, and Laboratory Rearing of the Endangered Cobblestone Tiger Beetle Cicindelidia marginipennis, Dejean, 1831 with Observations of Their Natural History. Insects. 2020; 11(10):708. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100708
Chicago/Turabian StyleGwiazdowski, Rodger A., Jeremy C. Andersen, C. Barry Knisley, Brian P. Griffin, and Joseph S. Elkinton. 2020. "First Account of Phylogeographic Variation, Larval Characters, and Laboratory Rearing of the Endangered Cobblestone Tiger Beetle Cicindelidia marginipennis, Dejean, 1831 with Observations of Their Natural History" Insects 11, no. 10: 708. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11100708