Stability of Three Different Sanitary Shoes on Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Sample
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Ethical and Legal Considerations
2.4. Sample size Calculation
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data
3.2. Reliability of the Static Podobarometric Data with Eyes Open
3.3. Reliability of the Stabilometry Data with Eyes Open
3.4. Comparison of the Static Podobarometric Data with Eyes Open between Groups
3.5. Comparison of the Stabilometry Data with Eyes Open between Groups
3.6. Reliability of the Static Podobarometric Data with Eyes Closed
3.7. Reliability of the Stabilometry Data with Eyes Closed
3.8. Comparison of the Static Podobarometric Data with Eyes Closed between Groups
3.9. Comparison of the Stabilometry Data with Eyes Closed Between Groups
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Descriptive data | Men (n = 16) Mean ± SD (CI 95%) | Women (n = 10) Mean ± SD (CI 95%) | Total (n = 26) Mean ± SD (CI 95%) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 30.06 ± 4.15 (28.47–31.66) | 29.50 ± 3.50 (28.15–30.85) | 29.85 ± 3.85 (28.36–31.33) |
Weight (kg) | 74.00 ± 14.49 (68.43–79.57) | 56.20 ± 4.96 (54.29–58.11) | 67.15 ± 14.59 (61.55–72.76) |
Height (cm) | 1.75 ± 0.05 (1.72–1.77) | 1.63 ± 0.03 (1.61–1.64) | 1.70 ± 0.07 (1.67–1.73) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.30 ± 4.66 (22.51–26.09) | 21.32 ± 2.23 (20.46–22.17) | 23.15 ± 4.13 (21.57–24.74) |
Static Podobarometric Data with Eyes Open | Barefoot ICC (95% CI) | Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes ICC (95% CI) | Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes ICC (95% CI) | Gym Step® ICC (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Left forefoot surface (cm²) | 0.579 (0.197–0.797) | 0.673 (0.381–0.842) | 0.616 (0.259–0.816) | 0.791 (0.596–0.900) |
Left forefoot force (%) | 0.752 (0.531–0.880) | 0.519 (0.070–0.770) | 0.707 (0.439–0.859) | 0.839 (0.690–0.923) |
Left forefoot distribution (%) | 0.762 (0.550–0.885) | 0.460 (−0.042–0.741) | 0.709 (0.442–0.860) | 0.851 (0.713–0.928) |
Left rearfoot surface (cm²) | 0.940 (0.885–0.971) | 0.949 (0.902–0.975) | 0.972 (0.946–0.986) | 0.960 (0.923–0.981) |
Left rearfoot force (%) | 0.795 (0.611–0.901) | 0.511 (0.060–0.765) | 0.730 (0.479–0.871) | 0.688 (0.394–0.851) |
Left rearfoot distribution (%) | 0.744 (0.516–0.876) | 0.437 (−0.083–0.730) | 0.671 (0.363–0.842) | 0.851 (0.715–0.929) |
Left foot surface (cm2) | 0.698 (0.416–0.856) | 0.856 (0.726–0.931) | 0.848 (0.709–0.927) | 0.868 (0.746–0.937) |
Left foot force (%) | 0.822 (0.661–0.914) | 0.813 (0.645–0.910) | 0.790 (0.602–0.899) | 0.598 (0.241–0.805) |
Left foot maximum pressure (g/cm2) | 0.948 (0.901–0.975) | 0.961 (0.925–0.981) | 0.941 (0.887–0.972) | 0.894 (0.796–0.949) |
Left foot medium pressure (g/cm2) | 0.974 (0.951–0.988) | 0.974 (0.949–0.987) | 0.956 (0.915–0.979 | 0.853 (0.719–0.930) |
Left foot weight (kg) | 0.984 (0.969–0.992) | 0.990 (0.981–0.995) | 0.989 (0.979–0.995) | 0.984 (0.969–0.992) |
Right forefoot surface (cm²) | 0.647 (0.325–0.830) | 0.743 (0.513–0.875) | 0.749 (0.516–0.880) | 0.772 (0.559–0.891) |
Right forefoot force (%) | 0.783 (0.583–0.896) | 0.294 (−0.321–0.656) | 0.767 (0.553–0.888) | 0.854 (0.721–0.930) |
Right forefoot distribution (%) | 0.804 (0.626–0.905) | 0.486 (0.027–0.751) | 0.768 (0.555–0.888) | 0.825 (0.665–0.916) |
Right rearfoot surface (cm²) | 0.947 (0.898–0.974) | 0.942 (0.889–0.972) | 0.960 (0.922–0.981) | 0.963 (0.929–0.982) |
Right rearfoot force (%) | 0.785 (0.590–0.896) | 0.740 (0.509–0.874) | 0.768 (0.557–0.888) | 0.814 (0.643–0.911) |
Right rearfoot distribution (%) | 0.765 (0.556–0.886) | 0.657 (0.356–0.833) | 0.806 (0.626–0.907) | 0.821 (0.658–0.914) |
Right foot surface (cm2) | 0.869 (0.751–0.937) | 0.866 (0.745–0.935) | 0.885 (0.780–0.945) | 0.871 (0.752–0.938) |
Right foot force (%) | 0.822 (0.661–0.914) | 0.813 (0.645–0.910) | 0.790 (0.602–0.899) | 0.496 (0.028–0.759) |
Right foot maximum pressure (g/cm2) | 0.904 (−0.727–0.570) | 0.942 (0.889–0.972) | 0.961 (0.926–0.981) | 0.927 (0.861–0.965) |
Right foot medium pressure (g/cm2) | 0.974 (0.949–0.987) | 0.969 (0.940–0.985) | 0.962 (0.927–0.982) | 0.925 (0.857–0.964) |
Right foot weight (kg) | 0.990 (0.982–0.995) | 0.993 (0.987–0.997) | 0.990 (0.981–0.995) | 0.989 (0.980–0.995) |
Stabilometry Data with Eyes Open | Barefoot ICC (95% CI) | Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes ICC (95% CI) | Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes ICC (95% CI) | Gym Step® ICC (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stroke length mean (mm) | 0.517 (0.067–0.768) | 0.256 (−0.427–0.642) | 0.576 (0.204–0.794) | 0.674 (0.381–0.842) |
Stroke Surface mean (mm2) | 0.309 (−0.349–0.671) | 0.309 (−0.313–0.666) | 0.050 (−0.868–0.549) | 0.734 (0.489–0.872) |
Length/surface mean (mm/mm2) | 0.108 (−0.739–0.575) | 0.447 (−0.55–0.733) | 0.169 (−0.618–0.604) | 0.483 (0.006–0.752) |
Swing speed mean (mm/s) | 0.496 (0.040–0.757) | 0.349 (−0.239–0.686) | 0.578 (0.208–0.794) | 0.651 (0.339–0.831) |
Lateral speed mean (mm/s) | 0.430 (−0.073–0.723) | 0.246 (−0.470–0.640) | 0.608 (0.263–0.809) | 0.646 (0.334–0.827) |
Anterior speed mean (mm/s) | 0.459 (−0.024–0.738) | 0.529 (0.117–0.771) | 0.507 (0.070–0.760) | 0.672 (0.378–0.841) |
x axis displacement mean (mm) | 0.758 (0.539–0.883) | 0.721 (0.466–0.866) | 0.905 (0.818–0.954) | 0.617 (0.273–0.815) |
y axis displacement mean (mm) | 0.926 (0.858–0.964) | 0.946 (0.898–0.974) | 0.919 (0.845–0.961) | 0.962 (0.926–0.982) |
Static Podobarometric Data with Eyes Open | Barefoot Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Gym Step® Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | P-Value Barefoot vs. Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes | P-value Barefoot vs. Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes | P-value Barefoot vs. Gym Step® |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left forefoot surface (cm²) | 37.28 ± 11.86 (32.72–41.84) | 53.782 ± 14.17 (48.33–59.23) | 41.69 ± 15.61 (35.69–47.69) | 26.10 ± 16.89 (19.61–32.60) | 0.001 * | 0.023 * | 0.003 * |
Left forefoot force (%) | 15.79 ± 4.41 (14.10–17.49) | 17.40 ± 2.83 (16.31–18.48) | 13.86 ± 4.88 (11.98–15.73) | 8.71 ± 6.20 (6.32–11.09) | 0.124 | 0.008 * | 0.000 * |
Left forefoot distribution (%) | 32.81 ± 9.20 (29.27–36.35) | 36 ± 5.73 (33.80–38.20) | 28.15 ± 9.55 (24.48–31.82) | 18.06 ± 13.14 (13.01–23.12) | 0.146 | 0.002 * | 0.001 * |
Left rearfoot surface (cm²) | 62.78 ± 19.93 (55.12–70.44) | 68.92 ± 10.00 (65.08–72.77) | 74.27 ± 15.85 (68.18–80.36) | 83.23 ± 18.76 (76.02–90.44) | 0.071 | 0.002 * | 0.001 * |
Left rearfoot force (%) | 32.33 ± 4.94 (30.43–34.23) | 31.10 ± 3.18 (29.88–32.33) | 35.26 ± 4.86 (33.39–37.13) | 38.92 ± 6.91 (36.27–41.58) | 0.451 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Left rearfoot distribution (%) | 67.06 ± 8.97 (63.62–70.51) | 64.03 ± 5.62 (61.87–66.18) | 71.54 ± 9.74 (67.79–75.28) | 81.99 ± 13.16 (76.93–87.04) | 0.142 | 0.003 * | 0.000 * |
Left foot surface (cm2) | 104.37 ± 39.19 (89.31–119.44) | 122.44 ± 21.55 (114.15–130.72) | 115.92 ± 23.82 (106.77–125.08) | 109.24 ± 20.20 (101.48–117.01) | 0.001 * | 0.006 * | 0.154 |
Left foot force (%) | 48.00 ± 2.65 (46.98–49.02) | 48.47 ± 2.19 (47.63–49.32) | 49.13 ± 2.30 (48.24–50.01) | 48.10 ± 1.78 (47.42–48.79) | 0.406 | 0.109 | 0.951 |
Left foot maximum pressure (g/cm2) | 848.67 ± 224.00 (762.57–934.77) | 578.69 ± 122.27 (531.69–625.69) | 723.46 ± 177.87 (655.09–791.83) | 728.92 ± 125.37 (680.73–777.11) | 0.001 * | 0.003 * | 0.003 * |
Left foot medium pressure (g/cm2) | 360.00 ± 99.38 (321.80–398.20) | 290.08 ± 61.35 (266.49–313.66) | 315.04 ± 76.46 (285.65–344.43) | 344.03 ± 64.74 (319.14–368.91) | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.313 |
Left foot weight (kg) | 32.46 ± 6.37 (30.01–34.91) | 32.72 ± 6.57 (30.19–35.24) | 33.27 ± 7.09 (30.54–36.00) | 32.68 ± 6.33 (30.25–35.11) | 0.410 | 0.146 | 0.784 |
Right forefoot surface (cm²) | 37.71 ± 13.05 (32.69–42.72) | 55.36 ± 16.21 (49.13–61.59) | 42.74 ± 17.22 (36.12–49.36) | 25.54 ± 16.65 (19.14–31.94) | 0.001 * | 0.089 | 0.001 * |
Right forefoot force (%) | 17.36 ± 5.21 (15.36–19.36) | 19.78 ± 3.68 (18.37–21.20) | 15.35 ± 5.07 (13.40–17.30) | 9.50 ± 7.13 (6.76–12.24) | 0.049 * | 0.022 * | 0.001 * |
Right forefoot distribution (%) | 33.26 ± 10.10 (29.38–37.14) | 37.37 ± 6.07 (35.04) | 30.23 ± 10.15 (26.33–34.13) | 18.59 ± 13.63 (13.35–28.83) | 0.080 | 0.054 | 0.001 * |
Right rearfoot surface (cm²) | 68.27 ± 18.59 (61.12–75.42) | 69.14 ± 9.83 (65.36–72.92) | 72.83 ± 15.13 (67.02–78.65) | 86.21 ± 17.84 (79.35–93.06) | 0.501 | 0.029 * | 0.001 * |
Right rearfoot force (%) | 34.88 ± 5.44 (32.80–36.97) | 32.06 ± 3.97 (30.54–33.59) | 35.37 ± 5.46 (33.27–37.47) | 42.18 ± 7.06 (39.47–44.89) | 0.060 | 0.581 | 0.001 * |
Right rearfoot distribution (%) | 65.94 ± 10.96 (61.72–70.15) | 62.18 ± 6.78 (59.57–64.79) | 69.79 ± 9.87 (66.00–73.59) | 81.51 ± 13.73 (76.23–86.79) | 0.109 | 0.022 * | 0.001 * |
Right foot surface (cm2) | 106.45 ± 26.73 (96.18–116.72) | 124.76 ± 23.89 (115.58–133.94) | 115.01 ± 26.32 (104.90–125.13) | 111.44 ± 19.28 (104.02–118.85) | 0.001 * | 0.004 * | 0.258 |
Right foot force (%) | 52.00 ± 2.65 (50.98–53.02) | 51.53 ± 2.19 (50.68–52.37) | 50.87 ± 2.30 (49.99–51.76) | 51.79 ± 1.89 (51.07–52.52) | 0.406 | 0.109 | 0.855 |
Right foot maximum pressure (g/cm2) | 940.94 ± 642.72 (693.89–1187.99) | 620.65 ± 142.52 (565.87–675.44) | 753.29 ± 209.11 (672.92–833.67) | 770.04 ± 171.70 (704.04–836.04) | 0.001 * | 0.004 * | 0.063 |
Right foot medium pressure (g/cm2) | 366.65 ± 95.16 (330.08–403.23) | 305.90 ± 70.61 (278.76–333.04) | 328.08 ± 80.34 (297.20–358.96) | 356.45 ± 59.89 (333.43–379.47) | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.778 |
Right foot weight (kg) | 34.41 ± 8.08 (31.31–37.52) | 34.76 ± 8.28 (31.58–37.94) | 33.37 ± 7.64 (30.44–36.31) | 35.36 ± 7.84 (32.34–38.37) | 0.114 | 0.024 * | 0.925 |
Stabilometry Data with Eyes Open | Barefoot Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Gym Step® Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | P-Value Barefoot vs. Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes | P-Value Barefoot vs. Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes | P-Value Barefoot vs. Gym Step® |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stroke length mean (mm) | 87.01 ± 44.54 (69.89–104.13) | 100.37 ± 47.04 (82.29–118.45) | 97.63 ± 45.78 (80.04–115.23) | 163.85 ± 76.47 (134.45–193.24) | 0.052 | 0.008 * | 0.001 * |
Stroke Surface mean (mm2) | 82.76 ± 83.81 (50.54–114.98) | 118.38 ± 133.40 (67.10–169.66) | 109.51 ± 107.56 (68.16–150.85) | 185.51 ± 124.50 (137.65–233.37) | 0.238 | 0.032 * | 0.001 * |
Length/surface mean (mm/mm2) | 2.39 ± 1.53 (1.81–2.98) | 1.63 ± 0.72 (1.35–1.91) | 1.94 ± 0.93 (1.59–2.30) | 1.11 ± 0.38 (0.96–1.25) | 0.017 * | 0.178 | 0.001 * |
Swing speed mean (mm/s) | 2.11 ± 1.16 (1.66–2.55) | 2.39 ± 1.16 (1.95–2.84) | 2.25 ± 1.08 (1.83–2.66) | 5.04 ± 2.41 (4.11–5.97) | 0.104 | 0.071 | 0.001 * |
Lateral speed mean (mm/s) | 1.94 ± 0.75 (1.66–2.23) | 1.98 ± 0.83 (1.66–2.30) | 2.00 ± 0.74 (1.72–2.28) | 3.44 ± 1.50 (2.86–4.02) | 0.737 | 0.309 | 0.001 * |
Anterior speed mean (mm/s) | 1.87 ± 1.36 (1.34–2.39) | 2.36 ± 1.54 (1.77–2.95) | 2.18 ± 1.27 (1.69–2.67) | 3.56 ± 2.01 (2.79–4.34) | 0.056 | 0.006 * | 0.001 * |
x axis displacement mean (mm) | 4.24 ± 5.44 (2.14–6.33) | 2.95 ± 4.32 (1.29–4.61) | 2.53 ± 6.56 (0.00–5.05) | 4.12 ± 4.88 (2.24–5.99) | 0.073 | 0.131 | 0.989 |
y axis displacement mean (mm) | −54.02 ± 14.87 (−59.74–−48.31) | −46.07 ± 9.59 (−49.75–−42.38) | −48.82 ± 15.09 (−54.61–−43.02) | −43.23 ± 23.15 (−52.13–−34.33) | 0.049 * | 0.023 * | 0.019 * |
Static Podobarometric Data with Eyes Closed | Barefoot ICC (95% CI) | Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes ICC (95% CI) | Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes ICC (95% CI) | Gym Step® ICC (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Left forefoot surface (cm²) | 0.935 (0.873–0.969) | 0.915. (0.837–0.959) | 0.900 (0.808–0.952) | 0.895 (0.799–0.949) |
Left forefoot force (%) | 0.843 (0.700–0.925) | 0.653 (0.326–0.834) | 0.857 (0.725–0.932) | 0.901 (0.811–0.952) |
Left forefoot distribution (%) | 0.875 (0.760–0.940) | 0.688 (0.398–0.850) | 0.856 (0.723–0.931) | 0.892 (0.793–0.948) |
Left rearfoot surface (cm²) | 0.944 (0.894–0.973 | 0.940 (0.886–0.971) | 0.961 (0.925–0.981) | 0.968 (0.939–0.985) |
Left rearfoot force (%) | 0.852 (0.717–0.929) | 0.815 (0.648–0.910) | 0.834 (0.681–0.920) | 0.909 (0.826–0.956) |
Left rearfoot distribution (%) | 0.875 (0.760–0.940) | 0.668 (0.357–0.841) | 0.850 (0.711–0.928) | 0.902 (0.812–0.953) |
Left foot surface (cm2) | 0.935 (0.873–0.969) | 0.915 (0.837–0.959) | 0.900 (0.808–0.952) | 0.895 (0.799–0.949) |
Left foot force (%) | 0.756 (0.530–0.883) | 0.887 (0.781–0.946) | 0.818 (0.650–0.912) | 0.814 (0.646–0.910) |
Left foot maximum pressure (g/cm2) | 0.995 (0.915–0.979) | 0.927 (0.859–0.965) | 0.971 (0.944–0.986) | 0.932 (0.869–0.967) |
Left foot medium pressure (g/cm2) | 0.976 (0.952–0.989) | 0.973 (0.947–0.987) | 0.990 (0.982–0.995) | 0.935 (0.877–0.969) |
Left foot weight (kg) | 0.987 (0.974–0.994) | 0.994 (0.988–0.997) | 0.994 (0.989–0.997) | 0.974 (0.950–0.987) |
Right forefoot surface (cm²) | 0.881 (0.773–0.943) | 0.805 (.628–0.906) | 0.877 (0.763–0.941) | 0.792 (0.603–0.900) |
Right forefoot force (%) | 0.869 (0.750–0.937) | 0.627 (0.287–0.821) | 0.900 (0.809–0.952) | 0.893 (0.796–0.949) |
Right forefoot distribution (%) | 0.866 (0.744–0.935) | 0.665 (0.336–0.835) | 0.897 (0.804–0.950) | 0.883 (0.775–0.944) |
Right rearfoot surface (cm²) | 0.946 (0.897–0.974) | 0.961 (0.926–0.981) | 0.946 (0.896–0.974) | 0.969 (0.941–0.989) |
Right rearfoot force (%) | 0.876 (0.763–0.940) | 0.603 (0.231–0.810) | 0.905 (0.819–0.954) | 0.852 (0.716–0.929) |
Right rearfoot distribution (%) | 0.843 (0.701–0.924) | 0.657 (0.341–0.835) | 0.895 (0.800–0.950) | 0.896 (0.801–0.950) |
Right foot surface (cm2) | 0.948 (0.900–0.975) | 0.927 (0.860–0.965) | 0.925 (0.857–0.964) | 0.867 (0.746–0.936) |
Right foot force (%) | 0.759 (0.535–0.884) | 0.890 (0.786–0.947) | 0.811 (0.639–0.909) | 0.814 (0.646–0.910) |
Right foot maximum pressure (g/cm2) | 0.955 (0.914–0.978) | 0.970 (0.943–0.985) | 0.984 (0.970–0.993) | 0.949 (0.901–0.975) |
Right foot medium pressure (g/cm2) | 0.975 (0.953–0.988) | 0.978 (0.958–0.989) | 0.992 (0.985–0.996) | 0.929 (0.865–0.966) |
Right foot weight (kg) | 0.991 (0.983–0.996) | 0.996 (0.991–0.998) | 0.994 (0.988–0.997) | 0.992 (0.984–0.996) |
Stabilometry Data with Eyes Closed | Barefoot ICC (95% CI) | Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes ICC (95% CI) | Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes ICC (95% CI) | Gym Step® ICC (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stroke length mean (mm) | 0.127 (−0.604–0.569) | 0.885 (0.780–0.944) | 0.629 (0.307–0.819) | 0.938 (0.882–0.970) |
Stroke Surface mean (mm2) | 0.544 (0.143–0.778) | 0.844 (0.703–0.925) | 0.110 (−0.743–0.577) | 0.941 (0.887–0.972= |
Length/surface mean (mm/mm2) | 0.010 (−0.801–0.509) | 0.566 (0.161–0.792) | 0.353 (−0.254–0.691) | 0.428 (−0.097–0.725) |
Swing speed mean (mm/s) | 0.125 (−0.605–0.568) | 0.906 (0.820–0.955) | 0.636 (0.319–0.822) | 0.936 (0.878–0.969) |
Lateral speed mean (mm/s) | 0.155 (−0.542–0.582) | 0.901 (0.811–0.953) | 0.716 (0.466–0.862) | 0.885 (0.780–0.945) |
Anterior speed mean (mm/s) | 0.074 (−0.703–0.544) | 0.867 (0.746–0.936) | 0.583 (0.220–0.796) | 0.945 (0.895–0.973) |
x axis displacement mean (mm) | 0.865 (0.742–0.935) | 0.921 (0.849–0.962) | 0.862 (0.735–0.934) | 0.704 (0.438–0.857) |
y axis displacement mean (mm) | 0.829 (0.672–0.917) | 0.851 (0.714–0.928) | 0.927 (0.861–0.965) | 0.954 (0.913–0.978) |
Static Podobarometric Data with Eyes Closed | Barefoot Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Gym Step® Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | P-Value Barefoot vs. Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes | P-Value Barefoot vs. Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes | P-Value Barefoot vs. Gym Step® |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Left forefoot surface (cm²) | 37.22 ± 12.17 (32.54–41.90) | 53.00 ± 13.30 (47.89–58.11) | 43.08 ± 17.16 (36.48–49.67) | 31.19 ± 18.20 (24.20–38.19) | 0.001 * | 0.006 * | 0.135 |
Left forefoot force (%) | 15.67 ± 4.26 (14.03–17.30) | 17.94 ± 2.60 (12.16–15.91) | 14.04 ± 4.88 (12.16–15.91) | 9.17 ± 5.62 (7.01–11.33) | 0.013 * | 0.042 * | 0.001 * |
Left forefoot distribution (%) | 32.42 ± 9.15 (28.91–35.94) | 36.95 ± 5.66 (34.77–39.12) | 28.77 ± 9.67 (25.05–32.49) | 18.85 ± 11.50 (14.43–23.26) | 0.021 * | 0.025 * | 0.001 * |
Left rearfoot surface (cm²) | 65.21 ± 18.68 (58.02–72.39) | 68.35 ± 11.13 (64.07–72.63) | 76.63 ± 15.22 (70.78–82.48) | 92.41 ± 13.96 (87.04–97.78) | 0.298 | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Left rearfoot force (%) | 32.38 ± 4.81 (30.54–34.23) | 30.81 ± 3.82 (29.34–32.28) | 34.29 ± 4.29 (32.65–35.94) | 39.51 ± 5.64 (37.35–41.68) | 0.128 | 0.022 * | 0.001 * |
Left rearfoot distribution (%) | 67.63 ± 9.30 (64.05–71.20) | 62.94 ± 5.49 (60.82–65.05) | 71.17 ± 9.49 (67.52–74.81) | 81.04 ± 11.36 (76.67–85.40) | 0.021 * | 0.025 * | 0.001 * |
Left foot surface (cm2) | 103.53 ± 24.78 (93.00–112.05) | 121.60 ± 21.82 (113.22–129.99) | 119.64 ± 24.27 (110.31–128.97) | 123.65 ± 21.91 (115.23–132.08) | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.001 * |
Left foot force (%) | 47.79 ± 2.23 (46.94–48.65) | 48.60 ± 2.25 (47.74–49.47) | 48.40 ± 1.99 (47.63–49.16) | 48.68 ± 1.74 (48.01–49.35) | 0.170 | 0.128 | 0.235 |
Left foot maximum pressure (g/cm2) | 839.72 ± 180.94 (770.17–909.27) | 571.06 ± 120.69 (524.67–617.46) | 718.77 ± 183.06 (648.40–789.14) | 768.92 ± 165.73 (705.22–832.63) | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.048 * |
Left foot medium pressure (g/cm2) | 346.82 ± 86.55 (313.55–380.09) | 288.87 ± 64.36 (264.13–313.61) | 303.83 ± 67.74 (277.79–329.87) | 339.64 ± 60.44 (316.41–362.87) | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.778 |
Left foot weight (kg) | 32.42 ± 6.56 (29.90–34.94) | 32.85 ± 6.54 (30.33–35.36) | 32.85 ± 7.16 (30.09–35.60) | 33.17 ± 7.09 (30.44–35.89) | 0.379 | 0.170 | 0.201 |
Right forefoot surface (cm²) | 36.81 ± 12.58 (31.97–41.64) | 54.19 ± 15.16 (48.36–60–02) | 45.22 ± 18.01 (38.29–52.14) | 29.64 ± 19.24 (22.24–37.04) | 0.001 * | 0.002 * | 0.045 * |
Right forefoot force (%) | 16.77 ± 5.40 (14.69–18.85) | 19.76 ± 3.17 (18.54–20.98) | 15.87 ± 5.66 (13.70–18.05) | 10.08 ± 6.64 (7.53–12.63) | 0.003 * | 0.231 | 0.001 * |
Right forefoot distribution (%) | 32.18 ± 10.22 (28.25–36.11) | 38.40 ± 6.27 (35.99–40.81) | 30.88 ± 11.01 (26.65–35.11) | 19.29 ± 12.45 (14.51–24.08) | 0.002 * | 0.388 | 0.001 * |
Right rearfoot surface (cm²) | 71.65 ± 18.40 (64.58–78.73) | 69.79 ± 12.18 (70.29–82.15) | 76.22 ± 15.42 (70.29–82.15) | 95.24 ± 15.53 (89.27–101.21) | 0.861 | 0.063 | 0.001 * |
Right rearfoot force (%) | 35.41 ± 5.85 (33.16–37.66) | 31.72 ± 3.42 (30.40–33.03) | 35.81 ± 6.29 (33.39–38.23) | 41.40 ± 6.39 (38.94–43.85) | 0.007 * | 0.786 | 0.001 * |
Right rearfoot distribution (%) | 67.55 ± 9.64 (63.85–71.26) | 61.71 ± 6.73 (59.12–64.29) | 69.08 ± 10.92 (64.88–73.27) | 80.45 ± 12.38 (75.69–85.21) | 0.002 * | 0.374 | 0.001 * |
Right foot surface (cm2) | 108.26 ± 26.05 (98.24–118.27) | 124.46 ± 24.41 (115.08–133.85) | 121.32 ± 25.24 (111.62–131.02) | 124.85 ± 23.41 (115.85–133.84) | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.003 * |
Right foot force (%) | 52.18 ± 2.24 (51.32–53.04) | 51.40 ± 2.24 (50.54–52.26) | 51.55 ± 2.01 (50.78–52.33) | 51.32 ± 1.77 (50.64–52.00) | 0.198 | 0.128 | 0.258 |
Right foot maximum pressure (g/cm2) | 824.73 ± 160.00 (763.23–886.23) | 619.82 ± 154.77 (560.33–679.31) | 758.78 ± 213.68 (676.65–840.92) | 769.19 ± 195.24 (694.14–844.24) | 0.001 * | 0.008 * | 0.096 |
Right foot medium pressure (g/cm2) | 358.21 ± 88.87 (324.05–392.37) | 302.26 ± 70.26 (275.25–329.26) | 321.94 ± 77.33 (292.21–351.66) | 351.65 ± 63.74 (327.15–376.16) | 0.001 * | 0.001 * | 0.509 |
Right foot weight (kg) | 35.38 ± 7.99 (32.31–38.45) | 34.99 ± 8.03 (31.90–38.07) | 34.92 ± 7.33 (32.11–37.74) | 34.88 ± 7.28 (32.09–37.68) | 0.449 | 0.144 | 0.512 |
Stabilometry Data with Eyes Closed | Barefoot Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | Gym Step® Mean ± SD (95% CI) n = 26 | P-Value Barefoot vs. Eva Plus Ultralight® Shoes | P-Value Barefoot vs. Milan-SCL Liso® Shoes | P-Value Barefoot vs. Gym Step® |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stroke length mean (mm) | 151.16 ± 86.96 (117.74–184.59) | 113.54 ± 53.54 (92.96–134.12) | 126.51 ± 52.19 (106.45–146.57) | 350.56 ± 66.98 (334.81–386.30) | 0.006 * | 0.316 | 0.001 * |
Stroke Surface mean (mm2) | 137.56 ± 119.18 (91.75–183.37) | 176.22 ± 259.11 (76.62–275.82) | 169.38 ± 174.01 (102.49–236.27) | 837.22 ± 200.34 (760.21–914.22) | 0.166 | 0.395 | 0.001 * |
Length/surface mean (mm/mm2) | 2.12 ± 1.64 (1.49–2.75) | 1.53 ± 0.82 (1.22–1.85) | 1.49 ± 0.74 (1.20–1.77) | 0.88 ± 0.65 (0.63–1.13) | 0.137 | 0.016 * | 0.001 * |
Swing speed mean (mm/s) | 4.73 ± 2.83 (3.64–5.82) | 3.46 ± 1.70 (2.81–4.12) | 3.91 ± 1.62 (3.29–4.54) | 11.18 ± 2.05 (10.39–11.97) | 0.005 | 0.278 | 0.001 * |
Lateral speed mean (mm/s) | 3.14 ± 1.67 (2.50–3.79) | 2.21 ± 0.91 (1.86–2.56) | 2.45 ± 0.97 (2.08–2.82) | 6.37 ± 1.22 (5.90–6.84) | 0.001 * | 0.025 * | 0.001 * |
Anterior speed mean (mm/s) | 3.42 ± 2.30 (2.53–4.30) | 2.63 ± 1.42 (2.08–3.17) | 3.00 ± 1.37 (2.48–3.53) | 9.04 ± 1.70 (8.39–9.70) | 0.243 | 0.889 | 0.001 * |
x axis displacement mean (mm) | 3.11 ± 6.13 (0.75–5.46) | 3.38 ± 5.39 (1.31–5.45) | 4.41 ± 5.62 (2.25–6.57) | 2.24 ± 5.28 (0.21–4.27) | 0.732 | 0.990 | 0.657 |
y axis displacement mean (mm) | −53.16 ± 18.08 (−60.11–−46.21) | −44.83 ± 16.70 (−51.25–−38.41) | −45.65 ± 16.96 (−51.01–−40.28) | −43.58 ± 15.44 (−49.51–−37.64) | 0.005 * | 0.030 * | 0.043 * |
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Sánchez-Sáez, J.M.; Palomo-López, P.; Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, R.; Calvo-Lobo, C.; Losa-Iglesias, M.E.; López-del-Amo-Lorente, A.; López-López, D. Stability of Three Different Sanitary Shoes on Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122126
Sánchez-Sáez JM, Palomo-López P, Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo R, Calvo-Lobo C, Losa-Iglesias ME, López-del-Amo-Lorente A, López-López D. Stability of Three Different Sanitary Shoes on Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122126
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Sáez, José Manuel, Patricia Palomo-López, Ricardo Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo, César Calvo-Lobo, Marta Elena Losa-Iglesias, Andrés López-del-Amo-Lorente, and Daniel López-López. 2019. "Stability of Three Different Sanitary Shoes on Healthcare Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122126