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Article

Solutions to the Sine-Gordon Equation: From Darboux Transformations to Wronskian Representations of the k-Negaton-l-Positon-n-Soliton Solutions

Université Bourgogne Europe, CNRS, IMB UMR 5584, 21000 Dijon, France
Axioms 2026, 15(1), 42; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15010042
Submission received: 15 December 2025 / Revised: 29 December 2025 / Accepted: 5 January 2026 / Published: 7 January 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Differential Equations and Its Applications)

Abstract

With a specific Darboux transformation, we construct solutions to the sine-Gordon equation. We use both the simple Darboux transformation as well as the multiple Darboux transformation, which enables the obtainment of compact solutions of this equation. We give a complete description of the method and the corresponding proofs. We explicitly construct some solutions for the first orders. Using particular generating functions, we give Wronskian representations of the solutions to the sine-Gordon equation. In this case, we give different solutions to this equation. We deduce generalized Wronskian representations of the solutions to the sine-Gordon equation. As an application, we give the general expression of the k-negaton-l-positon-n-soliton solutions of the sine-Gordon equation and we construct some explicit examples of these solutions as well as m complexitons.
Keywords: sine-Gordon equation; Darboux transformation; solitons; negatons; positons sine-Gordon equation; Darboux transformation; solitons; negatons; positons

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MDPI and ACS Style

Gaillard, P. Solutions to the Sine-Gordon Equation: From Darboux Transformations to Wronskian Representations of the k-Negaton-l-Positon-n-Soliton Solutions. Axioms 2026, 15, 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15010042

AMA Style

Gaillard P. Solutions to the Sine-Gordon Equation: From Darboux Transformations to Wronskian Representations of the k-Negaton-l-Positon-n-Soliton Solutions. Axioms. 2026; 15(1):42. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15010042

Chicago/Turabian Style

Gaillard, Pierre. 2026. "Solutions to the Sine-Gordon Equation: From Darboux Transformations to Wronskian Representations of the k-Negaton-l-Positon-n-Soliton Solutions" Axioms 15, no. 1: 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15010042

APA Style

Gaillard, P. (2026). Solutions to the Sine-Gordon Equation: From Darboux Transformations to Wronskian Representations of the k-Negaton-l-Positon-n-Soliton Solutions. Axioms, 15(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms15010042

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