The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Chemical Composition of Coconut Water
2.1. Phytohormones
2.1.1. Auxin
2.1.2. Cytokinins
N6-Furfuryladenine (Kinetin)
trans-Zeatin
2.1.3. Gibberellins (GAs)
2.2. Inorganic ions
2.3. Vitamins
3. Conclusions
4. Future Studies
Acknowledgements
References
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Sample Availability: Not Available. |
Source information | [20] | [31] | [29] | [30] | ||||
Coconut type | young | young green | mature green | mature | mature (autoclaved) | young | mature | |
Average Weight of Coconut (g) | 206 (water) | 565 | 393 | |||||
Age of coconut | 6 months | 12 months | ||||||
Source of coconut | Deerfield Beach, FL | Dominican Republic | ||||||
Proximates | (g/100g) | (g/100g ) | ||||||
Water | 94.99 | 94.18 | 94.45 | |||||
Dry | 5.01 | 5.82 | 5.55 | |||||
Energy value | 19 kcal (79 kJ) | |||||||
Protein | 0.72 | 0.12 | 0.52 | |||||
Total lipid (fat) | 0.2 | 0.07 | 0.15 | |||||
Ash | 0.39 | 0.87 | 0.47 | |||||
Carbohydrate, by difference | 3.71 | 4.76 | 4.41 | |||||
Fiber, total dietary | 1.1 | ND* | ND* | |||||
Sugars | (mg/mL) | (g/100g) | (mg/mL ) | (g/100g ) | ||||
Total | 2.61 | 9.16 | 21.68 | 13.87 | 15.20 | 5.23 | 3.42 | |
Sucrose | 9.18 | 0.93 | 9.18 | 8.90 | 10.70 | 0.06 | 0.51 | |
Glucose | 7.25 | 3.93 | 7.25 | 2.46 | 2.02 | 2.61 | 1.48 | |
Fructose | 5.25 | 4.30 | 5.25 | 2.51 | 2.48 | 2.55 | 1.43 | |
Sugar alcohols | Present a | (mg/L ) | ||||||
Mannitol | 0.8 | 0.80 | ||||||
Sorbitol | 15 d | 15.00 | ||||||
Myo-inositol | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||||
Scyllo-inositol | 0.05 | 0.05 | ||||||
Inorganic ions | (mg/100g) | (mg/100g) | (mg/100g ) | (mg/100g ) | ||||
Calcium, Ca | 24 | 27.35 | 31.64 | |||||
Iron, Fe | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
Magnesium, Mg | 30 | 25 | 30 | 6.40 | 9.44 | |||
Phosphorus, P | 37 | 20 | 37 | 4.66 | 12.77 | |||
Potassium, K | 312 | 250 | 312 | 203.70 | 257.52 | |||
Sodium, Na | 105 | 105 | 105 | 1.75 | 16.10 | |||
Zinc, Zn | 0.1 | 0.07 | 0.02 | |||||
Copper, Cu | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.01 | 0.03 | |||
Manganese, Mn | 0.142 | 0.12 | 0.08 | |||||
Selenium, Se | 0.001 | |||||||
Chlorine, Cl | 183 | 183 | ||||||
Sulfur, S | 24 | 24 | 0.58 | |||||
Aluminium, Al | 0.07 | 0.06 | ||||||
Boron, B | 0.05 | 0.08 | ||||||
Vitamins | (mg/mL) | (mg/100g ) | (mg /L ) | (mg /100 dm 3) | ||||
Vitamin C, total ascorbic acid | 2.4 | 7.41 | 7.08 | |||||
Thiamin (B1) | 0.03 | Trace | Trace | 0.01 | ||||
Riboflavin (B2) | 0.057 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | ||||
Niacin (B3) | 0.08 | 0.64 | ND* | ND* | ||||
Pantothenic acid (B5) | 0.52 | 0.043 | 0.52 | |||||
Pyridoxine (B6) | 0.032 | Trace | ND* | ND* | ||||
Folate, total | 0.03 | |||||||
Folic acid | 0.003 | 0 | 0.003 | |||||
Folate, food | 0.003 | |||||||
Folate, Dietary Folate Equivalent (DFE) | 3 (µg_DFE) | |||||||
Biotin | 0.02 | 0.02 | ||||||
Nicotinic acid (Niacin) | 0.64 | 0.64 | ||||||
Lipids | (g/100g ) | (g/100g ) | ||||||
Total | 0.2 | 0.0733 | 0.1482 | |||||
Fatty acids, total saturated | 0.176 | 0.03 | 0.1 | |||||
6:00 | 0.001 | |||||||
8:00 | 0.014 | ND* | ND* | |||||
10:00 | 0.011 | 0.0007 | 0.0028 | |||||
12:00 | 0.088 | 0.002 | 0.0274 | |||||
14:00 | 0.035 | 0.0023 | 0.019 | |||||
16:00 | 0.017 | 0.0219 | 0.032 | |||||
17:00 | 0.0009 | 0.0016 | ||||||
18:00 | 0.01 | 0.0039 | 0.0108 | |||||
20:00 | 0.0016 | 0.0033 | ||||||
Fatty acids, total monounsaturated | 0.008 | 0.03 | 0.02 | |||||
16:1 undifferentiated | 0 | 0.0011 | 0.0007 | |||||
18:1 undifferentiated | 0.008 | 0.0194 | 0.015 | |||||
20:1 undifferentiated | 0.0049 | 0.0019 | ||||||
22:1 undifferentiated | 0.0011 | 0.0023 | ||||||
Fatty acids, total polyunsaturated | 0.002 | 0.0128 | 0.0054 | |||||
18:2 n-6undifferentiated | 0.002 | 0.0114 | 0.0032 | |||||
20:4 n-6 | 0.0014 | 0.0022 | ||||||
Amino acids | (µg/mL) | (g/100g ) | (µg/mL) | (mg/g defatted sample) | ||||
Alanine | 312 | 0.037 | 16.40 | 127.30 | 177.10 | 198.00 | 1.13 | 3.88 |
β-Alanine | 12 | |||||||
γ-Aminobutyric acid | 820 | 1.90 | 34.60 | 168.80 | 173.20 | |||
Arginine | 133 | 0.118 | 14.70 | 25.60 | 16.80 | 20.70 | 0.13 | 0.81 |
Asparagine and glutamine | ca. 60 | |||||||
Aspartic acid | 65 | 0.07 | 11.30 | 35.90 | 5.40 | 11.40 | 1.60 | 0.76 |
Asparagine | 17.10 | 10.10 | 10.40 | 25.30 | ||||
Cystine | 0.97-1.17 b | 0.014 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Glutamic acid | 240 | 0.165 | 9.40 | 70.80 | 78.70 | 104.90 | 3.44 | 3.75 |
Glutamine | 80.00 | 45.40 | 13.40 | 2.00 | ||||
Glycine | 13.9 | 0.034 | 1.30 | 9.70 | 13.90 | 18.00 | 0.43 | 0.11 |
Homoserine | 5.2 | ND* | ND* | 5.20 | 8.80 | |||
Histidine | Trace a | 0.017 | 3.50 | 6.30 | Trace a | Trace a | 0.39 | 0.67 |
Isoleucine | 18 | 0.028 | 0.26 | 0.27 | ||||
Leucine | 22 | 0.053 | 6.20 | 37.30 | 31.70 | 33.00 | 0.66 | 0.58 |
Lysine | 150 | 0.032 | 4.40 | 21.40 | 22.50 | 13.00 | 4.72 | 3.41 |
Methionine | 8 | 0.013 | 3.50 | 16.90 | Trace a | Trace a | 0.22 | 0.21 |
Ornithine | 22 | |||||||
Phenylalanine | 12 | 0.037 | ND* | ND* | 10.20 | Trace a | 0.26 | 0.00 |
Pipecolic acid | Trace a | |||||||
Proline | 97 | 0.03 | 4.10 | 31.90 | 21.60 | 12.90 | 0.52 | 0.95 |
Serine | 111 | 0.037 | 7.30 | 45.30 | 65.80 | 85.00 | 0.64 | 1.06 |
Tyrosine | 16 | 0.022 | 0.90 | 6.40 | 3.10 | Trace a | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Tryptophan | 39 | 0.008 | 0.00 | 0.00 | ||||
Threonine | 44 | 0.026 | 2.90 | 16.20 | 26.30 | 27.40 | 0.20 | 0.33 |
Valine | 27 | 0.044 | 5.60 | 20.60 | 15.10 | 15.50 | 0.91 | 0.82 |
Dihydroxyphenylaline | Present a | |||||||
Hydroxyproline | Trace a | Trace a | 4.10 | Trace a | 8.20 | |||
Pipecolic acid | Present a | Trace a | ||||||
Nitrogeneous compounds | µmol/mL | |||||||
Ethanolamine | 0.01 | |||||||
Ammonia | Present a | |||||||
Organic acids | (meq/mL) | (meq/mL ) | (mg /100 DM) | |||||
Tartaric | 1.6 | 2.4 | ||||||
Malic | 34.31 | 9.36 | 34.31 | 11.98 | 14.08 | 317 | 307 | |
Citric | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.31 | 0.38 | ND* | 24.8 | ||
Acetic | ND* | 1.3 | ||||||
Pyridoline | 0.39 mg/mL | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.18 | 0.27 | |||
Succinic | 0.28 | 0.18 | ||||||
Shikimic and quinic acids, etc. | 0.57 | |||||||
Enzymes | ||||||||
Acid phosphatase | Present a | |||||||
Catalase | Present a | |||||||
Dehydrogenase | Present a | |||||||
Diastase | Present a | |||||||
Peroxidase | Present a | |||||||
RNA polymerases | Present a | |||||||
Phytohormones | (mg/mL) | (mg/L ) | ||||||
Auxin | 0.07 | 0.07 | ||||||
1,3- Diphenylurea | 5.8 | |||||||
Cytokinin | Present a | |||||||
Miscellaneous | ||||||||
Leucoanthocyanin | Present a | |||||||
Phyllococosine | Present a | |||||||
Chemical properties | ||||||||
pH | 4.6 to 5.6 | 4.7±0.1 | 5.2±0.1 |
Source information | [4] | [32,33,34] | [35] |
---|---|---|---|
Coconut type | young green | mature* | |
Auxin | nM | μg mL-1 | |
indole-3-acetic acid | 150.6 | 0.25 ± 0.03 | |
0.75 ± 0.04 | |||
1.46 ± 0.13 | |||
0.71 ± 0.12 | |||
0.78 ± 0.10 | |||
Cytokinins | |||
N6-isopentenyladenine | 0.26 | ||
dihydrozeatin | 0.14 | ||
trans-zeatin | 0.09 | ||
kinetin | 0.31 | ||
ortho-topolin | 3.29 | ||
dihydrozeatin O-glucoside | 46.6 | ||
trans-zeatin O-glucoside | 48.7 | ||
trans-zeatin riboside | 76.2 | ||
kinetin riboside | 0.33 | ||
trans-zeatin riboside-5’-monophosphate | 10.2 | ||
14-O-(3-O-[β-D-galacto-pyranosyl-(1→2) -α-D-galactopyranosyl- (1→3) -α-L- arabinofuranosyl]-4-O-(α-L-arabinofuranosyl)- β-D-galactopyranosyl)-trans-zeatin riboside | Present | ||
Gibberellins | |||
gibberellin 1 | 16.7 | ||
gibberellin 3 | 37.8 | ||
Auxin | |||
indole-3-acetic acid | 150.6 | ||
Abscisic acid | 65.5 | 0.010 ± 0.002 | |
ND | |||
0.023 ± 0.002 | |||
0.061 ± 0.019 | |||
0.071 ± 0.018 | |||
Salicylic acid | 1.01 ± 0.10 | ||
0.67 ± 0.04 | |||
1.03 ± 0.12 | |||
1.79 ± 0.21 | |||
1.22 ± 0.07 |
© 2009 by the authors; licensee Molecular Diversity Preservation International, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open-access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).
Share and Cite
Yong, J.W.H.; Ge, L.; Ng, Y.F.; Tan, S.N. The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water. Molecules 2009, 14, 5144-5164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125144
Yong JWH, Ge L, Ng YF, Tan SN. The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water. Molecules. 2009; 14(12):5144-5164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125144
Chicago/Turabian StyleYong, Jean W. H., Liya Ge, Yan Fei Ng, and Swee Ngin Tan. 2009. "The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water" Molecules 14, no. 12: 5144-5164. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules14125144