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Microbiology Research
Volume 17
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Article

Spatio-Temporal Presumptive Identification of Enterococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. in Water from the Veracruz Reef System National Park in the Central Gulf of Mexico

by
Fátima Jael Olvera-Muñoz
1,
Martina Hilda Gracia-Valenzuela
2,
Fabiola Lango-Reynoso
1,
Olaya Pirene Castellanos-Onorio
3,
Jesús Montoya-Mendoza
1,
Christian Reyes-Velázquez
1,
María de Lourdes Fernández-Peña
1,
Bani Mariana Ruesgas-Ramon
1 and
María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez
1,*
1
Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnológico de Boca del Río, Boca del Río, Veracruz 94290, Mexico
2
Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnológico del Valle del Yaqui, Bácum 85276, Sonora, Mexico
3
Tecnológico Nacional de Mexico/Instituto Tecnológico de Veracruz, Veracruz 91897, Veracruz, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010002 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 10 November 2025 / Revised: 15 December 2025 / Accepted: 18 December 2025 / Published: 21 December 2025
Versions Notes

Abstract

The Veracruz Reef System National Park (VRSNP), located in the central Gulf of Mexico, is one of the country’s most ecologically and economically significant coral systems. Despite its high biodiversity and ecosystem functionality, it is affected by anthropogenic inputs such as fluvial discharges, urban effluents, and port and tourism activities that contribute organic and bacteriological loads. This study aimed to identify the presence of Enterococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. during three climatic seasons—dry, rainy, and north winds—at two water column depths (surface and bottom) across three reefs (Enmedio, Chopas, and Gallega) within the VRSNP during the 2022 annual cycle. Samples were analyzed according to national and international standards. Results showed that Vibrio spp. were influenced mainly by temporal factors, with higher values during north winds and the dry season (>1100 MPN/100 mL); otherwise, rainy conditions reported the lowest load (184.89 ± 15.00 MPN/100 mL). While Enterococcus spp. exhibited greater spatial influence, particularly in surface waters, Enmedio Reef recorded the highest load (478.34 ± 37.28 CFU/100 mL); in addition, Chopas Reef reported the lowest at the bottom (12.43 ± 1.26 CFU/100 mL). The findings highlight the need to strengthen microbiological monitoring protocols in marine coastal ecosystems to assess water quality, public health risks, and the ecological integrity of coral reef environments, as well as the implementation of molecular identification techniques.
Keywords: reef system; anthropogenic activity; pathogenic bacteria; water quality reef system; anthropogenic activity; pathogenic bacteria; water quality

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MDPI and ACS Style

Olvera-Muñoz, F.J.; Gracia-Valenzuela, M.H.; Lango-Reynoso, F.; Castellanos-Onorio, O.P.; Montoya-Mendoza, J.; Reyes-Velázquez, C.; Fernández-Peña, M.d.L.; Ruesgas-Ramon, B.M.; Castañeda-Chávez, M.d.R. Spatio-Temporal Presumptive Identification of Enterococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. in Water from the Veracruz Reef System National Park in the Central Gulf of Mexico. Microbiol. Res. 2026, 17, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010002

AMA Style

Olvera-Muñoz FJ, Gracia-Valenzuela MH, Lango-Reynoso F, Castellanos-Onorio OP, Montoya-Mendoza J, Reyes-Velázquez C, Fernández-Peña MdL, Ruesgas-Ramon BM, Castañeda-Chávez MdR. Spatio-Temporal Presumptive Identification of Enterococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. in Water from the Veracruz Reef System National Park in the Central Gulf of Mexico. Microbiology Research. 2026; 17(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Olvera-Muñoz, Fátima Jael, Martina Hilda Gracia-Valenzuela, Fabiola Lango-Reynoso, Olaya Pirene Castellanos-Onorio, Jesús Montoya-Mendoza, Christian Reyes-Velázquez, María de Lourdes Fernández-Peña, Bani Mariana Ruesgas-Ramon, and María del Refugio Castañeda-Chávez. 2026. "Spatio-Temporal Presumptive Identification of Enterococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. in Water from the Veracruz Reef System National Park in the Central Gulf of Mexico" Microbiology Research 17, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010002

APA Style

Olvera-Muñoz, F. J., Gracia-Valenzuela, M. H., Lango-Reynoso, F., Castellanos-Onorio, O. P., Montoya-Mendoza, J., Reyes-Velázquez, C., Fernández-Peña, M. d. L., Ruesgas-Ramon, B. M., & Castañeda-Chávez, M. d. R. (2026). Spatio-Temporal Presumptive Identification of Enterococcus spp. and Vibrio spp. in Water from the Veracruz Reef System National Park in the Central Gulf of Mexico. Microbiology Research, 17(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/microbiolres17010002

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