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Toxins, Volume 13, Issue 8

August 2021 - 83 articles

Cover Story: α-hemolysin (HlyA) of B2 phylogroup E. coli contributes to intestinal inflammation. In Caco-2 cells, HlyA induces a decrease in phosphoinositide (PIP2) at the membrane via PTEN inhibition. This leads to cell polarity changes and epithelial leakiness via disruption of cell junctions and cell detachment. To visualize the abundance of PIP2, we used the Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domain of PLCδ fused to GFP as a biosensor (GFP-PH-PLCδ). The tight junction changes observed in this study display early events in cell loss towards focal leak formation and cell shedding. These mechanisms point to the leak flux type of diarrhea. Progression of the barrier dysfunction contributes to antigen influx and leaky gut. Epithelial cell signaling analysis indicates the inflammatory and carcinogenic impact of HlyA. View this paper
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Articles (83)

  • Review
  • Open Access
21 Citations
8,859 Views
30 Pages

23 August 2021

Farm animals are frequently exposed to mycotoxins, which have many adverse effects on their health and become a significant food safety issue. Pigs are highly exposed and particularly susceptible to mycotoxins, which can cause many adverse effects. F...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
4,320 Views
14 Pages

In Vitro and In Vivo Analysis of Ochratoxin A-Derived Glucuronides and Mercapturic Acids as Biomarkers of Exposure

  • Raphael Dekant,
  • Michael Langer,
  • Maria Lupp,
  • Cynthia Adaku Chilaka and
  • Angela Mally

23 August 2021

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a widespread food contaminant, with exposure estimated to range from 0.64 to 17.79 ng/kg body weight (bw) for average consumers and from 2.40 to 51.69 ng/kg bw per day for high consumers. Current exposure estimates are, however,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
3,829 Views
18 Pages

Evaluation of Inner Exposure of Horses to Zearalenone (ZEN), Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Their Metabolites in Relation to Colic and Health-Related Clinical-Chemical Traits

  • Sven Dänicke,
  • Janine Saltzmann,
  • Wendy Liermann,
  • Maren Glatter,
  • Liane Hüther,
  • Susanne Kersten,
  • Annette Zeyner,
  • Karsten Feige and
  • Tobias Warnken

23 August 2021

Mycotoxin contaminated feed has been associated with colic of horses caused by intestinal disorders. Whether such disease conditions alter the intestinal toxin metabolism and transfer across a compromised mucosal barrier is unknown. A screening appro...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
4,363 Views
20 Pages

Changes in Growth, Photosynthesis Performance, Pigments, and Toxin Contents of Bloom-Forming Cyanobacteria after Exposure to Macroalgal Allelochemicals

  • Gracjana Budzałek,
  • Sylwia Śliwińska-Wilczewska,
  • Marek Klin,
  • Kinga Wiśniewska,
  • Adam Latała and
  • Józef Maria Wiktor

23 August 2021

Macroalgae can directly restrict the growth of various phytoplankton species by releasing allelopathic compounds; therefore, considerable attention should be paid to the allelopathic potential of these organisms against harmful and bloom-forming cyan...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
5,306 Views
16 Pages

Human-Relevant Sensitivity of iPSC-Derived Human Motor Neurons to BoNT/A1 and B1

  • Maren Schenke,
  • Hélène-Christine Prause,
  • Wiebke Bergforth,
  • Adina Przykopanski,
  • Andreas Rummel,
  • Frank Klawonn and
  • Bettina Seeger

22 August 2021

The application of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) for medical treatments necessitates a potency quantification of these lethal bacterial toxins, resulting in the use of a large number of test animals. Available alternative methods are limited in their...

  • Communication
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,011 Views
9 Pages

22 August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted the function of medical facilities and rehabilitation services worldwide, including toxin services delivering Botulinum toxin treatments for neuromuscular conditions such as spasticity, dystonia, and sialorrhea...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,795 Views
21 Pages

Biological and Biochemical Characterization of Coronado Island Rattlesnake (Crotalus helleri caliginis) Venom and Antivenom Neutralization

  • Cristian Franco-Servín,
  • Edgar Neri-Castro,
  • Melisa Bénard-Valle,
  • Alejandro Alagón,
  • Ramsés Alejandro Rosales-García,
  • Raquel Guerrero-Alba,
  • José Emanuel Poblano-Sánchez,
  • Marcelo Silva-Briano,
  • Alma Lilián Guerrero-Barrera and
  • José Jesús Sigala-Rodríguez

21 August 2021

The Baja California Peninsula has over 250 islands and islets with many endemic species. Among them, rattlesnakes are the most numerous but also one of the least studied groups. The study of island rattlesnake venom could guide us to a better underst...

  • Article
  • Open Access
18 Citations
4,904 Views
15 Pages

Metaproteomics Reveals Alteration of the Gut Microbiome in Weaned Piglets Due to the Ingestion of the Mycotoxins Deoxynivalenol and Zearalenone

  • Johan S. Saenz,
  • Alina Kurz,
  • Ursula Ruczizka,
  • Moritz Bünger,
  • Maximiliane Dippel,
  • Veronika Nagl,
  • Bertrand Grenier,
  • Andrea Ladinig,
  • Jana Seifert and
  • Evelyne Selberherr

21 August 2021

The ingestion of mycotoxins can cause adverse health effects and represents a severe health risk to humans and livestock. Even though several acute and chronic effects have been described, the effect on the gut metaproteome is scarcely known. For tha...

  • Article
  • Open Access
10 Citations
3,586 Views
11 Pages

20 August 2021

Diarrheal shellfish toxins (DSTs) are among the most widely distributed phytotoxins, and are associated with diarrheal shellfish poisoning (DSP) events in human beings all over the world. Therefore, it is urgent and necessary to identify an effective...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,871 Views
16 Pages

Origin and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles Present in the Spider Venom of Ornithoctonus hainana

  • Chengfeng Xun,
  • Lu Wang,
  • Hailin Yang,
  • Zixuan Xiao,
  • Min Deng,
  • Rongfang Xu,
  • Xi Zhou,
  • Ping Chen and
  • Zhonghua Liu

20 August 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and microvesicles, are membranous vesicles released from nearly all cellular types. They contain various bioactive molecules, and their molecular composition varies depending on their cellular origin....

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Toxins - ISSN 2072-6651