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Volume 18
Issue 6
10.3390/v18060606
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Emergence of Non-Hemadsorbing African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II Variants and the Evolution of a Vaccine-Derived Strain in Vietnam

by
Thi Chau Giang Tran
1,2,
Thi Tam Than
2,
Thi Ngoc Ha Lai
3,
Hoang Duc Le
4,
Trong Tung Nguyen
5,
Ngoc Duong Vu
1,2,
Ngoc Bao Anh Ngo
1,2,
Hoai Thuong Nguyen
1,2,
Phuong Anh Nguyen
1,2,
Kalhari Goonewardene
6,
Aruna Ambagala
6,* and
Van Phan Le
1,2,*
1
College of Veterinary Medicine, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
2
Laboratory of Viral Infectious Diseases, Center for Research Excellence and Innovation, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
3
Vettech Veterinary Joint Stock Company, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
4
Institute of Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
5
Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
6
Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2026, 18(6), 606; https://doi.org/10.3390/v18060606
Submission received: 19 April 2026 / Revised: 21 May 2026 / Accepted: 21 May 2026 / Published: 26 May 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue ASFV Countermeasures, Pathogenesis, and Epidemiology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Highly virulent African swine fever virus (ASFV) genotype II strains have been responsible for the global epidemic in domestic pigs and are typically characterized by a hemadsorption (HAD)-positive phenotype mediated by the CD2v protein encoded by the EP402R gene. Here, we report the detection and genetic characterization of three non-HAD genotype II ASFV isolates (VNUA/ASFV/VP2023-isolate1, VNUA/ASFV/TB2024-isolate2, and VNUA/ASFV/HY2024-isolate3) recovered from whole-blood samples collected from pigs exhibiting prolonged clinical signs in northern Vietnam. Whole-genome analysis revealed nonsense mutations in the EP402R gene (G57A in isolates VNUA/ASFV/TB2024-isolate2 and VNUA/ASFV/HY2024-isolate3, and G132A in VNUA/ASFV/VP2023-isolate1), resulting in premature stop codons and a HAD-negative phenotype. Furthermore, additional genetic alterations, including deletions and frameshift mutations, were identified within multigene families (MGF110, MGF360, and MGF505), which are known to play critical roles in virulence, host range, and immune evasion. Notably, VNUA/ASFV/VP2023-isolate1 harbored a partial deletion of the I177L gene along with the insertion of an mCherry marker gene, suggesting possible evolution of the modified live ASFV-G-ΔI177L vaccine strain under field conditions. Collectively, these findings underscore the ongoing evolution and genomic plasticity of ASFV strains circulating in Vietnam.
Keywords: African swine fever virus genotype II; non-hemadsorbing strain; vaccine-derived strain; porcine; Vietnam African swine fever virus genotype II; non-hemadsorbing strain; vaccine-derived strain; porcine; Vietnam

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MDPI and ACS Style

Tran, T.C.G.; Than, T.T.; Lai, T.N.H.; Le, H.D.; Nguyen, T.T.; Vu, N.D.; Ngo, N.B.A.; Nguyen, H.T.; Nguyen, P.A.; Goonewardene, K.; et al. Emergence of Non-Hemadsorbing African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II Variants and the Evolution of a Vaccine-Derived Strain in Vietnam. Viruses 2026, 18, 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18060606

AMA Style

Tran TCG, Than TT, Lai TNH, Le HD, Nguyen TT, Vu ND, Ngo NBA, Nguyen HT, Nguyen PA, Goonewardene K, et al. Emergence of Non-Hemadsorbing African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II Variants and the Evolution of a Vaccine-Derived Strain in Vietnam. Viruses. 2026; 18(6):606. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18060606

Chicago/Turabian Style

Tran, Thi Chau Giang, Thi Tam Than, Thi Ngoc Ha Lai, Hoang Duc Le, Trong Tung Nguyen, Ngoc Duong Vu, Ngoc Bao Anh Ngo, Hoai Thuong Nguyen, Phuong Anh Nguyen, Kalhari Goonewardene, and et al. 2026. "Emergence of Non-Hemadsorbing African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II Variants and the Evolution of a Vaccine-Derived Strain in Vietnam" Viruses 18, no. 6: 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18060606

APA Style

Tran, T. C. G., Than, T. T., Lai, T. N. H., Le, H. D., Nguyen, T. T., Vu, N. D., Ngo, N. B. A., Nguyen, H. T., Nguyen, P. A., Goonewardene, K., Ambagala, A., & Le, V. P. (2026). Emergence of Non-Hemadsorbing African Swine Fever Virus Genotype II Variants and the Evolution of a Vaccine-Derived Strain in Vietnam. Viruses, 18(6), 606. https://doi.org/10.3390/v18060606

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