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Review

Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Hypothalamic Inflammation and Reproductive Outcomes: A Review of the Literature

by
Galateia Stathori
1,
Kyriaki Hatziagapiou
2,3,
George Mastorakos
4,
Nikolaos F. Vlahos
4,
Evangelia Charmandari
1,5 and
Georgios Valsamakis
4,*
1
Center for Prevention and Management of Overweight and Obesity, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
2
Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, ENDO-ERN Center for Rare Pediatric Endocrine Disorders, First Department of Pediatrics, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aghia Sophia’ Children’s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
3
Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health and Care Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece
4
Second Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, ‘Aretaieion’ University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
5
Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Center of Clinical, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(21), 11344; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111344
Submission received: 26 September 2024 / Revised: 19 October 2024 / Accepted: 20 October 2024 / Published: 22 October 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms in Reproduction)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are environmental and industrial agents that interfere with hormonal functions. EDC exposure is linked to various endocrine diseases, especially in reproduction, although the mechanisms remain unclear and effects vary among individuals. Neuroinflammation, particularly hypothalamic inflammation, is an emerging research area with implications for endocrine-related diseases like obesity. The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating reproduction, and its inflammation can adversely affect reproductive health. EDCs can cross the blood–brain barrier, potentially causing hypothalamic inflammation and disrupting the reproductive axis. This review examines the existing literature on EDC-mediated hypothalamic inflammation. Our findings suggest that exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB), tributyltin (TBT), phthalates, bisphenol A (BPA), and chlorpyrifos (CPF) in animals is linked to hypothalamic inflammation, specifically affecting the hypothalamic centers of the gonadotropic axis. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review on this topic, indicating hypothalamic inflammation as a possible mediator between EDC exposure and reproductive dysfunction. Further human studies are needed to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies against EDC exposure.
Keywords: endocrine-disrupting chemicals; hypothalamic inflammation; reproduction; TCDD; PCB; TBT; phthalates; BPA; CPF endocrine-disrupting chemicals; hypothalamic inflammation; reproduction; TCDD; PCB; TBT; phthalates; BPA; CPF

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MDPI and ACS Style

Stathori, G.; Hatziagapiou, K.; Mastorakos, G.; Vlahos, N.F.; Charmandari, E.; Valsamakis, G. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Hypothalamic Inflammation and Reproductive Outcomes: A Review of the Literature. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 11344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111344

AMA Style

Stathori G, Hatziagapiou K, Mastorakos G, Vlahos NF, Charmandari E, Valsamakis G. Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Hypothalamic Inflammation and Reproductive Outcomes: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(21):11344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111344

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stathori, Galateia, Kyriaki Hatziagapiou, George Mastorakos, Nikolaos F. Vlahos, Evangelia Charmandari, and Georgios Valsamakis. 2024. "Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Hypothalamic Inflammation and Reproductive Outcomes: A Review of the Literature" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 21: 11344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111344

APA Style

Stathori, G., Hatziagapiou, K., Mastorakos, G., Vlahos, N. F., Charmandari, E., & Valsamakis, G. (2024). Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals, Hypothalamic Inflammation and Reproductive Outcomes: A Review of the Literature. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(21), 11344. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms252111344

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