Is Basketball a Symmetrical Sport?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participants
Eligibility Criteria
2.3. Sample
2.4. Variables
2.5. Instruments
2.6. Procedure
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Variable | Variable | Variable Dimensions |
---|---|---|
Independent | Type of tasks | Unopposed, Individual, Small Sided Games Equality (SSGe), Small Sided Games Inequality (SSGi), Full Game. |
Game situation | 1 × 0, 1 × 1, 1 × 2, 2 × 0, 2 × 1, 2 × 2, 2 × 3, 3 × 0, 3 × 1, 3 × 2, 3 × 3, 3 × 4, 4 × 0, 4 × 1, 4 × 2, 4 × 3, 4 × 4, 4 × 5, 5 × 0, 5 × 1, 5 × 2, 5 × 3, 5 × 4, 5 × 5, 5 × 6, …, n × n. | |
Specific positions | Guard, Shooting Guard, Forward, Power Forward, Center. | |
Sport context | Training, Competition. | |
Dependent | Foot strikes | Contact time. Flight time. Average acceleration of the foot strike. Average foot speed. Average contact force. Asymmetries between strikes with different feet. |
Variable | Unit of Measure | Description |
---|---|---|
Contact time | Milliseconds (ms) | Contact time of each foot strike. |
Flight time | Milliseconds (ms) | Time elapsed between two consecutive foot strikes. |
Average acceleration of the foot strike | G-force (G) | Acceleration with which the foot reaches the ground to produce a foot strike. |
Average foot speed | Kilometers per hour (km/h) | Average speed of the foot between two consecutive strikes. |
Average contact force | Newtons (N) | Force with which the foot makes contact with the ground. |
Asymmetries between supports with different feet | Arbitrary unit | Difference of support force measured in Newtons in two consecutive foot strikes with different laterality. |
Left Leg | Right Leg | Total | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | n | SD | Min. | Max. | n | SD | Min. | Max. | n | SD | Min. | Max. | |||
Contact time (ms) | 122,075 | 277.79 | ±0.20 | 60 | 490 | 121,821 | 278.26 | ±0.20 | 90 | 490 | 243,896 | 278.02 | ±70.01 | 60 | 490 |
Flight time (ms) | 122,075 | 53.24 | ±0.15 | −30 | 360 | 121,821 | 53.29 | ±0.15 | −30 | 340 | 243,896 | 53.26 | ±52.45 | −30 | 360 |
Average acceleration of the foot strike (G) | 122,075 | 0.22 | ±0.00 | 121,821 | 0.21 | ±0.00 | 243,896 | 0.21 | ±0.02 | ||||||
Average foot speed (Km/h) | 122,075 | 8.54 | ±0.01 | 121,821 | 8.57 | ±0.01 | 243,896 | 8.55 | ±4.39 | ||||||
Average contact force (N) | 122,075 | 129.62 | ±0.39 | −528 | 1269 | 121,821 | 120.79 | ±0.39 | −1526 | 1252 | 243,896 | 125.21 | ±135.36 | −1526 | 1269 |
Type of Task | n | SD | Min. | Max. | F | p | η² | ϕ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unopposed | 89,633 | 0.01 | ±85.52 | −350 | 340 | ||||
Small Sided Games | 30,739 | −0.05 | ±97.70 | −320 | 330 | 0.05 | 0.995 | 0.000 | 0.051 |
Full Game | 82,017 | 0.01 | ±94.53 | −340 | 330 | ||||
Total | 202,389 | 0.00 | ±91.16 | −350 | 340 |
Game Situation | n | SD | Min. | Max. | F | p | η² | ϕ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 × 0 | 51,551 | 0.07 | ±83.74 | −350 | 340 | ||||
3 × 3 | 9765 | −0.04 | ±95.93 | −310 | 310 | ||||
4 × 4 | 9240 | −0.09 | ±97.37 | −320 | 330 | 0.017 | 0.999 | 0.000 | 0.053 |
5 × 0 | 38,082 | −0.07 | ±87.87 | −340 | 320 | ||||
5 × 5 | 93,751 | 0.00 | ±95.15 | −340 | 330 | ||||
Total | 202,389 | 0.00 | ±91.16 | −350 | 340 |
Specific Position | n | SD | Min. | Max. | F | p | η² | ϕ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guard | 31,326 | 0.03 | ±93.197 | −340 | 310 | ||||
Shooting guard | 20,738 | −0.01 | ±92.320 | −320 | 330 | ||||
Forward | 88,810 | 0.00 | ±91.326 | −350 | 330 | 0.001 | 1.000 | 0.004 | 0.05 |
Power forward | 16,240 | −0.02 | ±89.332 | −340 | 300 | ||||
Center | 45,275 | 0.00 | ±89.496 | −340 | 340 | ||||
Total | 202,389 | 0.00 | ±91.156 | −350 | 340 |
Specific Position | n | SD | Min. | Max. | F | p | η² | ϕ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Guard | 6379 | 0.04 | ±1.198 | −320 | 310 | ||||
Shooting guard | 8769 | 0.00 | ±1.016 | −320 | 320 | ||||
Forward | 15,002 | −0.02 | ±0.753 | −340 | 370 | 0.05 | 995 | 0.001 | 0.05 |
Power forward | 6139 | 0.02 | ±1.151 | −300 | 340 | ||||
Center | 5098 | −0.01 | ±1.254 | −290 | 300 | ||||
Total | 41,387 | 0.01 | ±1.074 | −340 | 370 |
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Ibáñez, S.J.; López-Sierra, P.; Hernández-Beltrán, V.; Feu, S. Is Basketball a Symmetrical Sport? Symmetry 2023, 15, 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071336
Ibáñez SJ, López-Sierra P, Hernández-Beltrán V, Feu S. Is Basketball a Symmetrical Sport? Symmetry. 2023; 15(7):1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071336
Chicago/Turabian StyleIbáñez, Sergio J., Pablo López-Sierra, Víctor Hernández-Beltrán, and Sebastián Feu. 2023. "Is Basketball a Symmetrical Sport?" Symmetry 15, no. 7: 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071336
APA StyleIbáñez, S. J., López-Sierra, P., Hernández-Beltrán, V., & Feu, S. (2023). Is Basketball a Symmetrical Sport? Symmetry, 15(7), 1336. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071336