The Future of the Polish Energy Mix in the Context of Social Expectations
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Identification of key energy resources and energy demand in the regions;
- Setting directions for the energy development of the regions based on a strategy defined at the national level (development of distributed energy, including RES, prosumers, etc.);
- Support for the development of intelligent solutions in the field of the energy systems in cities, including sustainable mobility, energy efficiency, education, smart cities concept, etc.;
- Supporting innovative initiatives and cooperation between local authorities, businesses, and research institutions;
- Shaping the local, sustainable energy economy, and supporting the goals of sustainable development;
- Building awareness of local communities.
2. Literature Review
2.1. Energy System in Poland in Figures
2.2. Energy Policy in Poland
- A 40% reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions compared to 1990 (expressed as 2005 levels: −43% in EU ETS sectors and −30% in non-ETS sectors);
- At least a 32% share of renewable sources in gross final energy consumption;
- A 32.5% increase in energy efficiency;
- Completion of the EU internal energy market.
- Just transition, including: transformation of coal regions, reduction of energy poverty, and new industries related to RES and nuclear power;
- Zero-emission energy system, including offshore wind energy, nuclear power, and local and citizen-based power generation;
- Good air quality, including transformation of the heating system, electrification of transport, and Climate-Friendly Homes.
- No more than a 56% contribution of coal in power generation in 2030;
- At least 23% of RES in gross final energy consumption in 2030;
- Adoption of nuclear power in 2033;
- A 30% reduction in GHG emissions by 2030 (compared to 1990);
- A 23% reduction of primary energy consumption by 2030 (compared to the consumption forecasts from 2007).
2.3. The Energy System of the Future—Analysis of Social Expectations Based on Secondary Data
3. Methods
4. Results
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type of Micro-Installation | Total Capacity Installed [MW] | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2019 | 2018 | 2019 | |
Non-agricultural biogas | 3 | 5 | 0.073 | 0.024 |
Agricultural biogas | 16 | 25 | 0.42 | 0.665 |
Biomass | 4 | 5 | 0.142 | 0.173 |
Solar | 55.098 | 155.189 | 344.239 | 990.506 |
Solar/wind | 29 | 40 | 0.181 | 0.359 |
Wind | 68 | 73 | 0.37 | 0.384 |
Water | 284 | 289 | 8.038 | 8.258 |
Total | 55,502 | 155,626 | 353.463 | 1,000.369 |
Place of Residence | Very Good | Good | Moderate | Poor | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban municipalities | 53 | 19 | 51 | 20 | 143 |
Cities with country rights | 12 | 16 | 17 | 15 | 60 |
Urban and rural municipalities | 6 | 5 | 11 | 26 | 48 |
Rural Municipalities | 2 | 3 | 8 | 10 | 23 |
Total | 73 | 43 | 87 | 71 | 274 |
Place of Residence | Very Good | Moderate | Poor | Not Aware That the Energy Policy Has Been Changing | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban municipalities | 38 | 54 | 41 | 10 | 143 |
Cities with country rights | 21 | 18 | 10 | 11 | 60 |
Urban and rural municipalities | 4 | 10 | 12 | 22 | 48 |
Rural Municipalities | 0 | 3 | 8 | 12 | 23 |
Total | 63 | 85 | 71 | 55 | 274 |
Place of Residence | Urban Municipalities | Cities with Country Rights | Urban and Rural Municipalities | Rural Municipalities | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scenario based primary on coal | 9 | 9 | 25 | 2 | 45 |
Scenario based solely on nuclear energy | 0 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 5 |
Scenario based solely on RES | 25 | 12 | 5 | 5 | 47 |
Scenario based solely on prosumer energy | 9 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 15 |
Scenario based solely on energy efficiency | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 10 |
Coal, nuclear, prosumer, and energy efficiency scenario | 15 | 14 | 5 | 0 | 34 |
Coal, RES, prosumer, and energy efficiency scenario | 77 | 16 | 9 | 16 | 118 |
Total | 143 | 60 | 48 | 23 | 274 |
Place of Residence | Yes | No | No Opinion | Total |
---|---|---|---|---|
Urban municipalities | 35 | 80 | 28 | 143 |
Cities with country rights | 35 | 4 | 21 | 60 |
Urban and rural municipalities | 20 | 23 | 5 | 48 |
Rural Municipalities | 16 | 5 | 2 | 23 |
Total | 106 | 112 | 56 | 274 |
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Drożdż, W.; Mróz-Malik, O.; Kopiczko, M. The Future of the Polish Energy Mix in the Context of Social Expectations. Energies 2021, 14, 5341. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175341
Drożdż W, Mróz-Malik O, Kopiczko M. The Future of the Polish Energy Mix in the Context of Social Expectations. Energies. 2021; 14(17):5341. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175341
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrożdż, Wojciech, Oliwia Mróz-Malik, and Marcin Kopiczko. 2021. "The Future of the Polish Energy Mix in the Context of Social Expectations" Energies 14, no. 17: 5341. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175341
APA StyleDrożdż, W., Mróz-Malik, O., & Kopiczko, M. (2021). The Future of the Polish Energy Mix in the Context of Social Expectations. Energies, 14(17), 5341. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14175341