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Volume 17
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10.3390/v17020236
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Article

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Occult HCV Infection in the Adult Population of Mexico City

by
Luis Antonio Uribe-Noguez
1,*,
María Erandhi Prieto-Torres
2,
Luis Octavio Uribe-Noguez
3,
José Antonio Mata-Marín
4,
Carla Ileana Arroyo-Anduiza
5,
Rebeca Paquentín-Jimenez
6,
Alberto Chaparro-Sanchez
4,
Wendy Guadalupe Vazquez-Gonzalez
1,
Andrea Santos Coy-Arechavaleta
1,
Ericka Nelly Pompa-Mera
7,
Jesus Gaytán-Martínez
4,
Julio Elias Alvarado-Yaah
1,
Clara Esperanza Santacruz-Tinoco
8 and
Alicia Ocaña-Mondragón
1
1
Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, División de Laboratorios Especializados, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) “La Raza”, IMSS, México City 02990, Mexico
2
Coordinación de Información y Análisis Estratégico, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico City 77503, Mexico
3
Salud Digna, Mexico City 55717, Mexico
4
Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital de Infectología, CMN “La Raza”, IMSS, Mexico City 02990, Mexico
5
Departamento de Patología Clínica, Banco Central de Sangre, CMN “La Raza”, IMSS, México City 02990, Mexico
6
Inflammatory Eye Disease Clinic, Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México, Hospital “Dr. Luis Sánchez Bulnes”, México City 04030, Mexico
7
Unidad de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, CMN “Siglo XXI”, IMSS, Mexico City 06720, Mexico
8
División de Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City 07760, Mexico
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2025, 17(2), 236; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020236
Submission received: 9 January 2025 / Revised: 31 January 2025 / Accepted: 3 February 2025 / Published: 8 February 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Viral Hepatitis and Liver Diseases)
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Abstract

Occult HCV infection (OCI) is defined by the presence of HCV RNA in hepatocytes and/or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) without detectable HCV RNA or anti-HCV antibodies in plasma. OCI is underrecognized and may contribute to HCV transmission. This study estimated OCI prevalence and associated risk factors in adults from Mexico City. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing 507 general population volunteers. Demographic data and potential risk factors were collected via questionnaire. Anti-HCV detection was performed using two techniques: immunochromatographic rapid test and chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CMIA). Nested PCR was employed to detect HCV RNA in plasma and PBMCs. Positive samples were genotyped through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the Core/E1 region. Results: Of 507 participants, four were anti-HCV positive. HCV RNA was found in PBMCs of 27 individuals, while plasma samples tested negative, indicating a 5.3% OCI prevalence. OCI was significantly associated with blood donation (p = 0.015), drug use (p = 0.019), particularly cocaine (p = 0.001), and endoscopy (p = 0.043). Genotypes 1b, 1a, 2b, 3a, and 2j were detected in OCI cases. Conclusions: OCI prevalence in Mexico City’s general population is notable, with significant links to blood donation, cocaine use, and endoscopy. Enhanced diagnostic strategies are crucial to detect OCI and mitigate HCV transmission.
Keywords: HCV; occult HCV infection; general population; risk factors; sequencing HCV; occult HCV infection; general population; risk factors; sequencing

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MDPI and ACS Style

Uribe-Noguez, L.A.; Prieto-Torres, M.E.; Uribe-Noguez, L.O.; Mata-Marín, J.A.; Arroyo-Anduiza, C.I.; Paquentín-Jimenez, R.; Chaparro-Sanchez, A.; Vazquez-Gonzalez, W.G.; Santos Coy-Arechavaleta, A.; Pompa-Mera, E.N.; et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Occult HCV Infection in the Adult Population of Mexico City. Viruses 2025, 17, 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020236

AMA Style

Uribe-Noguez LA, Prieto-Torres ME, Uribe-Noguez LO, Mata-Marín JA, Arroyo-Anduiza CI, Paquentín-Jimenez R, Chaparro-Sanchez A, Vazquez-Gonzalez WG, Santos Coy-Arechavaleta A, Pompa-Mera EN, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Occult HCV Infection in the Adult Population of Mexico City. Viruses. 2025; 17(2):236. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020236

Chicago/Turabian Style

Uribe-Noguez, Luis Antonio, María Erandhi Prieto-Torres, Luis Octavio Uribe-Noguez, José Antonio Mata-Marín, Carla Ileana Arroyo-Anduiza, Rebeca Paquentín-Jimenez, Alberto Chaparro-Sanchez, Wendy Guadalupe Vazquez-Gonzalez, Andrea Santos Coy-Arechavaleta, Ericka Nelly Pompa-Mera, and et al. 2025. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Occult HCV Infection in the Adult Population of Mexico City" Viruses 17, no. 2: 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020236

APA Style

Uribe-Noguez, L. A., Prieto-Torres, M. E., Uribe-Noguez, L. O., Mata-Marín, J. A., Arroyo-Anduiza, C. I., Paquentín-Jimenez, R., Chaparro-Sanchez, A., Vazquez-Gonzalez, W. G., Santos Coy-Arechavaleta, A., Pompa-Mera, E. N., Gaytán-Martínez, J., Alvarado-Yaah, J. E., Santacruz-Tinoco, C. E., & Ocaña-Mondragón, A. (2025). Prevalence and Risk Factors of Occult HCV Infection in the Adult Population of Mexico City. Viruses, 17(2), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/v17020236

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