Materials

300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Efficiency Improvement of HIT Solar Cells on p-Type Si Wafers

by Chun-You Wei, Chu-Hsuan Lin, Hao-Tse Hsiao, Po-Chuan Yang, Chih-Ming Wang and Yen-Chih Pan

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5440-5446; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115440 - 22 Nov 2013

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 6046

Single crystal silicon solar cells are still predominant in the market due to the abundance of silicon on earth and their acceptable efficiency. Different solar-cell structures of single crystalline Si have been investigated to boost efficiency; the heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) [...] Read more.

Single crystal silicon solar cells are still predominant in the market due to the abundance of silicon on earth and their acceptable efficiency. Different solar-cell structures of single crystalline Si have been investigated to boost efficiency; the heterojunction with intrinsic thin layer (HIT) structure is currently the leading technology. The record efficiency values of state-of-the art HIT solar cells have always been based on n-type single-crystalline Si wafers. Improving the efficiency of cells based on p-type single-crystalline Si wafers could provide broader options for the development of HIT solar cells. In this study, we varied the thickness of intrinsic hydrogenated amorphous Si layer to improve the efficiency of HIT solar cells on p-type Si wafers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Solar Energy Materials 2013)

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598 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Voltammetric Studies on Gold Electrodes Coated with Chitosan-Containing Layer-by-Layer Films

by Shigehiro Takahashi, Ryota Watahiki, Kohji Tomida, Baozhen Wang and Jun-ichi Anzai

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5427-5439; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115427 - 21 Nov 2013

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5352

Abstract

Gold (Au) electrodes coated with layer-by-layer (LbL) thin films composed of chitosan (CHI) were prepared to evaluate the redox properties of hexaammine ruthenium ions, Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺, and ferricyanide ions, Fe(CN)₆³⁻ LbL films were prepared on an Au [...] Read more.

Gold (Au) electrodes coated with layer-by-layer (LbL) thin films composed of chitosan (CHI) were prepared to evaluate the redox properties of hexaammine ruthenium ions, Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺, and ferricyanide ions, Fe(CN)₆³⁻ LbL films were prepared on an Au electrode by electrostatic LbL deposition using polycationic CHI and poly(vinyl sulfate) (PVS) or poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as anionic component. Redox peak current in cyclic voltammetry of Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺ on the CHI/PVS and CHI/PAA film-coated electrodes increased with increasing thickness of the films. Interestingly, the cyclic voltammograms showed two pair of redox peaks, originating from Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺ diffusing across the LbL layers and from those confined in the film. The results were rationalized in terms of the electrostatic interactions between Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺ and excess negative charges in the LbL films originating from PVS and PAA. In contrast, Fe(CN)₆³⁻ was not confined in the LbL films due to electrostatic repulsion of Fe(CN)₆³⁻ and excess negative charges. Significant amounts of Ru(NH₃)₆³⁺ were confined in the films at pH 7.0, whereas few ions were bound at pH 3.0 due to the reduced net negative charge in the films. The results suggest a potential use of the CHI-containing LbL films as scaffold for immobilizing positively charged ionic species on the electrode surface. Full article

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951 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rapid Microwave Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of Lithium Nitride Hydride, Li₄NH

by Nuria Tapia-Ruiz, Natalie Sorbie, Nicolas Vaché, Tuan K. A. Hoang and Duncan H. Gregory

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5410-5426; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115410 - 21 Nov 2013

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 7755

Abstract

Lithium nitride hydride, Li₄NH, was synthesised from lithium nitride and lithium hydride over minute timescales, using microwave synthesis methods in the solid state for the first time. The structure of the microwave-synthesised powders was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction [tetragonal space [...] Read more.

Lithium nitride hydride, Li₄NH, was synthesised from lithium nitride and lithium hydride over minute timescales, using microwave synthesis methods in the solid state for the first time. The structure of the microwave-synthesised powders was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction [tetragonal space group I4₁/a; a = 4.8864(1) Å, c = 9.9183(2) Å] and the nitride hydride reacts with moist air under ambient conditions to produce lithium hydroxide and subsequently lithium carbonate. Li₄NH undergoes no dehydrogenation or decomposition [under Ar_(g)] below 773 K. A tetragonal–cubic phase transition, however, occurs for the compound at ca. 770 K. The new high temperature (HT) phase adopts an anti-fluorite structure (space group Fm 3̅ m; a = 4.9462(3) Å) with N³⁻ and H⁻ ions disordered on the 4a sites. Thermal treatment of Li₄NH under nitrogen yields a stoichiometric mixture of lithium nitride and lithium imide (Li₃N and Li₂NH respectively). Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Manufacturing Processes and Systems)

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391 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of the Oxygen Supply and Viability of Human Osteoblasts in Three-Dimensional Titanium Scaffolds Produced by Laser-Beam or Electron-Beam Melting

by Anika Jonitz-Heincke, Jan Wieding, Christoph Schulze, Doris Hansmann and Rainer Bader

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5398-5409; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115398 - 21 Nov 2013

Cited by 28 | Viewed by 6239

Abstract

Synthetic materials for bone replacement must ensure a sufficient mechanical stability and an adequate cell proliferation within the structures. Hereby, titanium materials are suitable for producing patient-individual porous bone scaffolds by using generative techniques. In this in vitro study, the viability of human [...] Read more.

Synthetic materials for bone replacement must ensure a sufficient mechanical stability and an adequate cell proliferation within the structures. Hereby, titanium materials are suitable for producing patient-individual porous bone scaffolds by using generative techniques. In this in vitro study, the viability of human osteoblasts was investigated in porous 3D Ti6Al4V scaffolds, which were produced by electron-beam (EBM) or laser-beam melting (LBM). For each examination, two cylindrical scaffolds (30 mm × 10 mm in size, 700 µm × 700 µm macropores) were placed on each other and seeded with cells. The oxygen consumption and the acidification in the center of the structures were investigated by means of microsensors. Additionally, the synthesis of pro-collagen type 1 was analyzed. On the LBM titanium scaffolds, vital bone cells were detected in the center and in the periphery after 8 days of cultivation. In the EBM titanium constructs, however, vital cells were only visible in the center. During the cultivation period, the cells increasingly produced procollagen type 1 in both scaffolds. In comparison to the periphery, the oxygen content in the center of the scaffolds slightly decreased. Furthermore, a slight acidification of the medium was detectable. Compared to LBM, the EBM titanium scaffolds showed a less favorable behavior with regard to cell seeding. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Materials for Biomedical Application 2013)

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807 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimized Slurries for Spray Drying: Different Approaches to Obtain Homogeneous and Deformable Alumina-Zirconia Granules

by Valentina Naglieri, Dan Gutknecht, Vincent Garnier, Paola Palmero, Jérôme Chevalier and Laura Montanaro

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5382-5397; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115382 - 21 Nov 2013

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 7891

Abstract

Spray drying is widely used for producing granulated feed materials for compaction process, which is the current industrial method for manufacturing alumina-zirconia femoral heads. The optimization of the granules compaction behavior requires the control of the slurry rheology. Moreover, for a dual-phase ceramic [...] Read more.

Spray drying is widely used for producing granulated feed materials for compaction process, which is the current industrial method for manufacturing alumina-zirconia femoral heads. The optimization of the granules compaction behavior requires the control of the slurry rheology. Moreover, for a dual-phase ceramic suspension, the even phase distribution has to be kept through the atomization step. Here we present two approaches addressing the key issues involved in the atomization of a composite system. Alumina-10 vol % zirconia powders were prepared by either a powder mixing route, or by the surface modification of a commercial α-alumina powder with a zirconium salt. Slurries from both powders were spray dried. The correlation between slurry rheology and pH, granules morphology and sintered microstructures was here investigated and discussed on the ground of the two feed materials characteristics. The processing conditions were optimized to obtain dense and homogeneous alumina-zirconia micro-nano composites by both processing routes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Equivalent Electromagnetic Constants for Microwave Application to Composite Materials for the Multi-Scale Problem

by Keisuke Fujisaki and Tomoyuki Ikeda

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5367-5381; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115367 - 21 Nov 2013

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 4710

Abstract

To connect different scale models in the multi-scale problem of microwave use, equivalent material constants were researched numerically by a three-dimensional electromagnetic field, taking into account eddy current and displacement current. A volume averaged method and a standing wave method were used to [...] Read more.

To connect different scale models in the multi-scale problem of microwave use, equivalent material constants were researched numerically by a three-dimensional electromagnetic field, taking into account eddy current and displacement current. A volume averaged method and a standing wave method were used to introduce the equivalent material constants; water particles and aluminum particles are used as composite materials. Consumed electrical power is used for the evaluation. Water particles have the same equivalent material constants for both methods; the same electrical power is obtained for both the precise model (micro-model) and the homogeneous model (macro-model). However, aluminum particles have dissimilar equivalent material constants for both methods; different electric power is obtained for both models. The varying electromagnetic phenomena are derived from the expression of eddy current. For small electrical conductivity such as water, the macro-current which flows in the macro-model and the micro-current which flows in the micro-model express the same electromagnetic phenomena. However, for large electrical conductivity such as aluminum, the macro-current and micro-current express different electromagnetic phenomena. The eddy current which is observed in the micro-model is not expressed by the macro-model. Therefore, the equivalent material constant derived from the volume averaged method and the standing wave method is applicable to water with a small electrical conductivity, although not applicable to aluminum with a large electrical conductivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Processing of Materials)

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766 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis, Molecular Structure and Cytotoxicity of Molecular Materials Based on Water Soluble Half-Sandwich Rh(III) and Ir(III) Tetranuclear Metalla-Cycles

by Gajendra Gupta, Benjamin S. Murray, Paul J. Dyson and Bruno Therrien

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5352-5366; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115352 - 20 Nov 2013

Cited by 25 | Viewed by 6877

Abstract

The neutral dinuclear complexes [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)₂Rh₂(μ-dhnq)Cl₂] (1) and [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)₂Ir₂(μ-dhnq)Cl₂] (2) (dhnqH₂ = 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) were obtained [...] Read more.

The neutral dinuclear complexes [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)₂Rh₂(μ-dhnq)Cl₂] (1) and [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)₂Ir₂(μ-dhnq)Cl₂] (2) (dhnqH₂ = 5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) were obtained from the reaction of [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)M(μ-Cl)Cl]₂ (M = Rh, Ir) with dhnqH₂ in the presence of CH₃COONa. Treatment of 1 or 2 in methanol with linear ditopic ligands L (L = pyrazine, 4,4′-bipyridine or 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene), in the presence of AgCF₃SO₃, affords the corresponding tetranuclear metalla-rectangles [(η⁵-C₅Me₅)₄M₄(μ-dhnq)₂(μ-L)₂]⁴⁺ (L = pyrazine, M = Rh, 3; M = Ir, 4; L = 4,4′-bipyridine, M = Rh, 5; M = Ir, 6; L = 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene, M = Rh, 7; M = Ir, 8). All complexes were isolated as their triflate salts and were fully characterized by infrared, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy, and some representative complexes by single-crystal X-ray structure analysis. The X-ray structures of 3, 5 and 6 confirm the formation of the tetranuclear metalla-cycles, and suggest that complexes 5 and 6 possess a cavity of sufficient size to encapsulate small guest molecules. In addition, the antiproliferative activity of the metalla-cycles 3–8 was evaluated against the human ovarian A2780 (cisplatin sensitive) and A2780cisR (cisplatin resistant) cancer cell lines and on non-tumorigenic human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells. All cationic tetranuclear metalla-rectangles were found to be highly cytotoxic, with IC₅₀ values in the low micromolar range. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Supramolecular Cage Complexes)

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1544 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Phosphorus Effects of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass on Occlude Exposed Dentin

by Wen-Cheng Chen, Cheng-Hwei Chen, Jung-Chang Kung, Yu-Cheng Hsiao, Chi-Jen Shih and Chi-Sheng Chien

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5335-5351; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115335 - 19 Nov 2013

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 6257

Abstract

In recent studies, sealing of exposed dentinal tubules is generally considered as one of the most effective strategies to treat dentin hypersensitivity. Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) is a potential material for treating dentin hypersensitivity due to its highly specific areas for dissolution and [...] Read more.

In recent studies, sealing of exposed dentinal tubules is generally considered as one of the most effective strategies to treat dentin hypersensitivity. Mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG) is a potential material for treating dentin hypersensitivity due to its highly specific areas for dissolution and re-precipitated reaction for reduction in dentin permeability. The groups of commercial products of PerioGlas^®, synthetic MBG and MBG without phosphorus (MBGNP) were compared. The MBG and MBGNP powders were prepared by the sol-gel method and mixed with different calculated ratios of phosphoric acid (PA) and then was brushed onto dentin surfaces. We used X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electronic microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to investigate the physiochemistry and the occlusion ability of dentinal tubules. The results showed that MBG paste mixed with PA solution has a better ability for occluding dentinal tubules than MBGNP; it has a short reaction time and good operability. The major crystallite phase of MBG agents was monocalcium phosphate monohydrate [Ca(H₂PO₄)₂·H₂O] in the early stages of the reactions. MBG pastes that were mixed with 30% and 40% PA had the ability to create excellent penetration depth greater than 80 μm. These agents have the potential to treat dentin hypersensitivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ceramics for Healthcare 2013)

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986 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Geosynthetic Reinforcement of Sand-Mat Layer above Soft Ground

by Jong-Beom Park, Hyun-Soo Park and Daehyeon Kim

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5314-5334; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115314 - 19 Nov 2013

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 6121

Abstract

In order to improve the bearing capacity of soft ground for the purpose of getting trafficability of construction vehicles, the reinforcement of geosynthetics for sand-mat layers on soft ground has often been used. As the strength of the geosynthetics increases, and the sand-mat [...] Read more.

In order to improve the bearing capacity of soft ground for the purpose of getting trafficability of construction vehicles, the reinforcement of geosynthetics for sand-mat layers on soft ground has often been used. As the strength of the geosynthetics increases, and the sand-mat system becomes stronger, the bearing capacity of sand-mat systems will be increased. The depths of geosynthetics, reinforced in sand-mat layers, were varied with respect to the width of footing. The tensile strengths of geosynthetics were also varied to evaluate the effect of reinforcement on the bearing capacity of soft ground. The dispersion angles, with varying sand-mat thicknesses, were also determined in consideration of the tensile strength of geosynthetics and the depths of reinforcement installations. The bearing capacity ratios, with the variation of footing width and reinforced embedment depth, were determined for the geosynthetics-only, reinforced soft ground, 1-layer sand-mat system and 2-layer sand-mat system against the non-reinforced soft ground. From the test results of various models, a principle that better explains the concept of geosynthetic reinforcement has been found. On the basis of this principle, a new bearing capacity equation for practical use in the design of geosynthetically reinforced soft ground has been proposed by modifying Yamanouchi’s equation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Construction Materials)

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783 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study of the Wavelength Dependence in Laser Ablation of Advanced Ceramics and Glass-Ceramic Materials in the Nanosecond Range

by Daniel Sola and Jose I. Peña

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5302-5313; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115302 - 19 Nov 2013

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 6485

Abstract

In this work, geometrical dimensions and ablation yields as a function of the machining method and reference position were studied when advanced ceramics and glass-ceramic materials were machined with pulsed lasers in the nanosecond range. Two laser systems, emitting at 1064 and 532 [...] Read more.

In this work, geometrical dimensions and ablation yields as a function of the machining method and reference position were studied when advanced ceramics and glass-ceramic materials were machined with pulsed lasers in the nanosecond range. Two laser systems, emitting at 1064 and 532 nm, were used. It was shown that the features obtained depend on whether the substrate is processed by means of pulse bursts or by grooves. In particular, when the samples were processed by grooves, machined depth, removed volume and ablation yields reached their maximum, placing the sample out of focus. It was shown that these characteristics do not depend on the processing conditions, the wavelength or the optical configuration, and that this is intrinsic behavior of the processing method. Furthermore, the existence of a close relation between material hardness and ablation yields was demonstrated. Full article

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486 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Bone-Thickness Map as a Guide for Bone-Anchored Port Implantation Surgery in the Temporal Bone

by Jérémie Guignard, Andreas Arnold, Christian Weisstanner, Marco Caversaccio and Christof Stieger

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5291-5301; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115291 - 19 Nov 2013

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 6096

Abstract

The bone-anchored port (BAP) is an investigational implant, which is intended to be fixed on the temporal bone and provide vascular access. There are a number of implants taking advantage of the stability and available room in the temporal bone. These devices range [...] Read more.

The bone-anchored port (BAP) is an investigational implant, which is intended to be fixed on the temporal bone and provide vascular access. There are a number of implants taking advantage of the stability and available room in the temporal bone. These devices range from implantable hearing aids to percutaneous ports. During temporal bone surgery, injuring critical anatomical structures must be avoided. Several methods for computer-assisted temporal bone surgery are reported, which typically add an additional procedure for the patient. We propose a surgical guide in the form of a bone-thickness map displaying anatomical landmarks that can be used for planning of the surgery, and for the intra-operative decision of the implant’s location. The retro-auricular region of the temporal and parietal bone was marked on cone-beam computed tomography scans and tridimensional surfaces displaying the bone thickness were created from this space. We compared this method using a thickness map (n = 10) with conventional surgery without assistance (n = 5) in isolated human anatomical whole head specimens. The use of the thickness map reduced the rate of Dura Mater exposition from 100% to 20% and suppressed sigmoid sinus exposures. The study shows that a bone-thickness map can be used as a low-complexity method to improve patient’s safety during BAP surgery in the temporal bone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling and Simulation in Materials Study)

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613 KiB

Open AccessConcept Paper

An Empirical Approach to Correlating Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Behaviour of a Polycrystalline Ni-Base Superalloy

by Mark Whittaker, Robert Lancaster, William Harrison, Christopher Pretty and Stephen Williams

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5275-5290; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115275 - 15 Nov 2013

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 5819

Abstract

Assessment of thermo-mechanical fatigue behaviour of the polycrystalline nickel alloy RR1000 reveals a significant effect of phase angle on fatigue life. The current paper explores two scenarios: the first where the mechanical strain range is held constant and comparisons of the fatigue life [...] Read more.

Assessment of thermo-mechanical fatigue behaviour of the polycrystalline nickel alloy RR1000 reveals a significant effect of phase angle on fatigue life. The current paper explores two scenarios: the first where the mechanical strain range is held constant and comparisons of the fatigue life are made for different phase angle tests; and secondly, the difference between the behaviour of In-phase (IP) and −180° Out-Of-Phase (OOP) tests over a variety of applied strain ranges. It is shown that different lifing approaches are currently required for the two scenarios, with a mean stress based approach being more applicable in the first case, whereas a Basquin-type model proves more applicable in the second. However, it is also demonstrated that the crack propagation phase should also be considered in these types of tests for high strain ranges and projects that future modelling approaches should attempt to unify mean stress, stress range and a crack propagation phase. Full article

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1317 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Titanium Corrosion Mechanisms in the Oral Environment: A Retrieval Study

by Danieli C. Rodrigues, Pilar Valderrama, Thomas G. Wilson, Jr., Kelli Palmer, Anie Thomas, Sathyanarayanan Sridhar, Arvind Adapalli, Maria Burbano and Chandur Wadhwani

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5258-5274; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115258 - 15 Nov 2013

Cited by 165 | Viewed by 14452

Abstract

Corrosion of titanium dental implants has been associated with implant failure and is considered one of the triggering factors for peri-implantitis. This corrosion is concerning, because a large amount of metal ions and debris are generated in this process, the accumulation of which [...] Read more.

Corrosion of titanium dental implants has been associated with implant failure and is considered one of the triggering factors for peri-implantitis. This corrosion is concerning, because a large amount of metal ions and debris are generated in this process, the accumulation of which may lead to adverse tissue reactions in vivo. The goal of this study is to investigate the mechanisms for implant degradation by evaluating the surface of five titanium dental implants retrieved due to peri-implantitis. The results demonstrated that all the implants were subjected to very acidic environments, which, in combination with normal implant loading, led to cases of severe implant discoloration, pitting attack, cracking and fretting-crevice corrosion. The results suggest that acidic environments induced by bacterial biofilms and/or inflammatory processes may trigger oxidation of the surface of titanium dental implants. The corrosive process can lead to permanent breakdown of the oxide film, which, besides releasing metal ions and debris in vivo, may also hinder re-integration of the implant surface with surrounding bone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Titanium Materials for Biomedical Application 2013)

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503 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Magnetic Phase Transition in Ion-Irradiated Ultrathin CoN Films via Magneto-Optic Faraday Effect

by Chiung-Wu Su, Yen-Chu Chang and Sheng-Chi Chang

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5247-5257; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115247 - 15 Nov 2013

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 5658

Abstract

The magnetic properties of 1 nm thick in-plane anisotropic Co ultrathin film on ZnO(0001) were investigated through successive 500 eV nitrogen-ion sputtering. Magneto-optical Faraday effects were used to observe the evolution of the ion-irradiated sample in longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic fields. The ferromagnetic [...] Read more.

The magnetic properties of 1 nm thick in-plane anisotropic Co ultrathin film on ZnO(0001) were investigated through successive 500 eV nitrogen-ion sputtering. Magneto-optical Faraday effects were used to observe the evolution of the ion-irradiated sample in longitudinal and perpendicular magnetic fields. The ferromagnetic phase of the initial in-plane anisotropic fcc β-Co phase transformation to β-Co(N) phase was terminated at paramagnetic CoN_x phase. In-plane anisotropy with weak out-of-plane anisotropy of the Co/ZnO sample was initially observed in the as-grown condition. In the sputtering process, the N⁺ ions induced simultaneous sputtering and doping. An abrupt spin reorientation behavior from in-plane to out-of-plane was found under prolonged sputtering condition. The existence of perpendicular anisotropy measured from the out-of-plane Faraday effect may be attributed to the co-existence of residual β-Co and Co₄N exchange bonding force by the gradual depletion of Co-N thickness. Full article

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1692 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of “Cauliflower-Like” ZnO Micron-Sized Particles

by Tamar Gordon, Judith Grinblat and Shlomo Margel

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5234-5246; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115234 - 14 Nov 2013

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 6733

Abstract

Porous polydivinyl benzene (PDVB) microspheres of narrow size distribution were formed by a single-step swelling process of template uniform polystyrene microspheres with divinyl benzene (DVB), followed by polymerization of the DVB within the swollen template microspheres. The PDVB porous particles were then formed [...] Read more.

Porous polydivinyl benzene (PDVB) microspheres of narrow size distribution were formed by a single-step swelling process of template uniform polystyrene microspheres with divinyl benzene (DVB), followed by polymerization of the DVB within the swollen template microspheres. The PDVB porous particles were then formed by dissolution of the template polystyrene polymer. Unique “cauliflower-like” ZnO microparticles were prepared by the entrapping of the ZnO precursor ZnCl₂ in the PDVB porous microspheres under vacuum, followed by calcination of the obtained ZnCl₂-PDVB microspheres in an air atmosphere. The morphology, crystallinity and fluorescence properties of those ZnO microparticles were characterized. This “cauliflower-like” shape ZnO particles is in contrast to a previous study demonstrated the preparation of spherical shaped porous ZnO and C-ZnO microparticles by a similar method, using zinc acetate (ZnAc) as a precursor. Two diverted synthesis mechanisms for those two different ZnO microparticles structures are proposed, based on studies of the distribution of each of the ZnO precursors within the PDVB microspheres. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Particles 2013)

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1082 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Intragranular Substructure Parameters on the Forming Limit Diagrams of Single-Phase B.C.C. Steels

by Gérald Franz, Farid Abed-Meraim and Marcel Berveiller

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5217-5233; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115217 - 13 Nov 2013

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 5379

Abstract

An advanced elastic-plastic self-consistent polycrystalline model, accounting for intragranular microstructure development and evolution, is coupled with a bifurcation-based localization criterion and applied to the numerical investigation of the impact of microstructural patterns on ductility of single-phase steels. The proposed multiscale model, taking into [...] Read more.

An advanced elastic-plastic self-consistent polycrystalline model, accounting for intragranular microstructure development and evolution, is coupled with a bifurcation-based localization criterion and applied to the numerical investigation of the impact of microstructural patterns on ductility of single-phase steels. The proposed multiscale model, taking into account essential microstructural aspects, such as initial and induced textures, dislocation densities, and softening mechanisms, allows us to emphasize the relationship between intragranular microstructure of B.C.C. steels and their ductility. A qualitative study in terms of forming limit diagrams for various dislocation networks, during monotonic loading tests, is conducted in order to analyze the impact of intragranular substructure parameters on the formability of single-phase B.C.C. steels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computational Modeling and Simulation in Materials Study)

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1054 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Guar-Montmorillonite Nanocomposites

by Rola Mansa and Christian Detellier

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5199-5216; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115199 - 13 Nov 2013

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7479

Abstract

Polymer-clay nanocomposites are highly sought-after materials, mainly due to their applicability in a variety of avenues. From the standpoint of the preparation of these nanocomposites, however, organic compatibility with clay and adherence to “green chemistry” concepts and principles can be limiting factors. As [...] Read more.

Polymer-clay nanocomposites are highly sought-after materials, mainly due to their applicability in a variety of avenues. From the standpoint of the preparation of these nanocomposites, however, organic compatibility with clay and adherence to “green chemistry” concepts and principles can be limiting factors. As such, the objective was to prepare a biopolymer-modified clay nanocomposite using a simple and environmentally friendly method of preparation, whereby pre-treatment of the clay for organic compatibility was bypassed. Novel montmorillonite nanocomposites were prepared using neutral guar gum and cationic guar gum. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the formation of intercalated structures. A monolayer configuration of cationic guar within the interlayer space was indicated by XRD results, while treatment with neutral guar gum resulted in the observance of both monolayer and bilayer configurations. Additionally, TEM results indicated partial exfoliation. Results attributed from ¹³C cross polarization/magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (CP/MAS NMR) of the nanocomposites indicated peaks corresponding to the guar constituent, confirming the adsorption of the biopolymer. Inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP-ES) results indicated the exchange of cations present in neutral guar gum with the sodium cations of montmorillonite, in the case of the neutral guar nanocomposites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanocomposites of Polymers and Inorganic Particles 2013)

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917 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Development of Flax Fibres and Their Reinforced Composites Based on Different Polymeric Matrices

by Jinchun Zhu, Huijun Zhu, James Njuguna and Hrushikesh Abhyankar

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5171-5198; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115171 - 12 Nov 2013

Cited by 215 | Viewed by 15657

Abstract

This work describes flax fibre reinforced polymeric composites with recent developments. The properties of flax fibres, as well as advanced fibre treatments such as mercerization, silane treatment, acylation, peroxide treatment and coatings for the enhancement of flax/matrix incompatibility are presented. The characteristic properties [...] Read more.

This work describes flax fibre reinforced polymeric composites with recent developments. The properties of flax fibres, as well as advanced fibre treatments such as mercerization, silane treatment, acylation, peroxide treatment and coatings for the enhancement of flax/matrix incompatibility are presented. The characteristic properties and characterizations of flax composites on various polymers including polypropylene (PP) and polylactic acid, epoxy, bio-epoxy and bio-phenolic resin are discussed. A brief overview is also given on the recent nanotechnology applied in flax composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials)

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740 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Two-Dimensional Modeling Procedure to Estimate the Loss Equivalent Resistance Including the Saturation Effect

by Rosa Ana Salas

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5159-5170; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115159 - 12 Nov 2013

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4780

Abstract

We propose a modeling procedure specifically designed for a ferrite inductor excited by a waveform in time domain. We estimate the loss resistance in the core (parameter of the electrical model of the inductor) by means of a Finite Element Method in 2D [...] Read more.

We propose a modeling procedure specifically designed for a ferrite inductor excited by a waveform in time domain. We estimate the loss resistance in the core (parameter of the electrical model of the inductor) by means of a Finite Element Method in 2D which leads to significant computational advantages over the 3D model. The methodology is validated for an RM (rectangular modulus) ferrite core working in the linear and the saturation regions. Excellent agreement is found between the experimental data and the computational results. Full article

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638 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Change from Past to Future for Adsorbent Materials in Treatment of Dyeing Wastewaters

by George Z. Kyzas, Jie Fu and Kostas A. Matis

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5131-5158; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115131 - 8 Nov 2013

Cited by 169 | Viewed by 11672

Abstract

Adsorption is one of the most promising decolorization techniques in dyeing wastewater treatment. Adsorption techniques for wastewater treatment have become more popular in recent years owing to their efficiency in the removal of pollutants too stable for biological methods. Dye adsorption is a [...] Read more.

Adsorption is one of the most promising decolorization techniques in dyeing wastewater treatment. Adsorption techniques for wastewater treatment have become more popular in recent years owing to their efficiency in the removal of pollutants too stable for biological methods. Dye adsorption is a result of two mechanisms (adsorption and ion exchange) and is influenced by many factors as dye/adsorbent interaction, adsorbent’s surface area, particle size, temperature, pH, and contact time. The main advantage of adsorption recently became the use of low-cost materials, which reduces the procedure cost. The present review firstly introduced the technology process, research history and research hotspot of adsorption. Then, the application of adsorption in treatment of dyeing wastewaters in the past decades was summarized, revealing the impressive changes in modes, trends, and conditions. From this review article, the different philosophy of synthesis of adsorbent materials became evident. Full article

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790 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation on the Residual Stress State of Drawn Tubes by Numerical Simulation and Neutron Diffraction Analysis

by Heinz Palkowski, Sebastian Brück, Thilo Pirling and Adele Carradò

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5118-5130; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115118 - 8 Nov 2013

Cited by 31 | Viewed by 7195

Abstract

Cold drawing is widely applied in the industrial production of seamless tubes, employed for various mechanical applications. During pre-processing, deviations in tools and their adjustment lead to inhomogeneities in the geometry of the tubes and cause a gradient in residuals. In this paper [...] Read more.

Cold drawing is widely applied in the industrial production of seamless tubes, employed for various mechanical applications. During pre-processing, deviations in tools and their adjustment lead to inhomogeneities in the geometry of the tubes and cause a gradient in residuals. In this paper a three dimensional finite element (3D-FE)-model is presented which was developed to calculate the change in wall thickness, eccentricity, ovality and residual macro-stress state of the tubes, produced by cold drawing. The model simulates the drawing process of tubes, drawn with and without a plug. For finite element modelling, the commercial software package Abaqus was used. To validate the model, neutron strain imaging measurements were performed on the strain imaging instrument SALSA at the Institute Laue Langevin (ILL, Grenoble, France) on a series of SF-copper tubes, drawn under controlled laboratory conditions, varying the drawing angle and the plug geometry. It can be stated that there is sufficient agreement between the finite element method (FEM)-calculation and the neutron stress determination. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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2090 KiB

Open AccessReview

Magneto-Optical Thin Films for On-Chip Monolithic Integration of Non-Reciprocal Photonic Devices

by Lei Bi, Juejun Hu, Peng Jiang, Hyun Suk Kim, Dong Hun Kim, Mehmet Cengiz Onbasli, Gerald F. Dionne and Caroline A. Ross

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5094-5117; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115094 - 8 Nov 2013

Cited by 80 | Viewed by 10957

Abstract

Achieving monolithic integration of nonreciprocal photonic devices on semiconductor substrates has been long sought by the photonics research society. One way to achieve this goal is to deposit high quality magneto-optical oxide thin films on a semiconductor substrate. In this paper, we review [...] Read more.

Achieving monolithic integration of nonreciprocal photonic devices on semiconductor substrates has been long sought by the photonics research society. One way to achieve this goal is to deposit high quality magneto-optical oxide thin films on a semiconductor substrate. In this paper, we review our recent research activity on magneto-optical oxide thin films toward the goal of monolithic integration of nonreciprocal photonic devices on silicon. We demonstrate high Faraday rotation at telecommunication wavelengths in several novel magnetooptical oxide thin films including Co substituted CeO₂_−δ, Co- or Fe-substituted SrTiO₃₋_δ, as well as polycrystalline garnets on silicon. Figures of merit of 3~4 deg/dB and 21 deg/dB are achieved in epitaxial Sr(Ti_0.2Ga_0.4Fe_0.4)O₃₋_δ and polycrystalline (CeY₂)Fe₅O₁₂ films, respectively. We also demonstrate an optical isolator on silicon, based on a racetrack resonator using polycrystalline (CeY₂)Fe₅O₁₂/silicon strip-loaded waveguides. Our work demonstrates that physical vapor deposited magneto-optical oxide thin films on silicon can achieve high Faraday rotation, low optical loss and high magneto-optical figure of merit, therefore enabling novel high-performance non-reciprocal photonic devices monolithically integrated on semiconductor substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Photonic Materials and Applications)

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780 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrogen Bonding-Mediated Microphase Separation during the Formation of Mesoporous Novolac-Type Phenolic Resin Templated by the Triblock Copolymer, PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO

by Wei-Cheng Chu, Shih-Fan Chiang, Jheng-Guang Li and Shiao-Wei Kuo

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5077-5093; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115077 - 7 Nov 2013

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 8581

Abstract

After blending the triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) (PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO) with novolac-type phenolic resin, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the ether groups of the PEO block were stronger hydrogen bond acceptors for the OH [...] Read more.

After blending the triblock copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide-b-propylene oxide-b-ethylene oxide) (PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO) with novolac-type phenolic resin, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that the ether groups of the PEO block were stronger hydrogen bond acceptors for the OH groups of phenolic resin than were the ether groups of the PPO block. Thermal curing with hexamethylenetetramine as the curing agent resulted in the triblock copolymer being incorporated into the phenolic resin, forming a nanostructure through a mechanism involving reaction-induced microphase separation. Mild pyrolysis conditions led to the removal of the PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO triblock copolymer and formation of mesoporous phenolic resin. This approach provided a variety of composition-dependent nanostructures, including disordered wormlike, body-centered-cubic spherical and disorder micelles. The regular mesoporous novolac-type phenolic resin was formed only at a phenolic content of 40–60 wt %, the result of an intriguing balance of hydrogen bonding interactions among the phenolic resin and the PEO and PPO segments of the triblock copolymer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Nanoporous Materials)

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279 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Curing on the Strength Development of Calcium-Containing Geopolymer Mortar

by Xueying Li, Zheng Wang and Zhenzhen Jiao

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5069-5076; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115069 - 7 Nov 2013

Cited by 76 | Viewed by 6191

Abstract

This paper investigated the curing effects on the mechanical properties of calcium-containing geopolymer mortar. Three precursors are used: Class C fly ash, Class F fly ash plus calcium hydroxide and Class F fly ash plus slag. Curing conditions included: (1) standard curing at [...] Read more.

This paper investigated the curing effects on the mechanical properties of calcium-containing geopolymer mortar. Three precursors are used: Class C fly ash, Class F fly ash plus calcium hydroxide and Class F fly ash plus slag. Curing conditions included: (1) standard curing at 20 ± 3 °C and RH 95% (C); (2) steam curing at 60 °C for 24 h (S); (3) steam curing at 60 °C for 6 h (S6); and (4) oven curing at 60 °C for 24 h (O), then the latter three followed by the standard curing. Under the standard conditions, the flexural strength and compressive strength of Class C fly ash geopolymer mortars developed quickly until the age of 7 days, followed by a gradual increase. Specimens with Class F fly ash plus Ca(OH)₂ showed slow increase till the age of 28 days. Under these non-standard conditions (2–4), all specimens showed higher 3-day strength, while later strengths were either higher or lower than those in standard conditions, depending on the type of the precursor. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Composites)

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3527 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Near-Zero Refractive Index Meta-Surface Structure for Antenna Performance Improvement

by Mohammad Habib Ullah, Mohammad Tariqul Islam and Mohammad Rashed Iqbal Faruque

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5058-5068; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115058 - 6 Nov 2013

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 7710

Abstract

A new meta-surface structure (MSS) with a near-zero refractive index (NZRI) is proposed to enhance the performance of a square loop antenna array. The main challenge to improve the antenna performance is increment of the overall antenna volume that is mitigated by assimilating [...] Read more.

A new meta-surface structure (MSS) with a near-zero refractive index (NZRI) is proposed to enhance the performance of a square loop antenna array. The main challenge to improve the antenna performance is increment of the overall antenna volume that is mitigated by assimilating the planar NZRI MSS at the back of the antenna structure. The proposed NZRI MSS-loaded CPW-fed (Co-Planar Waveguide) four-element array antenna is designed on ceramic-bioplastic-ceramic sandwich substrate using high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS), a finite-element-method-based simulation tool. The gain and directivity of the antenna are significantly enhanced by incorporating the NZRI MSS with a 7 × 6 set of elements at the back of the antenna structure. Measurement results show that the maximum gains of the antenna increased from 6.21 dBi to 8.25 dBi, from 6.52 dBi to 9.05 dBi and from 10.54 dBi to 12.15 dBi in the first, second and third bands, respectively. The effect of the slot configuration in the ground plane on the reflection coefficient of the antenna was analyzed and optimized. The overall performance makes the proposed antenna appropriate for UHFFM (Ultra High Frequency Frequency Modulation) telemetry-based space applications as well as mobile satellite, microwave radiometry and radio astronomy applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Advanced Materials Characterization)

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1028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Crystallization of Electrodeposited Germanium Thin Film on Silicon (100)

by Mastura Shafinaz Zainal Abidin, Ryo Matsumura, Mohammad Anisuzzaman, Jong-Hyeok Park, Shunpei Muta, Mohamad Rusop Mahmood, Taizoh Sadoh and Abdul Manaf Hashim

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5047-5057; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115047 - 6 Nov 2013

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6385

Abstract

We report the crystallization of electrodeposited germanium (Ge) thin films on n-silicon (Si) (100) by rapid melting process. The electrodeposition was carried out in germanium (IV) chloride: propylene glycol (GeCl₄:C₃H₈O₂) electrolyte with constant current of [...] Read more.

We report the crystallization of electrodeposited germanium (Ge) thin films on n-silicon (Si) (100) by rapid melting process. The electrodeposition was carried out in germanium (IV) chloride: propylene glycol (GeCl₄:C₃H₈O₂) electrolyte with constant current of 50 mA for 30 min. The measured Raman spectra and electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) images show that the as-deposited Ge thin film was amorphous. The crystallization of deposited Ge was achieved by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) at 980 °C for 1 s. The EBSD images confirm that the orientations of the annealed Ge are similar to that of the Si substrate. The highly intense peak of Raman spectra at 300 cm⁻¹ corresponding to Ge-Ge vibration mode was observed, indicating good crystal quality of Ge. An additional sub peak near to 390 cm⁻¹ corresponding to the Si-Ge vibration mode was also observed, indicating the Ge-Si mixing at Ge/Si interface. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) reveals that the intermixing depth was around 60 nm. The calculated Si fraction from Raman spectra was found to be in good agreement with the value estimated from Ge-Si equilibrium phase diagram. The proposed technique is expected to be an effective way to crystallize Ge films for various device applications as well as to create strain at the Ge-Si interface for enhancement of mobility. Full article

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390 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Sensitive DNAzyme-Based Chiral Sensor for Lead Detection

by Hua Kuang, Honghong Yin, Changrui Xing and Chuanlai Xu

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5038-5046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115038 - 1 Nov 2013

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 6068

Abstract

A DNAzyme-based sensor for the determination and quantification of lead ions (Pb²⁺) has been established, which combines the recognition and catalysis of DNAzyme with the optical properties of nanomaterials. Circular dichroism (CD) signals were obtained by a DNAzyme-based assembly of asymmetric [...] Read more.

A DNAzyme-based sensor for the determination and quantification of lead ions (Pb²⁺) has been established, which combines the recognition and catalysis of DNAzyme with the optical properties of nanomaterials. Circular dichroism (CD) signals were obtained by a DNAzyme-based assembly of asymmetric silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) dimers. A good linear relationship between CD signals and Pb²⁺concentration was obtained ranging from 0.05 ng∙mL⁻¹ to 10 ng∙mL⁻¹ with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.02 ng∙mL⁻¹. The specificity of this sensor in lead ion detection was excellent, and a satisfactory recovery was obtained in the analysis of tap water samples. The proposed technique possesses both high sensitivity and good specificity, giving it great potential for the analysis of Pb²⁺ in water. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials and Proteins for Bio-Sensing Applications)

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3147 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure of Haynes^® 282^® Superalloy after Vacuum Induction Melting and Investment Casting of Thin-Walled Components

by Hubert Matysiak, Malgorzata Zagorska, Joel Andersson, Alicja Balkowiec, Rafal Cygan, Marcin Rasinski, Marcin Pisarek, Mariusz Andrzejczuk, Krzysztof Kubiak and Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5016-5037; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115016 - 1 Nov 2013

Cited by 52 | Viewed by 10398

Abstract

The aim of this work was to characterize the microstructure of the as-cast Haynes^® 282^® alloy. Observations and analyses were carried out using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray [...] Read more.

The aim of this work was to characterize the microstructure of the as-cast Haynes^® 282^® alloy. Observations and analyses were carried out using techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), light microscopy (LM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), wave length dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (WDS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS). The phases identified in the as-cast alloy include: γ (gamma matrix), γʹ (matrix strengthening phase), (TiMoCr)C (primary carbide), TiN (primary nitride), σ (sigma-TCP phase), (TiMo)₂SC (carbosulphide) and a lamellar constituent consisting of molybdenum and chromium rich secondary carbide phase together with γ phase. Within the dendrites the γʹ appears mostly in the form of spherical, nanometric precipitates (74 nm), while coarser (113 nm) cubic γʹ precipitates are present in the interdendritic areas. Volume fraction content of the γʹ precipitates in the dendrites and interdendritic areas are 9.6% and 8.5%, respectively. Primary nitrides metallic nitrides (MN), are homogeneously dispersed in the as-cast microstructure, while primary carbides metallic carbides (MC), preferentially precipitate in interdendritic areas. Such preference is also observed in the case of globular σ phase. Lamellar constituents characterized as secondary carbides/γ phases were together with (TiMo)₂SC phase always observed adjacent to σ phase precipitates. Crystallographic relations were established in-between the MC, σ, secondary carbides and γ/γʹ matrix. Full article

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1133 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coal Combustion Wastes Reuse in Low Energy Artificial Aggregates Manufacturing

by Claudio Ferone, Francesco Colangelo, Francesco Messina, Fabio Iucolano, Barbara Liguori and Raffaele Cioffi

Materials 2013, 6(11), 5000-5015; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6115000 - 31 Oct 2013

Cited by 70 | Viewed by 6955

Abstract

Sustainable building material design relies mostly on energy saving processes, decrease of raw materials consumption, and increase of waste and by-products recycling. Natural and lightweight artificial aggregates production implies relevant environmental impact. This paper addresses both the issues of residues recycling and energy [...] Read more.

Sustainable building material design relies mostly on energy saving processes, decrease of raw materials consumption, and increase of waste and by-products recycling. Natural and lightweight artificial aggregates production implies relevant environmental impact. This paper addresses both the issues of residues recycling and energy optimization. Particularly, three coal combustion wastes (Weathered Fly Ash, WFA; Wastewater Treatment Sludge, WTS; Desulfurization Device Sludge, DDS) supplied by the Italian electric utility company (ENEL) have been employed in the manufacture of cold bonded artificial aggregates. Previously, the residues have been characterized in terms of chemical and mineralogical compositions, water content, particle size distribution, and heavy metal release behavior. These wastes have been used in the mix design of binding systems with the only addition of lime. Finally, the artificial aggregates have been submitted to physical, mechanical, and leaching testing, revealing that they are potentially suitable for many civil engineering applications. Full article

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863 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Stretching on Ultraviolet Protection of Cotton and Cotton/Coolmax-Blended Weft Knitted Fabric in a Dry State

by Chi-wai Kan, Lim-yung Yam and Sun-pui Ng

Materials 2013, 6(11), 4985-4999; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma6114985 - 31 Oct 2013

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 6190

Abstract

In this paper, the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of weft knitted fabrics made from 20Ne cotton yarn, Coolmax yarn and their blends in dry, relaxed and stretched states were studied. According to the fibre composition, samples were divided into three groups: Group I [...] Read more.

In this paper, the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of weft knitted fabrics made from 20Ne cotton yarn, Coolmax yarn and their blends in dry, relaxed and stretched states were studied. According to the fibre composition, samples were divided into three groups: Group I (single cotton yarn); Group II (cotton/cotton combination); and Group III (Coolmax/cotton combination) for discussion. In addition, yarn and fabric properties such as yarn tenacity, yarn strength, fibre combination and water vapour transmission that affect the corresponding UPF values are used for formulating a prediction model in order to determine UPF. Generally speaking, when samples are measured under stretched conditions in a dry state, they exhibit a remarkable reduction in ultraviolet protective power, as pores are opened up and UV radiation can easily penetrate through these pores. In addition, greater stretch percentage came along with greater reduction in UPF. This can be explained by the fact that the amount and the size of pores increase when samples are subjected to greater tension. Full article

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Materials, Volume 6, Issue 11 (November 2013) – 35 articles , Pages 4879-5446

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