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Article

An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal)

by
Pedro Reis Costa
1,2,*,
Pablo Estévez
3,
Lucía Soliño
1,2,
David Castro
3,
Susana Margarida Rodrigues
1,
Viriato Timoteo
4,
José Manuel Leao-Martins
3,
Carolina Santos
5,
Neide Gouveia
4,†,
Jorge Diogène
6,* and
Ana Gago-Martínez
3,*
1
IPMA—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Brasília, 1449-006 Lisbon, Portugal
2
CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
3
Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Campus Universitario de Vigo, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain
4
Regional Fisheries Management—Madeira Government, DSI-DRP, Estrada da Pontinha, 9004-562 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
5
Instituto das Florestas e Conservação da Natureza, IP-RAM, Secretaria Regional do Ambiente, e Recursos Naturais e Alterações Climáticas, Regional Government of Madeira, Rua João de Deus, n.º 12 E/F, R/C-C, 9050-027 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
6
IRTA, Ctra Poble Nou km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
Present address: Direção Regional de Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural, 9000-254 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal.
Toxins 2021, 13(8), 580; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080580
Submission received: 10 July 2021 / Revised: 28 July 2021 / Accepted: 17 August 2021 / Published: 20 August 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ciguatoxins)
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Abstract

The Selvagens Islands, which are a marine protected area located at the southernmost point of the Portuguese maritime zone, have been associated with fish harboring ciguatoxins (CTX) and linked to ciguatera fish poisonings. This study reports the results of a field sampling campaign carried out in September 2018 in these remote and rarely surveyed islands. Fifty-six fish specimens from different trophic levels were caught for CTX-like toxicity determination by cell-based assay (CBA) and toxin content analysis by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Notably, high toxicity levels were found in fish with an intermediate position in the food web, such as zebra seabream (Diplodus cervinus) and barred hogfish (Bodianus scrofa), reaching levels up to 0.75 µg CTX1B equivalent kg−1. The LC-MS/MS analysis confirmed that C-CTX1 was the main toxin, but discrepancies between CBA and LC-MS/MS in D. cervinus and top predator species, such as the yellowmouth barracuda (Sphyraena viridis) and amberjacks (Seriola spp.), suggest the presence of fish metabolic products, which need to be further elucidated. This study confirms that fish from coastal food webs of the Selvagens Islands represent a high risk of ciguatera, raising important issues for fisheries and environmental management of the Selvagens Islands.
Keywords: ciguatoxins; Selvagens Islands; seafood safety; Gambierdiscus; ciguatera ciguatoxins; Selvagens Islands; seafood safety; Gambierdiscus; ciguatera

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MDPI and ACS Style

Costa, P.R.; Estévez, P.; Soliño, L.; Castro, D.; Rodrigues, S.M.; Timoteo, V.; Leao-Martins, J.M.; Santos, C.; Gouveia, N.; Diogène, J.; et al. An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal). Toxins 2021, 13, 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080580

AMA Style

Costa PR, Estévez P, Soliño L, Castro D, Rodrigues SM, Timoteo V, Leao-Martins JM, Santos C, Gouveia N, Diogène J, et al. An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal). Toxins. 2021; 13(8):580. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080580

Chicago/Turabian Style

Costa, Pedro Reis, Pablo Estévez, Lucía Soliño, David Castro, Susana Margarida Rodrigues, Viriato Timoteo, José Manuel Leao-Martins, Carolina Santos, Neide Gouveia, Jorge Diogène, and et al. 2021. "An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal)" Toxins 13, no. 8: 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080580

APA Style

Costa, P. R., Estévez, P., Soliño, L., Castro, D., Rodrigues, S. M., Timoteo, V., Leao-Martins, J. M., Santos, C., Gouveia, N., Diogène, J., & Gago-Martínez, A. (2021). An Update on Ciguatoxins and CTX-like Toxicity in Fish from Different Trophic Levels of the Selvagens Islands (NE Atlantic, Madeira, Portugal). Toxins, 13(8), 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxins13080580

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