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10.3390/life12091399
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Article

Simulated Micro-, Lunar, and Martian Gravities on Earth—Effects on Escherichia coli Growth, Phenotype, and Sensitivity to Antibiotics

by
Lily A. Allen
1,2,
Amir H. Kalani
3,
Frederico Estante
2,
Aaron J. Rosengren
4,
Louis Stodieck
1,2,
David Klaus
2 and
Luis Zea
1,2,*
1
BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
2
Smead Aerospace Engineering Sciences Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
3
Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Department, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
4
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Life 2022, 12(9), 1399; https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091399
Submission received: 12 August 2022 / Revised: 25 August 2022 / Accepted: 29 August 2022 / Published: 8 September 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Gravitational Microbiology Research and Applications)
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Abstract

Bacterial behavior has been studied under microgravity conditions, but very little is known about it under lunar and Martian gravitational regimes. An Earth-based approach was designed and implemented using inclined clinostats and an in-house-developed code to determine the optimal clinorotation angular speed for bacterial liquid cultures of 5 RPM. With this setup, growth dynamics, phenotypic changes, and sensitivity to antibiotics (minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of two different classes of antibiotics) for three Escherichia coli strains (including uropathogenic) were examined under simulated micro-, lunar, and Martian gravities. The results included increased growth under simulated micro- and lunar gravities for some strains, and higher concentrations of antibiotics needed under simulated lunar gravity with respect to simulated micro- and Martian gravities. Clinostat-produced results can be considered suggestive but not determinative of what might be expected in altered gravity, as there is still a need to systematically verify these simulation devices’ ability to accurately replicate phenomena observed in space. Nevertheless, this approach serves as a baseline to start interrogating key cellular and molecular aspects relevant to microbial processes on the lunar and Martian surfaces.
Keywords: clinostat; minimum inhibitory concentration; MIC; rpoS; cell size; aggregation; ciprofloxacin; gentamicin; urinary tract infection; UTI; spaceflight clinostat; minimum inhibitory concentration; MIC; rpoS; cell size; aggregation; ciprofloxacin; gentamicin; urinary tract infection; UTI; spaceflight

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MDPI and ACS Style

Allen, L.A.; Kalani, A.H.; Estante, F.; Rosengren, A.J.; Stodieck, L.; Klaus, D.; Zea, L. Simulated Micro-, Lunar, and Martian Gravities on Earth—Effects on Escherichia coli Growth, Phenotype, and Sensitivity to Antibiotics. Life 2022, 12, 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091399

AMA Style

Allen LA, Kalani AH, Estante F, Rosengren AJ, Stodieck L, Klaus D, Zea L. Simulated Micro-, Lunar, and Martian Gravities on Earth—Effects on Escherichia coli Growth, Phenotype, and Sensitivity to Antibiotics. Life. 2022; 12(9):1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091399

Chicago/Turabian Style

Allen, Lily A., Amir H. Kalani, Frederico Estante, Aaron J. Rosengren, Louis Stodieck, David Klaus, and Luis Zea. 2022. "Simulated Micro-, Lunar, and Martian Gravities on Earth—Effects on Escherichia coli Growth, Phenotype, and Sensitivity to Antibiotics" Life 12, no. 9: 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091399

APA Style

Allen, L. A., Kalani, A. H., Estante, F., Rosengren, A. J., Stodieck, L., Klaus, D., & Zea, L. (2022). Simulated Micro-, Lunar, and Martian Gravities on Earth—Effects on Escherichia coli Growth, Phenotype, and Sensitivity to Antibiotics. Life, 12(9), 1399. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12091399

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