Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Nutrients Intake of Pregnant Women in the South-East of Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.2.1. General Questionnaire and Medical Records
2.2.2. Dietary Assessment
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participant Pregnant Women
3.2. Reproducibility
3.3. Validity
3.4. Nutrients Intake in Pregnant Women
4. Discussion
4.1. Validation and Reproducibility
4.2. Nutrients Intake in Pregnant Women
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Food Groups of FFQ | Subgroups of Food | Items for Groups |
---|---|---|
Dairy products | Milk | 4 |
Cheese | 2 | |
Dairy Derivatives | 5 | |
Meat, fish and eggs | Meat | 6 |
Meat Derived | 7 | |
Fish | 9 | |
Other | 4 | |
Vegetables | Vegetables | 14 |
Spices | 2 | |
Tubers | 3 | |
Legums | Pulses | 4 |
Fruits | Fruits | 11 |
Derived of Fruits | 3 | |
Nuts | 2 | |
Breads and cereals | Bread and Derived | 3 |
Cereals | 2 | |
Other | 3 | |
Oils and fats | Oil | 7 |
Other fats | 3 | |
Bakery and Pastry | Biscuits | 6 |
Cakes | 6 | |
Chocolate | 2 | |
Other | 2 | |
Drinks | Alcoholic drinks | 9 |
Other drinks | 10 | |
Mixed | Fried | 3 |
Sauces | 4 | |
Other | 5 |
Variables | Mean ± SD/n (%) |
---|---|
Woman’s age at assessment (years) (mean ± SD) | 31.1 ± 4.9 |
Weight before pregnancy (kg) (mean ± SD) | 64.8 ± 13.0 |
Weight at 32 week of gestation (kg) (mean ± SD) | 76.1 ± 12.7 |
Weight gained through week 32 | 11.2 ± 5.4 |
Classified BMI pre-pregnancy 1 | |
Underweight (<18.5) | 26 (3.8) |
Normal (18.5–24.99) | 432 (62.6) |
Overweight (25.00–29.99) | 162 (23.5) |
Obesity (≥30) | 65 (9.4) |
Classified BMI 1 | |
Underweight (<18.5) | 1 (0.1) |
Normal (18.5–24.99) | 135 (19.6) |
Overweight (25.00–29.99) | 347 (50.3) |
Obesity (≥30) | 202 (29.3) |
Birth Country 1 | |
Spain | 585 (84.4) |
Other | 105 (15.2) |
Education level 1 | |
Primary or lower studies | 45 (6.5) |
Secondary studies | 448 (64.9) |
Higher studies | 185 (26.8) |
Family income (Euros/month) 1 | |
<500 | 22 (3.2) |
500–1000 | 85 (12.3) |
1001–2000 | 308 (44.6) |
2001–3000 | 212 (30.7) |
3001–5000 | 51 (7.4) |
>5000 | 8 (1.1) |
Status marital | |
Married/Couple | 652 (94.5) |
Alone | 38 (5.5) |
Medical history | |
Nothing | 652 (94.5) |
Diabetes | 18 (2.6) |
Hypertension | 18 (2.6) |
Diabetes and Hypertension | 2 (0.3) |
Parity | |
≥1 | 267 (38.7) |
0 | 423 (61.3) |
Smoking | |
No | 574 (83.2) |
1st trimester | 30 (4.3) |
All pregnancy | 86 (12.5) |
Alcohol consumption 1st trimester (gr/day) (mean ± SD) | 4.5 (6.2) |
Alcohol consumption 3st trimester (gr/day) (mean ± SD) | 0.6 (1.9) |
Supplements consumption 1st trimester 2 | |
Vitamin B complex | 5 (0.7) |
Vitamin complex | 26 (3.8) |
Folic acid | 635 (92.0) |
Nothing | 40 (5.8) |
Supplements consumption 3st trimester 2 | |
Vitamin B complex | 6 (0.9) |
Vitamin complex | 12 (1.7) |
Folic acid | 661 (95.8) |
Nothing | 17 (2.5) |
FFQ1 | FFQ2 | Correlation Coefficient Unadjusted a | Correlation Coefficient Adjusted b | Agreement by Quintile (%) c | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Median | Mean | SD | Median | ||||
Energy (kcal) | 2401 | 742.7 | 2320 | 2052 | 671.3 | 1976 * | 0.448 * | 68.70 | |
Protein (g) | 103.2 | 29.51 | 100.1 | 89.94 | 28.67 | 86.23 * | 0.408 * | 0.411 * | 65.80 |
Total fat (g) | 109.2 | 39.43 | 102.2 | 94.02 | 36.87 | 87.36 * | 0.407 * | 0.434 * | 64.49 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 267.4 | 99.75 | 253.4 | 229.9 | 84.24 | 215.6 * | 0.432 * | 0.433 * | 67.54 |
Saturated fat (g) | 24.70 | 9.08 | 23.15 | 20.57 | 8.11 | 19.21 * | 0.405 * | 0.405 * | 63.77 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 347.9 | 126.1 | 327.1 | 291.7 | 111 | 273.5 * | 0.415 * | 0.464 * | 64.49 |
Fiber (g) | 34.48 | 13.66 | 32.31 | 30.61 | 13.24 | 29.17 * | 0.416 * | 0.443 * | 67.83 |
Alcohol (g) | 2.07 | 3.39 | 0.90 | 0.25 | 0.76 | 0.00 * | 0.366 * | 0.366 * | 72.61 |
Sodium (mg) | 2637 | 997 | 2494 | 2177 | 871.1 | 2037 * | 0.366 * | 0.381 * | 61.59 |
Potassium (mg) | 5175 | 1781 | 4934 | 4704 | 1768 | 4479 * | 0.384 * | 0.406 * | 65.80 |
Calcium (mg) | 1175 | 430.8 | 1128 | 1048 | 398.5 | 1005 * | 0.387 * | 0.405 * | 66.67 |
Magnesium (mg) | 454.5 | 152.1 | 439.9 | 431.9 | 165.7 | 410.9 * | 0.359 * | 0.381 * | 65.65 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1704 | 511 | 1637 | 1531 | 504.1 | 1475 * | 0.430 * | 0.427 * | 67.83 |
Iron (mg) | 18.69 | 5.98 | 18.01 | 16.12 | 5.58 | 15.52 * | 0.426 * | 0.432 * | 67.39 |
Zinc (mg) | 13.24 | 4.02 | 12.88 | 11.32 | 3.80 | 10.84 * | 0.437 * | 0.459 * | 66.96 |
Manganese (µg) | 3750 | 1309 | 3643 | 3291 | 1296 | 3132 * | 0.395 * | 0.407 * | 63.04 |
Iodine (µg) | 139.2 | 58.22 | 133.3 | 119 | 52.38 | 111.8 * | 0.443 * | 0.432 * | 66.52 |
Molybdenum (µg) | 195.8 | 95.61 | 177.5 | 179.5 | 90.76 | 168.5 * | 0.373 * | 0.401 * | 60.58 |
Chromium (µg) | 65.64 | 25.63 | 63.24 | 57.79 | 24.76 | 55.14 * | 0.372 * | 0.372 * | 66.96 |
Cobalt (µg) | 26.40 | 12.91 | 24.43 | 22.83 | 12.14 | 20.28 * | 0.445 * | 0.447 * | 67.54 |
Vitamin A (µg) | 2234 | 1216 | 1870 | 1904 | 1112 | 1624 * | 0.418 * | 0.396 * | 61.59 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 13.11 | 5.04 | 12.27 | 11.40 | 4.69 | 10.71 * | 0.297 * | 0.301 * | 60.87 |
Vitamin D (µg) | 4.65 | 2.46 | 4.11 | 3.74 | 2.04 | 3.29 * | 0.435 * | 0.458 * | 63.04 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 299.1 | 149.4 | 272.7 | 244.2 | 125.6 | 218.7 * | 0.344 * | 0.337 * | 60.58 |
Vitamin B1 (mg) | 1.76 | 0.56 | 1.70 | 1.51 | 0.53 | 1.46 * | 0.446 * | 0.450 * | 68.70 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 2.36 | 0.78 | 2.25 | 2.05 | 0.71 | 1.96 * | 0.449 * | 0.449 * | 68.70 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.63 | 0.85 | 2.54 | 2.28 | 0.83 | 2.19 * | 0.509 * | 0.502 * | 72.03 |
Niacin (mg) | 26.31 | 8.69 | 25.29 | 24.08 | 9.28 | 23.01 * | 0.337 * | 0.375 * | 62.90 |
Biotin (µg) | 48.78 | 17.40 | 46.73 | 45.05 | 18.16 | 42.58 * | 0.469 * | 0.479 * | 69.28 |
Vitamin K (µg) | 371.5 | 161.7 | 352.7 | 291.8 | 137.8 | 265.9 * | 0.419 * | 0.402 * | 66.67 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 7.00 | 2.82 | 6.59 | 6.10 | 2.88 | 5.53 * | 0.385 * | 0.387 * | 60.87 |
Folate (µg) | 462.8 | 167.4 | 447.7 | 412.3 | 165.5 | 393.1 * | 0.472 * | 0.486 * | 70.00 |
FFQ | 24-h Dietary Recalls | Correlation Coefficient b | Agreement by Quintile (%) c | Agreement by LoA (%) d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Median | Mean | SD | Median a | ||||
Energy (kcal) | 1745 | 530 | 1646 | 2165 | 437.6 | 2133 * | 44.19 | 97.67 | |
Protein (g) | 80.69 | 30.37 | 73.7 | 97.07 | 21.51 | 101.6 * | 0.217 | 58.14 | 93.02 |
Total fat (g) | 78.17 | 23.50 | 78.94 | 99.97 | 25.32 | 100.1 | 0.113 | 60.47 | 95.35 |
Carbohydrate (g) | 192.7 | 74.89 | 182.2 | 228.4 | 51.28 | 234.1 | 0.300 | 67.44 | 95.35 |
Saturated fat (g) | 16.12 | 4.69 | 17.25 | 28.15 | 9.01 | 28.77 ** | 0.176 | 53.49 | 95.35 |
Cholesterol (mg) | 227.8 | 63.02 | 236.1 | 228.2 | 70.08 | 439.2 ** | 0.305 * | 55.81 | 93.02 |
Fiber (g) | 26.64 | 13.19 | 25.36 | 24.04 | 6.99 | 24.68 | 0.358 * | 62.79 | 93.02 |
Alcohol (g) | 0.19 | 0.56 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 1.56 | 0.00 | 0.341 * | 60.47 | 83.72 |
Sodium (mg) | 1849 | 612.8 | 1857 | 2500 | 836.6 | 2463 ** | 0.130 | 51.16 | 93.02 |
Potassium (mg) | 3742 | 1489 | 3424 | 4699 | 1304 | 4450 * | 0.332 * | 67.44 | 95.35 |
Calcium (mg) | 850.2 | 362.3 | 818.7 | 1014 | 267.9 | 1028 | 0.397 ** | 62.79 | 95.35 |
Magnesium (mg) | 327.5 | 115.7 | 325.5 | 416.5 | 103 | 417.8 * | 0.378 * | 62.79 | 95.35 |
Phosphorus (mg) | 1378 | 556.6 | 1287 | 1502 | 323.9 | 1503 | 0.299 | 62.79 | 93.02 |
Iron (mg) | 14.35 | 5.82 | 13.41 | 18.19 | 4.37 | 17.92 * | 0.113 | 60.47 | 95.35 |
Zinc (mg) | 10.49 | 4.02 | 9.70 | 10.79 | 2.95 | 11.09 | 0.433 * | 53.49 | 97.67 |
Manganese (µg) | 3150 | 1512 | 2721 | 3004 | 796.2 | 2935 | 0.228 | 62.79 | 93.02 |
Iodine (µg) | 107.7 | 47.8 | 105.4 | 99.26 | 40.17 | 91.70 | 0.257 | 62.79 | 95.35 |
Molybdenum (µg) | 140.9 | 56.92 | 138.2 | 222.8 | 99.18 | 202.3 ** | 0.349 * | 65.12 | 93.02 |
Chromium (µg) | 54.99 | 21.44 | 53.32 | 70.11 | 18.73 | 71.42 ** | 0.114 | 58.14 | 95.35 |
Cobalt (µg) | 18.36 | 9.79 | 16.90 | 17.92 | 7.46 | 34.58 ** | 0.465 ** | 74.42 | 93.02 |
Vitamin A (µg) | 1690 | 961.7 | 1657 | 1811 | 902.3 | 1701 | 0.197 | 65.12 | 93.02 |
Vitamin E (mg) | 10.52 | 4.20 | 9.93 | 8.85 | 3.40 | 8.34 | 0.332 * | 60.47 | 90.70 |
Vitamin D (µg) | 3.01 | 1.47 | 2.90 | 3.58 | 2.28 | 3.74 | 0.271 | 55.81 | 95.35 |
Vitamin C (mg) | 190.1 | 105 | 183.6 | 202.4 | 80.21 | 194.6 | 0.398 ** | 60.47 | 97.67 |
VitaminB1 (mg) | 1.35 | 0.46 | 1.34 | 1.56 | 0.38 | 1.51 | 0.337 * | 58.14 | 93.02 |
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 1.89 | 0.79 | 1.80 | 1.95 | 0.47 | 2.03 | −0.130 | 51.16 | 97.67 |
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.12 | 0.87 | 1.90 | 2.36 | 0.61 | 2.42 * | 0.391 ** | 67.44 | 95.35 |
Niacin (mg) | 19.94 | 7.39 | 18.86 | 22.89 | 7.44 | 22.15 | 0.173 | 60.47 | 97.67 |
Biotin (µg) | 35.30 | 12.81 | 35.35 | 47.89 | 14.36 | 49.04 ** | −0.055 | 46.51 | 95.35 |
Vitamin K (µg) | 283.5 | 142.1 | 240.1 | 313.8 | 179.8 | 305.1 | 0.283 | 55.81 | 95.35 |
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 5.27 | 2.45 | 4.82 | 6.04 | 1.74 | 6.38 | 0.268 | 60.47 | 93.02 |
Folate (µg) | 363.9 | 164.9 | 328.4 | 323.2 | 99.06 | 320.8 | 0.298 | 62.79 | 90.70 |
Nutrients | Our Study | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Energy (kcal) | 2226 | 2304 | 1923 | 2221 | 2021 | 1754 | 1744 | |
Protein (g) | 96.6 | 102 | 70 | 86 | 78.9 | 56 | 59 | |
Total fat (g) | 101.6 | 99 | 85.7 | 75 | 53.9 | 51 | 56 | |
Carbohydrate (g) | 248.6 | 261 | 228.3 | 300 | 306.4 | 263 | 242 | |
Saturated fat (g) | 22.6 | 31 | 32.9 | 18 | ||||
Cholesterol (mg) | 319.8 | 340 | 223.8 | 347 | 238 | |||
Fiber (g) | 32.5 | 24 | 33.7 | 29 | 7 | 15 | 11 | |
Alcohol (g) | 1.1 | 3 | 0.1 | |||||
Sodium (mg) | 2407 | 3411 | 2417 | 2586 | 481 | 3013 | ||
Potassium (mg) | 4939 | 2532 | 3800 | 1647 | 2481 | 2454 | ||
Calcium (mg) | 1112 | 1289 | 715.2 | 930 | 830.6 | 608 | 519 | |
Magnesium (mg) | 443.2 | 387 | 235.2 | 380 | 297 | 230 | ||
Phosphorus (mg) | 1617 | 1153 | 1600 | 967.7 | 941 | 945 | ||
Iron (mg) | 17.4 | 21 | 11.2 | 13 | 20.3 | 19 | 6.9 | |
Zinc (mg) | 12.3 | 28 | 7.8 | 11 | 9.5 | 7.2 | ||
Manganese (µg) | 3520 | 1800 | 2500 | |||||
Iodine (µg) | 129.1 | 222 | 79.2 | 120 | 15.4 | 437 | ||
Molybdenum (µg) | 187.7 | |||||||
Chromium (µg) | 61.7 | |||||||
Cobalt (µg) | 24.6 | |||||||
Vitamin A (µg) | 2069 | 1900 | 1500 | 987.7 | 872 | 909 | ||
Vitamin E (mg) | 12.3 | 11.4 | 8 | 4.3 | 10 | 8 | ||
Vitamin D (µg) | 4.2 | 3.1 | 6 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 4.2 | ||
Vitamin C (mg) | 271.6 | 144 | 253 | 73.9 | 160 | 127.2 | 164 | 111 |
VitaminB1 (mg) | 1.6 | 2 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 0.9 | ||
Vitamin B2 (mg) | 2.2 | 2 | 1.3 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.1 | ||
Vitamin B6 (mg) | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2 | 2 | 1.6 | 1.2 | ||
Niacin (mg) | 25.2 | 34 | 18.5 | 31 | 15.9 | 11 | 13.3 | |
Biotin (µg) | 46.9 | 18.2 | ||||||
Vitamin K(µg) | 331.6 | 219 | ||||||
Vitamin B12 (µg) | 6.5 | 9.9 | 6 | 3.5 | 4.2 | |||
Folate (µg) | 437.5 | 305 | 400 | 229.2 | 280 | 133 | 284 |
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Hinojosa-Nogueira, D.; Romero-Molina, D.; Giménez-Asensio, M.J.; Gonzalez-Alzaga, B.; Lopéz-Flores, I.; Cueva, S.P.d.l.; Rufián-Henares, J.Á.; Hernández, A.F.; Lacasaña, M. Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Nutrients Intake of Pregnant Women in the South-East of Spain. Nutrients 2021, 13, 3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093032
Hinojosa-Nogueira D, Romero-Molina D, Giménez-Asensio MJ, Gonzalez-Alzaga B, Lopéz-Flores I, Cueva SPdl, Rufián-Henares JÁ, Hernández AF, Lacasaña M. Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Nutrients Intake of Pregnant Women in the South-East of Spain. Nutrients. 2021; 13(9):3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093032
Chicago/Turabian StyleHinojosa-Nogueira, Daniel, Desirée Romero-Molina, María José Giménez-Asensio, Beatriz Gonzalez-Alzaga, Inmaculada Lopéz-Flores, Silvia Pastoriza de la Cueva, José Ángel Rufián-Henares, Antonio F. Hernández, and Marina Lacasaña. 2021. "Validity and Reproducibility of a Food Frequency Questionnaire to Assess Nutrients Intake of Pregnant Women in the South-East of Spain" Nutrients 13, no. 9: 3032. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13093032