Targeting Immune-Related Biological Processes in Solid Tumors: We do Need Biomarkers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Three Phases of Immunoediting
3. Tailoring Immunotherapy in Real-Life Clinical Practice
4. Immune-Related Biomarkers in Solid Tumors: Prognostic and Predictive Role
4.1. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
4.2. Melanoma
4.3. Gastrointestinal Tract Cancers
4.4. Head and Neck Cancer
4.5. Renal Cell Carcinoma
4.6. Urothelial Cancer
4.7. Breast Cancer
5. Conclusions and Immediate Future Perspectives
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
TILs | Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes |
MHC | Major histocompatibility complex |
CTL | Cytotoxic T lymphocytes |
NK | Natural killer |
PD-1 | Programmed cell death-protein 1 |
CRLA-4 | CTL-associated protein 4 |
PD-L1 | Programmed cell death-ligand 1 |
MMR | Mismatch repair |
IHC | Immunohistochemistry |
PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
NGS | Next-generation sequencing |
TMB | Tumor mutational burden |
CD | Companion diagnostic |
MSI | Microsatellite instability |
NSCLC | Non-small cell lung cancer |
TPS | Tumor proportion score |
CPS | Combined positive score |
EGFR | Epidermal growth factor receptor |
TKIs | Tyrosine kinase inhibitors |
LAG-3 | Lymphocyte activation gene-3 |
ECP | Eosinophil cationic protein |
CRC | Colorectal cancer |
MSI-H | Microsatellite instability high |
FDA | Food and Drug Administration |
GC | Gastric cancer |
OS | Overall survival |
DFS | Disease-free survival |
MSS | Microsatellite stable |
HNSCC | Squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck |
ORR | Objective response rate |
HPV | Human papillomavirus |
UC | Urothelial carcinoma |
POLE | polymerase-ε |
TCGA | The Cancer Genome Atlas |
TNBC | Triple-negative breast cancer |
ER | Estrogen receptor |
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Pagni, F.; Guerini-Rocco, E.; Schultheis, A.M.; Grazia, G.; Rijavec, E.; Ghidini, M.; Lopez, G.; Venetis, K.; Croci, G.A.; Malapelle, U.; et al. Targeting Immune-Related Biological Processes in Solid Tumors: We do Need Biomarkers. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215452
Pagni F, Guerini-Rocco E, Schultheis AM, Grazia G, Rijavec E, Ghidini M, Lopez G, Venetis K, Croci GA, Malapelle U, et al. Targeting Immune-Related Biological Processes in Solid Tumors: We do Need Biomarkers. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(21):5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215452
Chicago/Turabian StylePagni, Fabio, Elena Guerini-Rocco, Anne Maria Schultheis, Giulia Grazia, Erika Rijavec, Michele Ghidini, Gianluca Lopez, Konstantinos Venetis, Giorgio Alberto Croci, Umberto Malapelle, and et al. 2019. "Targeting Immune-Related Biological Processes in Solid Tumors: We do Need Biomarkers" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 21: 5452. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215452