Clinical Utility of the Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease
1
Division of Medical Innovation, Translational Research Center for Medical Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe 650-0047, Hougo, Japan
2
Medical R&D, Fukushima & Partners, Nagoya 458-0045, Aichi, Japan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(22), 8661; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228661
Received: 5 October 2020
/
Revised: 5 November 2020
/
Accepted: 13 November 2020
/
Published: 17 November 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias-Novel Therapeutic Approaches)
Research on the Aβ cascade and alternations of biomarkers in neuro-inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal injury followed by Aβ have progressed. But the question is how to use the biomarkers. Here, we examine the evidence and pathogenic implications of protein interactions and the time order of alternation. After the deposition of Aβ, the change of tau, neurofilament light chain (NFL), and neurogranin (Ng) is the main alternation and connection to others. Neuro-inflammation, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal injury function is exhibited prior to the structural and metabolic changes in the brain following Aβ deposition. The time order of such biomarkers compared to the tau protein is not clear. Despite the close relationship between biomarkers and plaque Aβ deposition, several factors favor one or the other. There is an interaction between some proteins that can predict the brain amyloid burden. The Aβ cascade hypothesis could be the pathway, but not all subjects suffer from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) within a long follow-up, even with very elevated Aβ. The interaction of biomarkers and the time order of change require further research to identify the right subjects and right molecular target for precision medicine therapies.
View Full-Text
Keywords:
Alzheimer’s disease; biomarkers dynamics; interaction; time order
▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
MDPI and ACS Style
Zhou, B.; Fukushima, M. Clinical Utility of the Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21, 8661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228661
AMA Style
Zhou B, Fukushima M. Clinical Utility of the Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(22):8661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228661
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Bin, and Masanori Fukushima. 2020. "Clinical Utility of the Pathogenesis-Related Proteins in Alzheimer’s Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 22: 8661. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21228661
Find Other Styles
Note that from the first issue of 2016, MDPI journals use article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.
