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Review

Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression

Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20(15), 3792; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153792
Received: 18 June 2019 / Revised: 15 July 2019 / Accepted: 23 July 2019 / Published: 3 August 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Bone Growth and Osteoporosis)
Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family of signaling molecules. ERK is predominantly found in two forms, ERK1 (p44) and ERK2 (p42), respectively. There are also several atypical forms of ERK, including ERK3, ERK4, ERK5 and ERK7. The ERK1/2 signaling pathway has been implicated in many and diverse cellular events, including proliferation, growth, differentiation, cell migration, cell survival, metabolism and transcription. ERK1/2 is activated (i.e., phosphorylated) in the cytosol and subsequently translocated to the nucleus, where it activates transcription factors including, but not limited to, ETS, c-Jun, and Fos. It is not surprising that the ERK1/2 signaling cascade has been implicated in many pathological conditions, namely, cancer, arthritis, chronic inflammation, and osteoporosis. This narrative review examines many of the cellular events in which the ERK1/2 signaling cascade plays a critical role. It is anticipated that agents designed to inhibit ERK1/2 activation or p-ERK1/2 activity will be developed for the treatment of those diseases characterized by dysregulated gene expression through ERK1/2 activation. View Full-Text
Keywords: arthritis, bone; cancer; chondrocyte; ERK1/2; gene expression; inflammation arthritis, bone; cancer; chondrocyte; ERK1/2; gene expression; inflammation
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MDPI and ACS Style

Lu, N.; Malemud, C.J. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 3792. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153792

AMA Style

Lu N, Malemud CJ. Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019; 20(15):3792. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153792

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lu, Nathan, and Charles J. Malemud. 2019. "Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase: A Regulator of Cell Growth, Inflammation, Chondrocyte and Bone Cell Receptor-Mediated Gene Expression" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 15: 3792. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153792

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