Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Phytochemistry
2.1.1. Coumarins
2.1.2. Chromones
2.1.3. Triterpenoids, Glycosides, and Glucides
2.1.4. Monoterpenoid Glucosides
2.1.5. Liposoluble Compounds
2.1.6. Volatile Oil
2.1.7. Liposoluble Compounds
2.1.8. Trace Elements
2.1.9. Other Compounds
2.2. Pharmacology
2.2.1. Nervous System and Mental Illness
Memory Loss and Neuron Degeneration
Brain Hemorrhage
Epilepsy
Hypnosis and Sedation
Anxiety
2.2.2. Immune System
Allergy
2.2.3. Circulatory System
Atherosclerosis
Cardiac Diseases
Hypertension
Organ Ischemia
Thrombosis
2.2.4. Symptoms and States of Undefined Origin
Pain
Hepatic Steatosis
Inflammation
Fatigue
Oxidation
2.2.5. Other Infectious and Parasitic Diseases
Bacterial Infectious Disease
Virual Infectious Disease
Fungal Infectious Disease
Parasitic Disease
2.2.6. Endocrine-Metabolic System
Diabetes Mellitus
Hormone Modulation
2.2.7. Skin and Subcutaneous Cell Tissue
Hypertrophic Scar Fibroblasts
Psoriatic Effect
Atopic Dermatitis
Itchiness
2.2.8. Musculature and Skeleton
Osteoporosis
Bone Fracture
Osteolysis
Periodontitis
2.2.9. Tumor Diseases
Digestive System Cancer
Blood Cancer
Breast Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Nasopharyngeal Cancer
Cervical Cancer
Melanoma
Urinary Cancer
Lung Cancer
Brain Cancer
2.2.10. Toxicity
2.2.11. Respiratory System
2.2.12. Genito-Urinary System
2.3. Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology
3. Discussion and Conclusions
4. Materials and Methods
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CM | Cnidium monnieri (L.) |
DRG | Dorsal root ganglion |
MIC | Minimal inhibitory concentration |
6-Keto-GF1α | 6-keto-prostaglandin 1α |
AD | Alzheimer’s disease |
ADM | Adriamycin |
AMPK | Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
Apaf-1 | Apoptotic protease activating factor-1 |
ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
Aβ25-35 | Beta-amyloid protein fragment 25-35 |
BACE1 | β-Site APP cleaving enzyme 1 |
Bak | Bcl-2-homologous antagonist killer |
Bax | Bcl-2-associated X protein |
BMX | NBM-T-BMX-OS01 |
Bu2cAMP | Dibutyryl-CAMP |
CAMKK2 | Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2 |
cAMP | Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate |
CFs | Cardiac fibroblasts |
cGMP | Cyclic Guanosine Monophosphate |
CGRPR1 | Calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors 1 |
Chk1 | Checkpoint 1 kinase |
cIAP2 | Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis-2 |
CMC | Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson |
COX-2 | Cyclooxygenase-2 |
DNCB | Dinitrochlorobenzene |
DNCB | Dinitrochlorobenzene |
DOX | Doxorubicin |
ESCC | Clonogenicity of esophageal cell carcinoma |
HIF-1α | Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α |
HSCs | Hepatic stellate cells |
IL-6 | Interleukin 6 |
IL-8 | Interleukin 8 |
iNOS | Inducible nitric oxide synthase |
IR | Infrared |
LD50 | Medium lethal dosage |
MCAO/R, | Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion, |
MMP-9 | Matrix metalloproteinase-9 |
MTT | 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide |
NIR | Near-infrared |
NO | Nitric oxide |
OGD/R | Oxygen-glucose deficiency/reperfusion |
OPG | Osteoprotegerin |
p-AKT | Phosphorylated AKT pathway |
PDEs | Phosphodiesterases |
PI3K/Akt-1 | Phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt-1) |
PTEN | Phosphatase and tensin homolog |
RANKL | Receptor activator of NF-κB ligand |
Rip1 | Receptor-interacting protein 1 |
ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
RSD | Relative standard deviation |
SFE | Supercritical fluid extraction |
SIRT1 | Silent information regulator 1 |
TGF-β | Transforming growth factor-beta |
TGF-β1 | Transforming growth factor β1 |
TRAIL | Tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand |
TXB2 | Thromboxane B2 |
UV | Ultraviolet spectra |
VEGFR2 | Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 |
α-SMA | α-smooth muscle actin, |
Appendix A
Pharmacological Effects | Tested Substance | Active Dose/Concentration | Study Types | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Memory and learning enhancement | Osthole | 30, 15 and 5 ng via intracranial injection | In vivo | [38] |
Memory and learning enhancement | Osthole | 40 mg/kg for 12 days via oral gavage | In vivo | [39] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 40 mg/kg for 15 days via oral gavage | In vivo | [40] |
Memory and learning enhancement | Osthole | 40 mg/kg for 17 days via oral gavage | In vivo | [41] |
Memory and learning enhancement | Osthole | 12.5 and 25 mg/kg via intracranial injection | In vivo | [42] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 40 mg/kg for 15 days via oral gavage | In vivo | [44] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 50 and 100 μmol/L | In vitro | [45] |
Memory and learning enhancement | Osthole | 0.1 and 0.5 μmol/L | In vivo | [46] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 10 50 and 100 μmol/L | In vitro | [47] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 10, 50 and 100 μmol/L | In vivo | [48] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 100 μmol/L | In vivo | [49] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L | In vitro | [50] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 10, 50, and 100 μmol/L | In vivo | [51] |
Neuro protective effect | Osthole | 100 μmol/L via abdominal injection | In vivo | [52] |
Brain hemorrhage protective effect | Osthole | 15 mg/10 g via abdominal injection | In vivo | [53] |
Anti-epilepsy effect | Osthole | 50 mg/kg for 10 days via gavage | In vivo | [54] |
Anti-epilepsy effect | Osthole | 50 mg/kg for 10 days via gavage | In vivo | [55] |
Anti-epilepsy effect | Osthole | 50 mg/kg for 10 days via gavage | In vivo | [56] |
Anti-epilepsy effect | Osthole | 1, 10, 100 mmol/L | In vitro | [57] |
Hypnotic and sedative effect | Alcohol extract of CMC | 62.5 mg/kg for 3 days via gavage | In vivo | [58] |
Hypnotic and sedative effect | 65% and 95% alcohol extract of CMC | 62.5 mg/kg for 3 days via gavage | In vivo | [59] |
Hypnotic and sedative effect | Hypnotic active component of CMC | 130, 260, and 520 mg/kg twice a day for 16 days via gavage | In vivo | [60] |
Hypnotic effect | Total coumarin, osthole, imperatorin, isopimpinellin, and bergapten | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg for 3 days via gavage | In vivo | [61] |
Hypnotic effect | Osthole | 25 mg/kg/day, 7 days via abdominal injection | In vivo | [62] |
Hypnotic effect | Osthole | 40, 80, 160 mg/kg for 6 days via gavage | In vivo | [63] |
Anxiolytic effect | Osthole | 1.75 3.5 7.00 and 14 mg/kg via oral administration for 6 days | In vivo | [64] |
Anti-asthmatic effect | Osthole | 25 50 and 100 mg/kg via intraperitoneal administration | In vivo | [65] |
Anti-asthmatic effect | Osthole | 10 and 50 mg.kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [66] |
Anti-asthmatic effect | Osthole | 0.1, 1, and 10 μm | In vitro | [67] |
Anti-asthmatic effect | Osthole | 10 and 40 mg.kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [68] |
Anti-allergic effect | Osthole | 150, 300, and 450 ng/mL | In vitro | [69] |
Anti-allergic effect | Osthole | 0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/mL | In vivo | [70] |
Anti-allergic effect | Osthole with voucher number (CM-99001) | 200 and 500 mg/kg via oral administration | In vivo | [71] |
Anti-allergic effect | Osthole | 150 and 300 ng/mL | In vitro | [72] |
Anti-allergic effect | Methanol extract of CMC | 100 μg/mL | In vitro | [73] |
Anti-atherosclerosis effect | Osthole | 10 and 30 mg.kg for 16 days | In vivo | [74] |
Anti-atherosclerosis effect | Osthole | 10 and 20 mg/kg, and 40 mg.kg via oral gavage | In vivo | [75] |
Anti-atherosclerosis effect | Osthole | 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 μmol/L | In vitro | [76] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Imperatorin | N/A | Computational analysis | [77] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Total coumarins | 20 mg/kg via oral gavage | In vivo | [78] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 50 mg/kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [79] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 25 mg/kg via femur vein injection | In vivo | [80] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 25 mg/kg via internal jugular vein | In vivo | [81] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 10, 20 mg/kg for 28 days via oral gavage | In vivo | [82] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 10, 20 mg/kg for 28 days via oral gavage | In vivo | [83] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 10, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 μmol/L | In vivo | [84] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 100, 200, 300 μmol/L | In vitro | [85] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 200 μmol/L | In vitro | [86] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 10−9 to 10−5 M | In vitro | [87] |
Anti-cardiovascular diseases | Osthole | 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 25 μg/mL | In vitro | [88] |
Anti-hypertension effect | Imperatorin, xanthotoxol, and other Imperatorin derivatives | 0.1 µM to 0.1 mM | In vitro | [89] |
Anti-hypertension effect | Imperatorin | 3, 10, 30 μM, 6.25–25 mg/kg per day | In vivo+ In vitro | [90] |
Anti-hypertension effect | Osthole | 0.05% osthol to the control diet by weight | In vivo | [91] |
Anti-hypertension effect | Imperatorin isolated from CMC with patent number ZL200610042997.2 | 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/kg per day, for 10 weeks via oral gavage | In vivo | [92] |
Anti-hypertension effect | Imperatorin with patent number ZL2006100042997.2 | 6.25, 12.5, 25 mg/kg per day, for 13 weeks | In vivo | [93] |
Anti-hypertension effect | Imperatorin with patent number ZL2006100042997.2 | 1–100 μM | In vitro | [94] |
Anti-hypertension effect | Osthole | 10, 30, 60, 100 mmol/L | In vitro | [95] |
Anti-organ ischemia effect | Osthole | 40 mg/kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [96] |
Anti-organ ischemia effect | Osthole | 5, 10, 20 mg/kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [97] |
Renal ischemia-reperfusion | Osthole | 40 mg/kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [98] |
Retina ischemia-reperfusion | Osthole | 20, 40, 80 mg/kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [99] |
Anti-organ ischemia effect | Osthole | 5, 25 mg/kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [100] |
Anti-organ ischemia effect | Osthole | 10 and 50 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection | In vivo | [101] |
Anti-organ ischemia effect | Osthole | 25 mg/kg via femur vein drip | In vivo | [102] |
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity | Osthole | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [103] |
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity | Osthole | 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg for 14 days via intraperitoneal injection | In vivo | [104] |
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity | Osthole | 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection | In vivo+ In vitro | [105] |
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity | Osthole | 100 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection | In vivo | [106] |
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity | Osthole | 12.5 and 25 mg/kg for 14 days via intraperitoneal injection | In vivo | [107] |
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity | Osthole | 5 and 10 mg/kg via sublingual vein injection | In vivo | [108] |
Anti-cerebral ischemia activity | Osthole | 4, 8, and 16 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection | In vivo | [109] |
Anti-thrombosis effect | Osthole | 10, 20, 40 mg/kg/day for 7 days via intragastric administration | In vivo | [110] |
Anti-coagulation effect | Osthole | 0.95–3.78 mg/mL | In vitro | [111] |
Analgesic effect | Osthole | 1 mg via epidural injection | In vivo | [112] |
Analgesic effect | Osthole | 1 mg via epidural injection | In vivo | [113] |
Analgesic effect | Osthole | 1 mg via epidural injection | In vivo | [114] |
Analgesic effect | Osthole | 0.2, 0.5, and 1 g/mL | In vitro | [115] |
Analgesic effect | Osthole | 20 g/L and 50 g/L | In vitro | [116] |
Anti-fatty liver effect | Osthole | 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg for 6 weeks via gavage | In vivo | [117] |
Anti-fatty liver effect | Osthole | 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg for 6 weeks via gavage | In vivo | [118] |
Anti-fatty liver effect | Osthole | 0.1 mL/10 g body weight per day for 4 weeks via gavage | In vivo | [119] |
Anti-fatty liver effect | Osthole | 12.5, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L | In vitro | [120] |
Anti-fatty liver effect | Osthole | 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg for 4 weeks via oral administration | In vivo | [121] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Osthole | 50 mg/kg via oral administration for 7 days | In vivo | [122] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Osthole | 10 and 30 mg/kg | In vivo | [123] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Osthole | 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg via abdominal injection | In vivo | [124] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Cnidium Lactone Micro | 2, 4, and 8 mg/mL | In vivo | [125] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Peroxyauraptenol, auraptenol | Peroxyauraptenol:10 μM Auraptenol:100 μM | In vitro | [126] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Osthole | 40 mg/kg for 4 days via gavage | In vivo | [127] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Osthole | 100, 200 mg/kg twice a day with 12 h interval via abdominal injection | In vivo | [128] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Osthole | 4, 7, and 10 μg/mL | In vitro | [129] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Osthole | 12.5-100 μmol/L | In vitro | [130] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | Osthole | 10 μg/mL | In vitro | [131] |
Anti-inflammatory effect | 17 Chemical compounds isolated from CMC with voucher number (CM-201010) | IC50 ≤ 7.31 μg/mL for 3′-O-methylmurraol, murraol, xanthotoxin, imperatorin, cnidimol A, IC50 ≤ 7.83 μg/mL for osthenol, peroxyauraptenol, demethylauraptenol, bergapten, cnidimol A | In vitro | [132] |
Anti-fatigue effect | Osthole obtains in the Japanese formula which contains CMC and other 14 herbs | 10 mL/kg via oral administration | In vitro | [133] |
Anti-fatigue effect | CMC | 0.75, 1.5, 4.5 g/kg | In vivo | [134] |
Anti-oxidant effect | Osthole | O2−: 0.5 mL; OH: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mL; Diphenyl-tert amine-based radical: 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 mL | In vitro | [135] |
Anti-bacterial effect | CMC ethanol extract | 250 mg/mL | In vitro | [136] |
Anti-bacterial effect | Osthole | Osthole (IC50 = 34 µM), Imperatorin (IC50 = 28µM) | In vitro | [137] |
Anti-bacterial effect | CMC extract | MIC: 65.2-125 μg/mL | In vitro | [138] |
Anti-bacterial effect | CMC extract | 60 mg/mL | In vitro | [139] |
Anti-bacterial effect | CMC extract | 5 g/mL | In vivo+ In vitro | [140] |
Anti-bacterial effect | CMC (CBNU201012-CM) | 300 mg/kg per day for 5 days via oral gavage | In vivo+ In vitro | [141] |
Anti-HIV effect | Osthole | IC50: 1.6 μM | In vitro | [142] |
Anti-fungal effect | CMC | Average MIC: 12.5 g/L | In vitro | [143] |
Anti-fungal effect | Osthole and Fluconazole | 4-16 μg/mL | In vitro | [144] |
Anti-fungal effect | Osthole | 0.5 g | In vitro | [146] |
Anthelmintic effect | Osthole | 100 mg/kg for 6 weeks via oral administration | In vivo+ In vitro | [147] |
Anthelmintic effect | Osthole | 10 mg/mL | In vitro | [148] |
Anthelmintic effect | Osthole and Imperatorin | 50 mg/L | In vivo | [149] |
Anthelmintic effect | Osthole | 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, and 4.48 mg/mL | In vitro | [150] |
Anthelmintic effect | Osthole | IC50 1.345 mg/mL | In vitro | [151] |
Anti-diabetic diseases | Osthole | 20 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection | In vivo | [152] |
Anti-diabetic diseases | Osthole | 1, 10, and 50 mg/kg | In vitro | [153] |
Anti-diabetic diseases | Osthole | 0.5, 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, and 40 μmol/L | In vitro | [154] |
Anti-diabetic diseases | Osthole | 100 μmol/L | In vitro | [155] |
Anti-diabetic diseases | Osthole | 0-200 μM | In vitro | [156] |
Stimulate Thyroid function effect | Osthole and total courmarins | 1 mL/d for 15 days via intragastric administration | In vivo | [157] |
Estrogen-like effect | Osthole | 0.75, 1.50, 3.00, 6.00, 12.00, 24.00 mg/kg for 10 days via abdominal injection | In vivo | [158] |
Anti-hypertrophic scar effect | Osthole | 10–32 μmol/L | In vitro | [159] |
Anti-hypertrophic scar effect | Osthole | 1.25 × 104 mol/L | In vitro | [160] |
Anti-fibrosis effect | Osthole | 5–50 μmol/L | In vitro | [161] |
Anti-psoriasis effect | Osthole | 1.8 × 10−4 mol/L | In vitro | [161] |
Anti-psoriasis effect | CMC with voucher number (PSO05) | IC50: 114.6 μg/mL | In vitro | [163] |
Anti-atopic dermatitis effect | Osthole | 1.0 and 5.0 mg/mL | In vivo | [164] |
Anti-atopic dermatitis effect | Osthole | 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg | In vivo | [165] |
Anti-atopic dermatitis effect | Osthole from Osthole microemulsion | 2, 4, and 8 mg/mL | In vivo | [166] |
Anti-pruritic effect | CMC | 0.1 mL/100 g | In vivo | [167] |
Anti-pruritic effect | Osthole, Imperatorin, and Isopimpinellin | 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg via oral administration | In vivo | [168] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | 6 total coumarins (osthole, imperatorin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, xanthotoxin, xanthotoxol) | 5 g/kg, 6 times per week | In vivo | [169] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Total coumarins | 2.5 mL/kg, 8 weeks via oral gavage | In vivo | [170] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Imperatorin and Osthole | Imperatorin: 0.1 μmol/L, Osthole: 10 μmol/L | In vitro | [171] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 6.7 mg/kg, 6 times per week for 12 weeks | In vivo | [172] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 200 mg/kg for 5 weeks via oral gavage | In vivo | [173] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 20 mg/kg via local injection | In vivo | [174] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 20 mg/kg for 7 days via oral gavage | In vivo+ In vitro | [175] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 1 × 10-6 and 1 × 10−8 mol/L for 48 h and 72 h | In vitro | [175] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 1 × 10−1, 1 × 10−2, 1 × 10−3, 1 × 10−4 mol/l. | In vitro | [176] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 1 × 10−4, 1 × 10−5, 1 × 10−6, 1 × 10−7 mol/L. | In vitro | [177] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 0, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50 μmol/L | In vitro | [178] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Bone-targeted osthole | 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, 10−7 mmol/L | In vitro | [179] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 100, 50, 25 μmol/L | In vitro | [180] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 1 × 10−5 mol/L | In vitro | [181] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 10−5 mol/L | In vitro | [182] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Bone-targeted Osthole | 10−5 mol/L | In vitro | [183] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 10−7, 10−6, 10−5, and 10−4 mol/L | In vitro | [184] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Gushudan, a chinese herbal formula with CMC | 30 g/kg per day for 12 weeks via oral administration | In vivo | [185] |
Bone fracture healing effect | Osthole | 20 mg/kg for 1, 2, 3 weeks among 3 groups via oral gavage | In vivo+ In vitro | [186] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Total flavonoids | 5 mL/kg per day for 90 days | In vivo | [187] |
Anti-osteoporosis effect | Osthole | 10 mg/kg per day for 5 days via subcutaneous injection | In vivo | [188] |
Anti-periodontitis effect | Osthole | 10−4, 10−5, 10−6, and 10−7 m/L for 3 days | In vivo+ In vitro | [189] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0.05, 0.1, 0.15 mmol/L | In vitro | [190] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 μM | In vitro | [191] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 20, 80, and 160 μM for 14 days intraperitoneal injection | In vivo+ In vitro | [192] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, and 160 μg/mL | In vitro | [193] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 50, 100, 150, and 200 μM for 24, 48, and 72 h | In vitro | [194] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 2.5 μg/g/day for 4 weeks via intragastric administration | In vivo | [195] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0.004, 0.02, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 μmol/mL for 24 h | In vitro | [196] |
Anti-cancer effect | CMC extract | 120-200 μg/mL | In vitro | [197] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 mmol/kg once every other day for 2 weeks via intraperitoneal administration | In vivo | [198] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 61, 122 and 244 mg/kg via intraperitoneal administration for 2 weeks | In vivo+ In vitro | [199] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole derivative NBM-T-BMX-OS01 | 20 mg/kg/day for 10 days via intraperitoneal injection | In vivo+ In vitro | [200] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L | In vitro | [201] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 10, 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 μmol/L | In vitro | [202] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 5, 10, and 20 μg/mL | In vitro | [203] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole, imperatorin, bergapten, isopimpinellin, and xanthotoxin | HL-60: IC50 of osthole: 14.9 μg/mL, IC50 of imperatorin: 18.8 μg/mL. P-388: IC50 of osthole: 9.3 μg/mL, IC50 of imperatorin: 20.2 μg/mL. | In vitro | [204] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 200 μmol/L for 24 and 48 h | In vitro | [205] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 20 μmol/L | In vitro | [206] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 25, 50, and 100 μmol/L | In vitro | [207] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 μmol/L | In vitro | [208] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 20 μmol/L | In vitro | [209] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, and 100 μg/mL | In vitro | [210] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 50 μmol/L | In vitro | [211] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 μmol/L | In vitro | [212] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 1.5 µg/(g·10 µL) every other day for 7 times via abdominal injection | In vivo+ In vitro | [213] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 20, 40, and 80 μg/mL | In vitro | [214] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 20, 40, 80, 120, 160, and 200 μmol/L | In vitro | [215] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 10 μg/mL | In vitro | [216] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 20, 40, 80 μg/mL | In vitro | [217] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 20, 40, 80 mol/L | In vitro | [218] |
Anti-cancer effect | Bergapten, Xanthotoxin, Isopimpinellin, Columbianetin, Columbianadin, Edultin, Cniforin, Cniforin B, and Archangelicin | 0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally daily for 20 days | In vivo+ In vitro | [219] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 10, 25, and 50 μmol/L | In vitro | [220] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 10, 25, and 50 μM | In vitro | [221] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 5, 50, 100 μmol/L | In vitro | [222] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 5, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 160 μmol/L | In vitro | [223] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 50 μmol/L | In vitro | [224] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 40, 80, 120, and 160 μmol/L | In vitro | [225] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | For lung adenocarcinoma cell inhibition IC50 81.3 μg/L, For liver cancer cell inhibition IC50 134.8 μg/L, | In vitro | [226] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 50, 100, and 200 μM | In vitro | [227] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 1, 10, and 30 μM | In vitro | [228] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 100 mg/kg via intraperitoneal administration | In vivo | [229] |
Anti-cancer effect | Osthole | 0, 50, 100, and 150 μM | In vitro | [230] |
Anti-hepatotoxicity effect | Osthole | 10 mg/kg via gavage twice per day for 4 weeks, 1, 3, and 10 μg/mL | In vivo+ In vitro | [231] |
Anti-cardiotoxicity effect | Osthole | 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg per day for 16 days via intraperitoneal administration | In vivo | [232] |
Anti-neurotoxicity effect | Osthole | 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 mmol/L | In vitro | [233] |
Anti-idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | Osthole | 1, 10, and 50 μmol/L | In vivo | [234] |
Anti- focal segmental glomerulosclerosis effect | Osthole | 30 mg/kg per day for 7 days and 28 days via intraperitoneal injection | In vivo | [235] |
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No. | Compound Derivatives | Compound | Chemical Formula | Chemical Structure | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Coumarins | (E/Z) 7-methoxy-8-(3-methylbuta1,3-dien-1-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one | C15H14O3 | [2] | |
2 | (Z,Z)-9,12-octadeca-dienoic acid | C18H32O2 | [1] | ||
3 | 1,2,3,5,6,8a-Hexahydro-4,7-dimethyl-1-(1-methylethyl)-naphthalene | C15H24 | [3] | ||
4 | 1,4-Diethyl-1,4-dimethyl-2,5-cyclohexadiene | C12H20 | [3] | ||
5 | 1,4-Dimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-ethanol | C10H18O | [3] | ||
6 | 1,7,7-Trimethyl-bicyclo [2.2,1] heptane-2-ol acetate | C12H20O2 | [4] | ||
7 | 1-Methyl-3-(1-methylethyl)-phenyl | C10H14 | [4] | ||
8 | 1-Propyl-3,4-dimethoxybenzene | C11H16O2 | [5] | ||
9 | 2(10)-Sung terpene | N/A | N/A | [5] | |
10 | 2-(4a-methyl-8-Methylene-decahydro-naphthalene-2-yl)-propan-2-ol | C15H26O | [3] | ||
11 | 2,2-Dimethyl-propionic acid 5-isopropenyl-2-methylcyclohex-2-enyl ester | C15H24O2 | [3] | ||
12 | 2-[4-(1,1-Dimethylethyl) phenoxy] propanoic acid | C13H18O3 | [6] | ||
13 | 2-Camphanyl angelic acid ester | N/A | N/A | [4] | |
14 | 2-Methyl-2-β-butane-1-ol | C5H12O | [5] | ||
15 | 2-Methyl-5-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-ketone | N/A | N/A | [4] | |
16 | 2-Methyl-5-isopropenyl-2-enyl ester acetic acid | N/A | N/A | [3] | |
17 | 2-Methyl-5-propene-2-cyclopentene-1-acetate | N/A | N/A | [5] | |
18 | 2-Phenyl-2-(phenylmethyl)-1,3-Dioxolane | C16H16O2 | [6] | ||
19 | 3,7-Dimethyl-3(E)-octene-1,2,6,7-tetraol | C10H20O4 | [7] | ||
20 | 4-(1-Methylethyl)-benzyl alcohol | C10H14O | [4] | ||
21 | 4-Methyl-l-(1-methylethyl)-2-cyclohexene-1-ol | C10H18O | [3] | ||
22 | 4-Methyl-l-(1-methylethyl)-3-cyclohexaen-1-ol | C10H18O | [8] | ||
23 | 4-α-Hydroxydihydro-furan agar | N/A | N/A | [4] | |
24 | 5,5-Dimethyl-8-methylene-1,2-epoxycyclooct-3-ene | C11H16O | [3] | ||
25 | 5-Isopropenyl-2-methyl-cyclohex-2-enyl propionic acid ester | N/A | N/A | [3] | |
26 | 5-Isopropenyl-3-methyl-cyclohex-1-enol | C10H16O | [3] | ||
27 | 5-Propene-2-cyclopenten-1-ol | N/A | N/A | [5] | |
28 | 6,6-Dimethyl-2-bicyclo [3,1,1] heptane | N/A | N/A | [3] | |
29 | 6-Isopropenyl-3-methyl-cyclohex-1-enol | C10H16O | [3] | ||
30 | 6-Isopropenyl-3-methyl-cyclohex-2-enol | C10H16O | [3] | ||
31 | 7H-Furo[3,2-g] [1] benzopyran-7-one,9-[(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-2-buten 1) oxy]-[E] | N/A | N/A | [9] | |
32 | 8-(3-methyl-2-β) hem | N/A | N/A | [5] | |
33 | Cis-isopropenyl-2-methylene-3-cyclohexyl-acetate | N/A | N/A | [1] | |
34 | Cnidimol E | C15H16O6 | [10] | ||
35 | Decahydro-2α-methyl-6-methylene-1-(1-methylethyl) cyclobutyl [1,2,3,4] dicyclopentenyl | N/A | N/A | [11] | |
36 | Dihydrocalamenene | N/A | N/A | [4] | |
37 | Dl-umtatin | C15H14O5 | [12] | ||
38 | Fructus perillae aldehyde | N/A | N/A | [11] | |
39 | Furfuryl heptadecenone | N/A | N/A | [4] | |
40 | Geranyl 3-methyl-butyrate | C15H26O2 | [13] | ||
41 | Hexahydrofarnesyl acetate | C17H34O2 | [13] | ||
42 | Isopropylisobutyric acid | C7H14O2 | [5] | ||
43 | Pentanoate-1,3,3-trimethyl-bicyclo [2,2,1] hept-2-yl-ester | C15H26O2 | [4] | ||
44 | Phlojodicarpin | C15H16O5 | [2] | ||
45 | p-Mentha-E-2,8(9)-dien-1-ol | N/A | N/A | [8] | |
46 | Propionic-2-methyl-1-methylethyl ester | C7H14O2 | [4] | ||
47 | trans-Sabinene sesquihydrate | N/A | N/A | [4] | |
48 | trans-Carvacryl acetate | C12H16O2 | [4] | ||
49 | trans-Dihydrothujanyl alcohol | C10H18O | [4] | ||
50 | α-Cadien | N/A | N/A | [14] | |
51 | α-Sung terpene | N/A | N/A | [7] | |
52 | Chromones | 2-Methyl-5-hydroxy-6-(2-butenyl-3-hydroxymethyl)-7-(β-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one | C21H26O10 | [15] | |
53 | 5-Hydroxychromone-7-O-β-d-glucoside | N/A | N/A | [16] | |
54 | Cindimol F | C15H14O6 | [17] | ||
55 | Cindimoside A | C21H26O10 | [18] | ||
56 | Eduotin IV | N/A | N/A | [19] | |
57 | Monoterpenoid glucosides | (2S)-3,7-Dimethyloct-3(10),6-diene-1,2-diol 2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | C16H28O7 | [20] | |
58 | (4S)-p-Menth-1-ene-7,8-diol 8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | C16H28O7 | [20] | ||
59 | (6,7-erythro)-3,7-Dimethyloct-3(10)-ene-1,2,6,7,8-pentol | C10H20O5 | [21] | ||
60 | (6,7-threo)-3,7-Dimethyloct-3(10)-ene-1,2,6,7,8-pentol | C10H20O5 | [21] | ||
61 | 2-Methyl-5,7-dihydroxychromone 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | C16H18O9 | [20] | ||
62 | 2-Triacetate | N/A | N/A | [22] | |
63 | 3,7-Dimethyl-1,2,6,7-tetrahydroxyoct-3(10)-ene | C10H20O4 | [22] | ||
64 | 3,7-Dimethyl-3β,8-dihydroxy-oct-1,6-diene 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | N/A | N/A | [22] | |
65 | 3-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxybutane | C5H12O4 | [22] | ||
66 | Enzymatic hydrolysis | N/A | N/A | [20] | |
67 | Trans-p-menthane-1β,2α,8,9-tetrol | C10H20O4 | [21] | ||
68 | Xanthotoxol 8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside | C17H16O9 | [20] | ||
69 | Terpenoids, Glycosides, Glucides | 1-Hydroxyhorilin | C23H34O6 | [23] | |
70 | 5-Methoxy-xanthotoxol-8-β-glucoside | C14H10O7 | [24] | ||
71 | 8-Methoxy-xanthotoxol-5-β-glucoside | C14H10O7 | [24] | ||
72 | Cnideol B Synonyms: Cnideol B | C12H12O5 | [25] | ||
73 | Cnidioside B | C14H14O7 | [25] | ||
74 | Cnidioside C | C11H18O4 | [25] | ||
75 | Glycerol-2-O-α-l-fucose galactoside | C9H18O7 | [26] | ||
76 | Methylpicraquassioside B | C16H18O8 | [24] | ||
77 | Picraquassioside B | C15H16O8 | [24] | ||
78 | Xanthotoxol-8-β-glucoside | C13H8O6 | [24] | ||
79 | Other compounds | Cnideoside A | C13H12O6 | [27] | |
80 | Cnideoside B | C14H14O7 | [27] |
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Sun, Y.; Yang, A.W.H.; Lenon, G.B. Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031006
Sun Y, Yang AWH, Lenon GB. Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(3):1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031006
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Yue, Angela Wei Hong Yang, and George Binh Lenon. 2020. "Phytochemistry, Ethnopharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of Cnidium monnieri (L.) Cusson" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 3: 1006. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21031006