Assessment of Mechanical Properties and Structural Morphology of Alkali-Activated Mortars with Industrial Waste Materials
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Institute of Architecture and Construction, South Ural State University, Lenin Prospect 76, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Alfonso Valerio 6/1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Department of Building, School of Design and Environment, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117566, Singapore
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Young Researchers and Elite Club, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz 61349-37333, Iran
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Department of Manufacturing and Civil Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 2815 Gjøvik, Norway
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Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Academic Editor: José Ignacio Alvarez
Sustainability 2021, 13(4), 2062; https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042062
Received: 18 January 2021 / Revised: 9 February 2021 / Accepted: 10 February 2021 / Published: 14 February 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Structural Design for High-Performance Buildings and Infrastructures)
Alkali-activated products composed of industrial waste materials have shown promising environmentally friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. This study explores the mechanical properties and structural morphology of ternary blended alkali-activated mortars composed of industrial waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil fly ash (POFA), waste ceramic powder (WCP), and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS). The effect on the mechanical properties of the Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO content of each binder is investigated in 42 engineered alkali-activated mixes (AAMs). The AAMs structural morphology is first explored with the aid of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurements. Furthermore, three different algorithms are used to predict the AAMs mechanical properties. Both an optimized artificial neural network (ANN) combined with a metaheuristic Krill Herd algorithm (KHA-ANN) and an ANN-combined genetic algorithm (GA-ANN) are developed and compared with a multiple linear regression (MLR) model. The structural morphology tests confirm that the high GBFS volume in AAMs results in a high volume of hydration products and significantly improves the final mechanical properties. However, increasing POFA and WCP percentage in AAMs manifests in the rise of unreacted silicate and reduces C-S-H products that negatively affect the observed mechanical properties. Meanwhile, the mechanical features in AAMs with high-volume FA are significantly dependent on the GBFS percentage in the binder mass. It is also shown that the proposed KHA-ANN model offers satisfactory results of mechanical property predictions for AAMs, with higher accuracy than the GA-ANN or MLR methods. The final weight and bias values given by the model suggest that the KHA-ANN method can be efficiently used to design AAMs with targeted mechanical features and desired amounts of waste consumption.
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Keywords:
fly ash; granulated blast-furnace slag; palm oil fly ash; ordinary Portland cement; recycled ceramics; green mortar; alkali-activated mix design; compressive strength; embodied energy; CO2 emission
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MDPI and ACS Style
Faridmehr, I.; Bedon, C.; Huseien, G.F.; Nikoo, M.; Baghban, M.H. Assessment of Mechanical Properties and Structural Morphology of Alkali-Activated Mortars with Industrial Waste Materials. Sustainability 2021, 13, 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042062
AMA Style
Faridmehr I, Bedon C, Huseien GF, Nikoo M, Baghban MH. Assessment of Mechanical Properties and Structural Morphology of Alkali-Activated Mortars with Industrial Waste Materials. Sustainability. 2021; 13(4):2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042062
Chicago/Turabian StyleFaridmehr, Iman, Chiara Bedon, Ghasan F. Huseien, Mehdi Nikoo, and Mohammad H. Baghban 2021. "Assessment of Mechanical Properties and Structural Morphology of Alkali-Activated Mortars with Industrial Waste Materials" Sustainability 13, no. 4: 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13042062
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