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Article

Estimated Dietary Lead Exposure Through Aquatic Animal Consumption and Health Symptoms in a Lake-Dependent Community: Evidence from Nong Han Lake, Northeast Thailand

by
Birabongse Hardthakwong
1,
Kulthida Y. Kopolrat
1,
Panchamapohn Rattanahon
1,
Sribud Srichaijaroonpong
1,
Piyapong Chaiyasarn
1,
Narita Fakkaew
1,
Nutta Taneepanichskul
2 and
Ratanee Kammoolkon
1,*
1
Faculty of Public Health, Kasetsart University, Chalermphrakiat Sakon Nakhon Province Campus, Sakon Nakhon 47000, Thailand
2
College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23(7), 899; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23070899
Submission received: 1 June 2026 / Revised: 4 July 2026 / Accepted: 9 July 2026 / Published: 12 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Health Impacts Associated with Dietary Exposure to Chemical Contaminants and Residues)
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Abstract

Lead (Pb) is a persistent environmental contaminant and a major public health concern. This cross-sectional study investigated self-reported health symptoms and estimated dietary Pb exposure from aquatic animal consumption among residents living around Nong Han Lake, Thailand. Sociodemographic characteristics, dietary behaviors, and health symptoms were collected using a structured questionnaire. Pb concentrations were measured in three commonly consumed aquatic species, and species-specific estimated dietary Pb intake (EDI) was calculated from Pb concentrations and reported consumption patterns. Multivariable logistic regression identified factors associated with symptom reporting. Pb concentrations in all aquatic species were below the permissible limit (0.3 mg/kg wet weight). Median EDI was 0.1004 µg/kg bw/day (IQR: 0.0645–0.1785). Musculoskeletal pain (79.73%) and joint and muscle pain (71.62%) were the most commonly reported symptoms. This study found that female sex (aOR = 2.62; 95% CI: 1.099–6.249; p = 0.030), a lack of lead hazard training (aOR = 3.39; 95% CI: 1.373–8.418; p = 0.008), consumption of more than 300 g of aquatic animals per meal (aOR = 2.47; 95% CI: 1.230–4.960; p = 0.011), and long-term consumption exceeding 30 years (aOR = 2.16; 95% CI: 1.065–4.398; p = 0.033) were each independently associated with symptom reporting. Estimated dietary Pb intake (EDI) was not significantly associated with symptoms after multivariable adjustment (aOR = 1.30; 95% CI: 0.657–2.578; p = 0.450). These findings suggest that consuming large portions of aquatic animals, consuming aquatic animals over prolonged periods, and having limited awareness of lead-related hazards are potential pathways for dietary Pb exposure in this lake-dependent community.
Keywords: lead contamination; aquatic animals; estimated dietary Pb intake (EDI); self-reported health symptoms; health risk assessment; lake-dependent community lead contamination; aquatic animals; estimated dietary Pb intake (EDI); self-reported health symptoms; health risk assessment; lake-dependent community

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MDPI and ACS Style

Hardthakwong, B.; Kopolrat, K.Y.; Rattanahon, P.; Srichaijaroonpong, S.; Chaiyasarn, P.; Fakkaew, N.; Taneepanichskul, N.; Kammoolkon, R. Estimated Dietary Lead Exposure Through Aquatic Animal Consumption and Health Symptoms in a Lake-Dependent Community: Evidence from Nong Han Lake, Northeast Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2026, 23, 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23070899

AMA Style

Hardthakwong B, Kopolrat KY, Rattanahon P, Srichaijaroonpong S, Chaiyasarn P, Fakkaew N, Taneepanichskul N, Kammoolkon R. Estimated Dietary Lead Exposure Through Aquatic Animal Consumption and Health Symptoms in a Lake-Dependent Community: Evidence from Nong Han Lake, Northeast Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2026; 23(7):899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23070899

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hardthakwong, Birabongse, Kulthida Y. Kopolrat, Panchamapohn Rattanahon, Sribud Srichaijaroonpong, Piyapong Chaiyasarn, Narita Fakkaew, Nutta Taneepanichskul, and Ratanee Kammoolkon. 2026. "Estimated Dietary Lead Exposure Through Aquatic Animal Consumption and Health Symptoms in a Lake-Dependent Community: Evidence from Nong Han Lake, Northeast Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 23, no. 7: 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23070899

APA Style

Hardthakwong, B., Kopolrat, K. Y., Rattanahon, P., Srichaijaroonpong, S., Chaiyasarn, P., Fakkaew, N., Taneepanichskul, N., & Kammoolkon, R. (2026). Estimated Dietary Lead Exposure Through Aquatic Animal Consumption and Health Symptoms in a Lake-Dependent Community: Evidence from Nong Han Lake, Northeast Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 23(7), 899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph23070899

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