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Volume 13
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10.3390/v13112179
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Article

A Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow in Perinatally HIV Infected Adolescents as Compared to Matched Healthy Controls

by
Jason G. van Genderen
1,*,
Malon Van den Hof
1,
Anne Marleen ter Haar
1,
Charlotte Blokhuis
1,
Vera C. Keil
2,
Dasja Pajkrt
1 and
Henk J. M. M. Mutsaerts
2
1
Location Academic Medical Center, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, H8-253 P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
2
Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam Neuroscience, H8-253 P.O. Box 22660, 1100 DD Amsterdam, The Netherlands
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2021, 13(11), 2179; https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112179
Submission received: 10 September 2021 / Revised: 25 October 2021 / Accepted: 25 October 2021 / Published: 28 October 2021
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Long-Term Outcomes of Treated Perinatal HIV Infection)
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Abstract

Despite effective combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART), perinatally HIV infected (PHIV) adolescents still experience cognitive complications. We previously reported higher cerebral blood flow (CBF) in basal ganglia and white matter (WM) in PHIV children compared to matched controls. In healthy children CBF is associated with cognitive domains. To determine longitudinal changes in CBF and its impact on cognitive complications, we measured CBF—using arterial spin labeling—in 21 PHIV adolescents and 23 controls matched for age, sex and socio-economic status twice with a mean follow-up of 4.6 years. We explored associations between CBF changes and WM micro- and macrostructural markers and cognitive domains using linear mixed models. The median age at follow-up was comparable between PHIV adolescents 17.4y (IQR:15.3–20.7) and controls 16.2y (IQR:15.6–19.1). At baseline, PHIV had higher CBF in the caudate nucleus and putamen. CBF development was comparable in gray matter (GM), WM and subcortical regions in both groups. In our cohort, we found that over time an increase of GM CBF was associated with an increase of visual motor function (p = 0.043) and executive function (p = 0.045). Increase of CBF in the caudate nucleus, putamen and thalamus was associated with an increase processing speed (p = 0.033; 0.036; 0.003 respectively) and visual motor function (p = 0.023; 0.045; 0.003 respectively). CBF development is relatively normal in PHIV adolescents on cART. CBF decline is associated with cognitive impairment, irrespective of HIV status.
Keywords: HIV; cerebral blood flow; cognitive function HIV; cerebral blood flow; cognitive function

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MDPI and ACS Style

van Genderen, J.G.; Van den Hof, M.; ter Haar, A.M.; Blokhuis, C.; Keil, V.C.; Pajkrt, D.; Mutsaerts, H.J.M.M. A Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow in Perinatally HIV Infected Adolescents as Compared to Matched Healthy Controls. Viruses 2021, 13, 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112179

AMA Style

van Genderen JG, Van den Hof M, ter Haar AM, Blokhuis C, Keil VC, Pajkrt D, Mutsaerts HJMM. A Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow in Perinatally HIV Infected Adolescents as Compared to Matched Healthy Controls. Viruses. 2021; 13(11):2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112179

Chicago/Turabian Style

van Genderen, Jason G., Malon Van den Hof, Anne Marleen ter Haar, Charlotte Blokhuis, Vera C. Keil, Dasja Pajkrt, and Henk J. M. M. Mutsaerts. 2021. "A Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow in Perinatally HIV Infected Adolescents as Compared to Matched Healthy Controls" Viruses 13, no. 11: 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112179

APA Style

van Genderen, J. G., Van den Hof, M., ter Haar, A. M., Blokhuis, C., Keil, V. C., Pajkrt, D., & Mutsaerts, H. J. M. M. (2021). A Longitudinal Analysis of Cerebral Blood Flow in Perinatally HIV Infected Adolescents as Compared to Matched Healthy Controls. Viruses, 13(11), 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13112179

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