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Article

Determination of Ferulic Acid in Angelica sinensis by Temperature-Controlled Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids-Based Ultrasound/Heating-Assisted Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography

by
Hongwei Wu
1,*,
Qianqian Huang
1,
Shujun Chao
1,
Jie Yu
1,
Shengrui Xu
2,
Feng Wang
1,
Xuefang Shang
1 and
Yan Zhu
3,*
1
School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
2
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453003, China
3
Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Molecules 2020, 25(15), 3356; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153356
Submission received: 17 June 2020 / Revised: 16 July 2020 / Accepted: 22 July 2020 / Published: 24 July 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Method Development and Validation in Food and Pharmaceutical Analysis II)
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Abstract

Hydrophilic ionic liquids are often used to extract the active ingredients of medicinal plants, while hydrophobic ionic liquids are rarely used to directly extract solid samples. In this paper, a simple, novel and efficient temperature-controlled hydrophobic ionic liquids-based ultrasound/heating-assisted extraction (TC-ILs-UHAE) procedure coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed and applied to the determination of ferulic acid (FA) in Chinese herbal medicine Angelica sinensis. During the extraction procedure, hydrophobic ionic liquids (ILs) were dispersed into water to form cloudy solution (fine droplets) with the aid of ultrasound and heating simultaneous. After extraction, phase separation was easily achieved by centrifuging at 0 °C. Among all ILs used, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulphonyl)imide ([C4mim]NTf2) exhibited the highest extraction ability and the possible extraction mechanism was discussed. Additionally, the synergistic effect of heating and ultrasound on the extraction efficiency was investigated. Under the optimized conditions, a good linearity was observed with correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9995. The limit of detection of FA (LOD, S/N = 3) was 9.6 µg/L and the spiked recoveries of FA for real samples were in the range of 91.67 to 102.00% with relative standard deviation (RSD) lower than 3.87%. Compared with the traditional extraction methods, the proposed method gave the highest yield of FA and had the shortest extraction time. Therefore, this method is a potential simple, green and highly efficient technique and expected to be applied to the extraction of other bioactive ingredients in medicinal plants.
Keywords: ferulic acid (FA); temperature-controlled hydrophobic ionic liquids-based ultrasound/heating-assisted extraction (TC-ILs-UHAE); high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Angelica sinensis ferulic acid (FA); temperature-controlled hydrophobic ionic liquids-based ultrasound/heating-assisted extraction (TC-ILs-UHAE); high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC); Angelica sinensis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Wu, H.; Huang, Q.; Chao, S.; Yu, J.; Xu, S.; Wang, F.; Shang, X.; Zhu, Y. Determination of Ferulic Acid in Angelica sinensis by Temperature-Controlled Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids-Based Ultrasound/Heating-Assisted Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules 2020, 25, 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153356

AMA Style

Wu H, Huang Q, Chao S, Yu J, Xu S, Wang F, Shang X, Zhu Y. Determination of Ferulic Acid in Angelica sinensis by Temperature-Controlled Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids-Based Ultrasound/Heating-Assisted Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules. 2020; 25(15):3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153356

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wu, Hongwei, Qianqian Huang, Shujun Chao, Jie Yu, Shengrui Xu, Feng Wang, Xuefang Shang, and Yan Zhu. 2020. "Determination of Ferulic Acid in Angelica sinensis by Temperature-Controlled Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids-Based Ultrasound/Heating-Assisted Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography" Molecules 25, no. 15: 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153356

APA Style

Wu, H., Huang, Q., Chao, S., Yu, J., Xu, S., Wang, F., Shang, X., & Zhu, Y. (2020). Determination of Ferulic Acid in Angelica sinensis by Temperature-Controlled Hydrophobic Ionic Liquids-Based Ultrasound/Heating-Assisted Extraction Coupled with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Molecules, 25(15), 3356. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25153356

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