Material Recycling for Manufacturing Aggregates Using Melting Slag of Automobile Shredder Residues
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Environmental Assessment of Recycling
2.2. Sampling and Analysis of Material Characteristics
2.3. Manufacturing Bricks
2.3.1. Interlocking Brick
2.3.2. Clay Brick
2.3.3. Lightweight Swelled Ceramic Brick
2.3.4. Asphalt Paving Aggregate
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characteristics of ASRMS
Evaluation of the Quality of ASRMS as an Aggregate
3.2. Evaluation of Environmental Performance of Raw Materials
4. Evaluation of Product Quality
4.1. Interlocking Brick
4.1.1. Appearance and Size
4.1.2. Bending Strength and Water Absorption Ratio
4.2. Clay Brick
4.2.1. Appearance and Size
4.2.2. Compressive Strength and Water Absorption Ratio
4.3. Lightweight Swelled Ceramic Brick
Specific Gravity and Compressive Strength
4.4. Asphalt Paving Aggregate
4.4.1. Physical Characteristics of ASRMS for Use as Aggregate
4.4.2. Optimum Asphalt Content
4.5. Final Technical Evaluation for Feasibility of Material Recycling
5. Conclusions
- The ASRMS used in this study had a density of 2.24 g/cm2, a water absorption ratio of 0.34%, and a basicity of 1.01, thereby exhibiting its applicability as an aggregate. Trace quantities of Pb, Cu, As, and Cd were detected in the leaching test, but they satisfied the leaching test criteria of Korea, indicating that the ASRMS is suitable for recycling as an aggregate.
- ASRMS substituted for sand and stone powder as an aggregate in the manufacturing of interlocking brick. Quality evaluation of interlocking brick according to KS F 4419 in terms of appearance, size, bending strength, and water absorption ratio was satisfactory. As ASRMS content increased, absorption decreased and bending strength increased. The bending strength was ≥5.0 MPa. Therefore, a large quantity of ASR can be recycled in brick production with profits for the manufacturer due to a reduction in raw material costs.
- Clay brick was manufactured by replacing kaolin and feldspar with ASRMS to an extent of 20%. The quality evaluation of clay bricks according to KS L 4201 in terms of appearance, size, compressive strength, and water absorption ratio was satisfactory. However, the quality of clay bricks manufactured with >15% ASRMS was not better than that of the standard clay brick.
- A lightweight swelled ceramic brick was manufactured using ASRMS, zeolite, and other materials. The quality of the manufactured bricks was evaluated in accordance with KS 8551. Because all the manufactured bricks met the required criteria, manufacturing them is an appropriate recycling method for ASRMS. However, the consumption of a large quantity of ASR is unlikely for LSC because its usage is low compared to that of other bricks. It is expected that ASRMS can be utilised in many fields because it can be manufactured in various forms. Therefore, the material recycling method using ASRMS is an appropriate treatment method with many environmental benefits.
- To utilise ASRMS as APA for road fill materials, the particle size distribution and characteristics of the aggregate were analysed, and the OAC was obtained. The standard requirements were met for most particle size ranges, indicating that the ASRMS can be used as an aggregate. Experimental results for asphalt paving mixture with ASRMS content show that the OAC was from 4.7 to 5.5% at an ASRMS content of 0% and from 4.3 to 5.0% at an ASRMS content of 10%. As a large quantity of ASRMS can be used for asphalt manufacturing, it would be an excellent eco-friendly option.
- The products manufactured in this study were evaluated for recyclability in terms of waste usage, conformance to quality standards, market size, and demand prediction. Results show that APA achieved the highest rank, followed by interlocking, clay, and LSC bricks. Thus, the recyclability of ASRMS was confirmed. If this technology is continuously developed through further research, it would have positive effects on the environment and industries owing to its waste treatment and recycling potential accompanied by the lowering of the cost of raw materials.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Material | Analysis | Instrument | Method |
---|---|---|---|
Density | Electronics densimeter MD-300S, Alfa Mirage | KS F 2503 | |
XRD | X-pert Pro, PNanlytical | ASTM E 82 | |
XRF | EDX-720, Shimadzu | ASTM D 5381 | |
Heavy metal | ICP-OES 720ES, Varian | US EPA Method M-3050B | |
Leaching test | ES 06150. d |
(Unit: %) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cement | Aggregate | Water/Cement | Standard (KS F 4419) | |||
ASRMS | Sand | Stone Powder | ||||
Standard | 25.0 | 0.0 | 50.0 | 50.0 | 20.0 | Bending strength: ≥5 MPa Water absorption ratio: ≤10% |
U-1 | 10.0 | 45.0 | 45.0 | |||
U-2 | 20.0 | 40.0 | 40.0 | |||
U-3 | 30.0 | 35.0 | 35.0 | |||
U-4 | 40.0 | 30.0 | 30.0 | |||
G-1 | 10.0 | 50.0 | 40.0 | |||
G-2 | 20.0 | 50.0 | 30.0 | |||
G-3 | 30.0 | 50.0 | 20.0 | |||
G-4 | 40.0 | 50.0 | 10.0 | |||
I-1 | 10.0 | 40.0 | 50.0 | |||
I-2 | 20.0 | 30.0 | 50.0 | |||
I-3 | 30.0 | 20.0 | 50.0 | |||
I-4 | 40.0 | 10.0 | 50.0 |
(Unit: %) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
ASRMS | Kaolin | Feldspar | Clay | Standard (KS L 4201) | |
Standard | 0.0 | 50.0 | 20.0 | 30.0 | Compressive strength : ≥24.50 MPa Water absorption ratio : ≤10% |
K-1 | 5.0 | 47.5 | 17.5 | ||
K-2 | 10.0 | 45.0 | 15.0 | ||
K-3 | 15.0 | 42.5 | 12.5 | ||
K-4 | 20.0 | 40.0 | 10.0 | ||
F-1 | 5.0 | 50.0 | 15.0 | ||
F-2 | 10.0 | 50.0 | 10.0 | ||
F-3 | 15.0 | 50.0 | 5.0 | ||
F-4 | 20.0 | 50.0 | 0.0 | ||
A-1 | 5.0 | 45.0 | 20.0 | ||
A-2 | 10.0 | 40.0 | 20.0 | ||
A-3 | 15.0 | 35.0 | 20.0 | ||
A-4 | 20.0 | 30.0 | 20.0 |
Material | Mixing Ratio | Size | Standard (K) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Raw material | ASRMS | 20% | 150 mesh | Specific gravity: 0.45–0.55 Compressive strength : 294.20 N/cm2 |
Automotive glass | 70% | 200 mesh | ||
Zeolite | 10% | 325 mesh | ||
Foaming agent | CaCO3 | 1.5% of total raw material | 200 mesh | |
Mixing solution | 5% NaOH solution | 8% of total raw material | - |
Quality Evaluation | Standard | Method | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Properties of asphalt binder (AP-5) | ||||
Penetration (25 °C) | 60–80 | KS M 2252 [22] | ||
Flash point (25 °C) | 260 | KS M 2010 [23] | ||
Elongation (15 °C, cm) | 100 | KS M 2254 [24] | ||
Thin firm heating | Mass change ratio (%) | 0.6 | KS M 2258 [25] | |
Penetrate index residue ratio (%) | 60–80 | |||
Toluene solubility | 99.0 | KS M 2256 [26] | ||
Softening point (°C) | 44.0–52.0 | KS M 2250 [27] | ||
Penetrate index ratio after vaporisation testing (%) | 110 | KS M 2001 [28] | ||
Elongation after heat on thin-firm | 100 | KS M 2254 [24] | ||
Density (15 °C, g/cm3) | 1.000 | KS M ISO3657 [29] | ||
Asphalt paving mixture | ||||
Marshall test | Stability (N) | 7500 | SPS-KAI0002-F2349-5687 [30] | |
Flow value | 20–40 | |||
Air void (%) | 3–6 | |||
Saturation (%) | 65–80 | |||
Indirect tensile strength test (kgf/cm2) | - | |||
Resilient modulus (MPs) | - | |||
Wheel tracking test | Dynamic stability (time/mm) | 2500 | ||
Strain (mm/min) | 0.0300 |
(Unit: %) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Analyte | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | MgO | TiO2 | BaO | Others |
31.34 | 31.09 | 19.58 | 6.97 | 3.60 | 1.87 | 1.51 | 4.04 |
Element | Concentration (mg/kg) | Leaching Test (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|
Korean Standard | Concentration | ||
Pb | 4.75 | 3.0 | 0.31 |
Cu | 798.77 | 1.0 | 0.30 |
As | 1.72 | 1.5 | 0.03 |
Hg | 0.03 | 0.005 | N.D. |
Cd | 2.98 | 0.3 | 0.02 |
Cr6+ | N.D. | 1.5 | N.D. |
Cr | 7000.98 | - | 0.04 |
Zn | 20.73 | - | 0.43 |
Al | 109,320.83 | - | N.D. |
Fe | 178,234.25 | - | 0.10 |
Co | 13.72 | - | N.D. |
Mn | 1751.18 | - | N.D. |
Mo | 14.94 | - | N.D. |
Ni | 94.81 | - | N.D. |
Others * | - | - | N.D. |
Quality Evaluation | Standard | This Study | |
---|---|---|---|
Penetration (25 °C) | 60–80 | 74 | |
Flash point (25 °C) | 260 | 336 | |
Elongation (15 °C, cm) | 100 | 150 | |
Thin firm heating | Mass change ratio (%) | 0.6 | 0.04 |
Penetration index residue ratio (%) | 60–80 | 77 | |
Toluene solubility | 99.0 | 99.85 | |
Softening point (°C) | 44–52 | 49.50 | |
Penetration index ratio after vaporisation testing (%) | 110 | 96 | |
Elongation after heat on thin-firm | 100 | 102 | |
Density (15 °C, g/cm3) | 1.000 | 1.048 |
Indirect Tensile Strength | Resilient Modulus (MPa) 5 °C/25 °C/40 °C | Wheel Tracking Test | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Stability (Time/mm) | Strain (mm/min) | |||
ASRMS 0% (Asphalt content 5.5%) | 8.76 | 11,644/1926/1144 | 2916.7 | 0.0144 |
ASRMS 10% (Asphalt content 5.0%) | 11.35 | 13,944/2986/1423 | 2451.4 | 0.0171 |
Standard | - | - | 2500 | 0.0300 |
(Unit: point) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Interlocking Brick | Clay Brick | Lightweight Swelled Ceramic Brick | Asphalt |
ASR waste usage | 20 | 15 | 25 | 15 |
Quality standard satisfaction | 25 | 15 | 10 | 25 |
Market size | 20 | 15 | 10 | 25 |
Demand prediction | 15 | 20 | 10 | 25 |
SUM | 80 | 65 | 55 | 90 |
Rank | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 |
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Cho, S.-J.; Jang, H.-N.; Cho, S.-J.; Yoon, Y.-S.; Yoo, H.-M. Material Recycling for Manufacturing Aggregates Using Melting Slag of Automobile Shredder Residues. Materials 2023, 16, 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072664
Cho S-J, Jang H-N, Cho S-J, Yoon Y-S, Yoo H-M. Material Recycling for Manufacturing Aggregates Using Melting Slag of Automobile Shredder Residues. Materials. 2023; 16(7):2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072664
Chicago/Turabian StyleCho, Soo-Jin, Ha-Na Jang, Sung-Jin Cho, Young-Sam Yoon, and Heung-Min Yoo. 2023. "Material Recycling for Manufacturing Aggregates Using Melting Slag of Automobile Shredder Residues" Materials 16, no. 7: 2664. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16072664