Minerals

Deep lower-crustal detachments may control the development of fold-and-thrust belts, but their seismic expression and role in upper–lower-crustal deformation partitioning remain poorly constrained. Here, we present a 2-D deep seismic reflection profile across the thick-skinned segment of the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt near the Enshi fault, integrated with regional shear-wave velocity, Vp/Vs, and magnetotelluric resistivity constraints. The profile images a segmented upper-crustal fold–fault system above a continuous, high-amplitude laminated reflective zone in the lower crust. This zone, consisting of closely spaced, subhorizontal to gently dipping reflections, broadly coincides with reduced Vs, elevated Vp/Vs, and low resistivity along the Qiyueshan–Zhangjiajie structural corridor. We interpret this zone as a fluid-bearing ductile shear zone that likely acted as the main lower-crustal décollement during regional shortening, enabling rheological decoupling between fault-related folding in the brittle upper crust and ductile shearing in the lower crust. From an exploration perspective, this décollement and its associated anomalies define a deep structural corridor that may have controlled long-distance fluid transport and upward fluid focusing, providing a critical framework for regional mineral exploration along the eastern Sichuan fold-and-thrust belt.

The Lower Cretaceous volcanic–sedimentary succession in the Dehui Graben of the southern Songliao Basin preserves critical records of syn-rift volcanism and basin filling in NE China. This study presents an integrated dataset of zircon cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging, LA-ICP-MS U-Pb geochronology, trace-element geochemistry, and LA-MC-ICP-MS Lu-Hf isotopic analyses for four representative Yingcheng Formation samples collected from three boreholes (D102, D21, and D83) in the Dehui Graben. Zircon grains from samples S1 (gray crystal-vitric tuff, Well D102, 3050.5 m) and S3 (gray tuff, Well D21, 2287 m) are predominantly euhedral to subhedral with well-developed oscillatory zoning, elevated Th/U ratios (>0.4), and chondrite-normalized REE patterns characterized by depletion in light REEs, enrichment in heavy REEs, and pronounced negative Eu anomalies, all of which are diagnostic of a magmatic origin. The 37 zircon analyses from S1 yield ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages ranging from 109 to 122 Ma, with a KDE peak at ~116 Ma and two inherited grains at 158 Ma and 262 Ma, whereas the 43 analyses from S3 define a narrow age population between 110 and 123 Ma with a KDE peak at ~114 Ma and a single inherited grain at 145 Ma. Together, these ages constrain Yingcheng Formation felsic volcanism in the Dehui Graben to the Aptian stage of the Early Cretaceous. In marked contrast, the 54 zircon analyses from S2 (dark gray crystal-rich tuff, Well D21, 2288 m) exhibit a polymodal distribution dominated by an Early Jurassic population (KDE peak ~181 Ma), with subordinate Permian–Triassic (~251 Ma) and Carboniferous (~325 Ma) components and a complete absence of Cretaceous-aged zircons. We interpret this population entirely as inherited (xenocrystic) zircons entrained from conduit wall rocks during the incipient phase of volcanic eruption. Notably, S2 and S3 were collected from the same well at depths separated by only 1 m, yet they display fundamentally contrasting zircon age spectra. This abrupt vertical discontinuity is consistent with a two-phase eruptive model in which an early xenocryst-rich volcaniclastic unit (S2), possibly related to conduit-wall entrainment during the initial eruptive stage, was rapidly followed by a juvenile magma-derived tuff (S3). Sample S4 (gray coarse sandstone, Well D83, 3273 m) contains 84 detrital zircon grains spanning 112 to 440 Ma, with a dominant Early Jurassic peak (~179 Ma) that correlates with widespread granitoids in the Zhangguangcai Range and a youngest single-grain age of 110.5 Ma that constrains the maximum depositional age of the Yingcheng Formation. All 86 zircon Lu-Hf analyses yield positive εHf(t) values (+0.8 to +9.2), with two-stage Hf model ages (TDM2) clustering between 536 and 1100 Ma and peaking at ~700–800 Ma (Neoproterozoic). These data indicate that the parental magmas were predominantly derived from partial melting of Neoproterozoic juvenile crust extracted from a depleted mantle source. Among the four samples, S3 records the highest mean εHf(t) (+7.1) and the youngest mean TDM2 (~672 Ma), which may indicate a relatively stronger depleted-mantle affinity during the extensional stage at ca. 114 Ma. The positive εHf(t) values of the ~181 Ma S2 xenocrysts further imply that the Early Jurassic magmatic event in this region also sampled juvenile Neoproterozoic crust, which thus served as the common source basement for both episodes of magmatism. A regional compilation reveals a systematic north-to-south younging trend of syn-rift volcanism across the Songliao Basin (Yingtai ~119 Ma, Dehui ~115 Ma, Wangfu ~110 Ma), with the Dehui Graben occupying a critical intermediate position that is consistent with the southeastward migration of back-arc extension possibly related to Paleo-Pacific slab rollback.

This study examines the impact of regrinding on the interfacial properties of sulfide minerals and the flotation performance of weathered copper–porphyry tailings. The feed material is characterized by a low copper grade (0.17%) and a high proportion of oxidized species (53.84%), which contribute to its inherent chemical stability and poor flotation kinetics. The findings indicate that regrinding serves a dual role: facilitating the liberation of mineral intergrowths and inducing mechanical surface renewal. This renewal is characterized by a significant decrease in the oxidation–reduction potential (ORP) and an intensification of the surface reactivity. Experimental results identify an optimal grinding fineness of 77–81% passing −0.045 mm, yielding a copper recovery of 16.26% in the absence of a sulfidizing agent. The integration of sodium sulfide (400 g/t) with regrinding significantly enhances recovery to 36.37%, driven by the establishment of a reducing environment (ORP ≈ −150 mV) and the chemisorption-mediated activation of mineral surfaces. While ultrafine grinding (90–100% passing −0.045 mm) further increases recovery to 51.47%, it is accompanied by deleterious sliming effects and a subsequent loss of process selectivity. The study confirms that mechanical surface rejuvenation and the optimization of electrochemical conditions are critical for improving the processing efficiency of anthropogenic resources, providing a theoretical framework for establishing rational beneficiation regimes.