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Pharmaceutics
Volume 17
Issue 10
10.3390/pharmaceutics17101344
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Advanced Vaginal Nanodelivery of Losartan Potassium via PEGylated Zein Nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

by
Rofida Albash
1,*,
Mariam Hassan
2,3,
Ahmed M. Agiba
4,*,
Haneen Waleed Mohamed
5,
Mohamed Safwat Hassan
5,
Roaa Mohamed Ali
5,
Yara E. Shalabi
5,
Hend Mahmoud Abdelaziz Omran
5,
Moaz A. Eltabeeb
6,
Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi
7,
Asmaa Saleh
7,
Amira B. Kassem
8 and
Yasmina Elmahboub
1
1
Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12585, Egypt
2
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
3
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Galala University, Suez 43511, Egypt
4
School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
5
College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12585, Egypt
6
Department of Industrial Pharmacy, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology, Giza 12585, Egypt
7
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
8
Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22514, Egypt
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(10), 1344; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17101344 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 11 September 2025 / Revised: 14 October 2025 / Accepted: 15 October 2025 / Published: 18 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nano-Formulations for Drug Delivery and Cancer Immunotherapy)
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Abstract

Background/Objectives: PEGylated zein nanoparticles (PZNs) loaded with losartan potassium (LOS) were developed as a repurposed treatment for vaginal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. PZNs were prepared using the ethanol injection method with different types and amounts of Brij® surfactant. Methods: The prepared formulations were optimized using a D-optimal mixture design via Design-Expert® software version 13. The assessed responses included entrapment efficiency (EE%), particle size (PS), and zeta potential (ZP). Results: The optimized PZNs, composed of 30 mg Brij® O20 and 10 mg zein, exhibited spherical particles with an EE% of 90.58 ± 1.20%, PS of 200.81 ± 1.39 nm, PDI of 0.395 ± 0.01, and ZP of −36.59 ± 0.05 mV. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed complete deposition of fluorescein-labeled PZNs within vaginal tissues. Ex vivo studies showed that PZNs resulted in prolonged permeation of LOS compared to the LOS solution. In a murine model of MRSA infection, the optimized PZNs demonstrated superior therapeutic efficacy over the LOS solution. Histopathological examinations confirmed the safety of the tested formulations. Conclusions: In conclusion, the optimized PZNs present a promising approach for the treatment of MRSA-related vaginal infections.
Keywords: PEGylated zein nanoparticles; losartan potassium; vaginal drug delivery; MRSA infection PEGylated zein nanoparticles; losartan potassium; vaginal drug delivery; MRSA infection
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MDPI and ACS Style

Albash, R.; Hassan, M.; Agiba, A.M.; Mohamed, H.W.; Hassan, M.S.; Ali, R.M.; Shalabi, Y.E.; Omran, H.M.A.; Eltabeeb, M.A.; Alamoudi, J.A.; et al. Advanced Vaginal Nanodelivery of Losartan Potassium via PEGylated Zein Nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics 2025, 17, 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17101344

AMA Style

Albash R, Hassan M, Agiba AM, Mohamed HW, Hassan MS, Ali RM, Shalabi YE, Omran HMA, Eltabeeb MA, Alamoudi JA, et al. Advanced Vaginal Nanodelivery of Losartan Potassium via PEGylated Zein Nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics. 2025; 17(10):1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17101344

Chicago/Turabian Style

Albash, Rofida, Mariam Hassan, Ahmed M. Agiba, Haneen Waleed Mohamed, Mohamed Safwat Hassan, Roaa Mohamed Ali, Yara E. Shalabi, Hend Mahmoud Abdelaziz Omran, Moaz A. Eltabeeb, Jawaher Abdullah Alamoudi, and et al. 2025. "Advanced Vaginal Nanodelivery of Losartan Potassium via PEGylated Zein Nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus" Pharmaceutics 17, no. 10: 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17101344

APA Style

Albash, R., Hassan, M., Agiba, A. M., Mohamed, H. W., Hassan, M. S., Ali, R. M., Shalabi, Y. E., Omran, H. M. A., Eltabeeb, M. A., Alamoudi, J. A., Saleh, A., Kassem, A. B., & Elmahboub, Y. (2025). Advanced Vaginal Nanodelivery of Losartan Potassium via PEGylated Zein Nanoparticles for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pharmaceutics, 17(10), 1344. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17101344

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