Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa

Abstract submission deadline

31 December 2025

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Topic Information

Dear Colleagues,

Africa is home to one-fifth of all known mammals, birds and plant species on Earth. It is ranked 8th among the world's 34 biodiversity hotspots. Even though many scientists worldwide are obsessed with Africa’s biodiversity, we must acknowledge the enormous risks and challenges facing Africa's biodiversity under the influence of anthropogenic threat and environmental change. Understanding the composition and ecological preferences of species in the region is the first step to carry out biodiversity conservation. However, in Africa, there are still numerous regions where the species composition, ecological habits, and distribution patterns are not clear. In certain cases, there are even many places where species surveys have never been conducted. Understanding the evolutionary history and coexistence mechanisms of species in Africa can be facilitated by the combination of phylogeny, biogeography, and other knowledge, which can also support the conservation of Africa's biodiversity. In the process of long-term coexistence with nature, many ethnic groups in Africa have accumulated a large amount of traditional ethnic knowledge for the use and protection of biodiversity in many regions, but many of these contents have not been disclosed.

In order to advance the knowledge of African biodiversity and encourage local conservation, this Topic will compile contributions to research on plant biodiversity and conservation in Africa. In this Special Issue, all types of articles (original research papers, reviews, methods papers, opinions, etc.) are welcomed, and the research topics include but are not limited to the following:

1) Species checklist, floristic characteristics, and distribution pattern in biodiversity hotpots areas;

2) Taxonomy, ecology, phylogeny, and biogeography of biological groups;

3) Impact of environmental change on biodiversity and solutions;

4) Traditional ethnic knowledge mining for plant diversity utilization and conservation.

You are cordially invited to submit a manuscript that focuses on one of these issues. Although specific case studies with broad implications are welcome, we encourage authors to submit large-scale and/or multi-specific studies as well as synthesis works to this Special Issue. Review articles and multidisciplinary studies are particularly encouraged. Please contact us if you have any questions about this position or are interested in this opportunity.

Dr. Shengwei Wang
Dr. Veronicah Mutele Ngumbau
Dr. Yadong Zhou
Dr. Desalegn Chala
Prof. Dr. Guangwan Hu
Topic Editors

Keywords

Participating Journals

Journal Name	Impact Factor	CiteScore	Launched Year	First Decision (median)	APC
Biology biology	3.6	5.7	2012	16.4 Days	CHF 2700
Diversity diversity	2.1	3.4	2009	18.3 Days	CHF 2100
International Journal of Plant Biology ijpb	-	2.0	2010	19.7 Days	CHF 1200
Plants plants	4.0	6.5	2012	18.9 Days	CHF 2700
Taxonomy taxonomy	-	1.8	2021	32 Days	CHF 1000
Ecologies ecologies	1.7	1.8	2020	25.1 Days	CHF 1000
Sustainability sustainability	3.3	6.8	2009	19.7 Days	CHF 2400

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Open AccessArticle

Phylogenetic Relationships of Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae) Species Found in South Africa

by Sifiso Mnxati and Ledile Mankga

Diversity 2025, 17(3), 202; https://doi.org/10.3390/d17030202 - 12 Mar 2025

Viewed by 464

Abstract

This study addresses the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Dianthus in South Africa, employing a molecular analysis approach and the distribution pattern of the representatives of the genus. A robust phylogenetic tree comprising three plastids (trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, and trnK-psbA) and a nuclear region [...] Read more.

This study addresses the phylogenetic relationships within the genus Dianthus in South Africa, employing a molecular analysis approach and the distribution pattern of the representatives of the genus. A robust phylogenetic tree comprising three plastids (trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, and trnK-psbA) and a nuclear region was assembled based on 94 taxa of Dianthus and Petrorhagia species using Mr Bayes analysis. Furthermore, distribution maps for each Dianthus species were generated using QGIS. Our results have revealed Dianthus as monophyletic when Petrorhagia is used as an outgroup. Four strongly supported clades were identified (Africa, Eurasian, Verruculosi and Armerium), indicating geographical distinctions. We identified potential discrepancies, notably in the placement of D. mooiensis and D. namaensis. An unexpected relationship between D. thunbergii and D. bolusii was also highlighted, which challenges current morphological classifications. Defined clades were further observed within African Dianthus (Ethiopian and Northern African species; BS/100, and Western and Eastern regions of South Africa; BS/100), while two subclades (BS/100 and BS/72) were observed within the South African clade. Additionally, ITS generated unsupported and unresolved trees independently, as with the three plastid markers (trnH-psbA, trnK-matK, and trnK-psbA). The identified clades and unresolved species placements warrant further investigation, possibly through additional molecular gene markers and broader taxon sampling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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22 pages, 10493 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Dissecting the Affinity of Neighboring Malvaceae Genera; Brachychiton and Sterculia Through Morphological, Anatomical, and Molecular Approaches

by Fatma A. Hamada, Doaa M. Elkholy, Rim Hamdy, Mohamed Zamzam, Ahmed M. El-Taher, Hammad Ahmad Jan and Nagwan H. Atia

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2025, 16(1), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb16010018 - 1 Feb 2025

Viewed by 1025

Abstract

Morphological, anatomical, and molecular information facilitates the identification and inference of the relatedness of plant species. In this study, the macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics of nine species from the Brachychiton and Sterculia genera belonging to the Malvaceae family were examined by light [...] Read more.

Morphological, anatomical, and molecular information facilitates the identification and inference of the relatedness of plant species. In this study, the macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics of nine species from the Brachychiton and Sterculia genera belonging to the Malvaceae family were examined by light and a scanning electron microscope. The study recorded 66 macromorphological, micromorphological, and anatomical characteristics, thus revealing important variations between the studied species in leaf morphology and anatomy. This included variations in leaf complexity, leaf arrangement (phyllotaxy), epidermal cell walls, and their sculpture, as well as in the types of glandular and non-glandular trichomes. The studied species were mostly conserved in shedding patterns, being evergreen only in one out of nine studied species. Similarly, eight species were petiolate. Conversely, leaf arrangement and leaf complexity characteristics were highly divergent among the studied species, though only one species, Sterculia foetida, had compound leaves. The differences in the studied features and the chloroplast genes MaturaseK (MatK) and ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase large subunit (rbcl) were exploited to deduce the relationship between the studied species. While the morphological and anatomical features demonstrated a close relationship between the studied intrageneric species, the DNA barcoding analysis proved very efficient in distinguishing the two neighboring genera. Collectively, the different clustering analyses suggest a close relatedness between Brachychiton acerifolius and B. australis, while only DNA-based clustering demonstrates cladistic monophyly of the Sterculia species. This study, therefore, provides a detailed description of various morphological and anatomical features important for the systematic studies within the Malvaceae family and highlights the value of incorporating morphological, anatomical, and molecular approaches for inferring the evolutionary relationship between closely related plant species. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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17 pages, 4830 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Ecological Niche Differentiation and Response to Climate Change of the African Endemic Family Myrothamnaceae

by Qisong Wan, Shenglan Du, Yu Chen, Feng Li, Radwa Salah, Maxwell Njoroge Njenga, Jitao Li and Shengwei Wang

Plants 2024, 13(11), 1544; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13111544 - 3 Jun 2024

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1515

Abstract

Studying the ecological niches of species and their responses to climate change can provide better conservation strategies for these species. Myrothamnaceae is endemic to Africa, comprising only two species that belong to Myrothamnus (M. flabellifolius and M. moschatus). These closely related [...] Read more.

Studying the ecological niches of species and their responses to climate change can provide better conservation strategies for these species. Myrothamnaceae is endemic to Africa, comprising only two species that belong to Myrothamnus (M. flabellifolius and M. moschatus). These closely related species exhibit allopatric distributions, positioning them as ideal materials for studying the species ecological adaptation. This study explores the ecological niche differentiation between M. flabellifolius and M. moschatus and their response capabilities to future climate change. The results indicate that M. flabellifolius and M. moschatus have undergone niche differentiation. The main drivers of niche differences are the minimum temperature of the coldest month (Bio6) for M. flabellifolius, precipitation of the driest month (Bio14), and precipitation of the coldest quarter (Bio19) for M. moschatus. M. flabellifolius demonstrated a stronger adaptation to environments characterized by lower precipitation, relatively lower temperatures, and greater annual temperature variations compared to M. moschatus. Under future climate scenarios (SSP5-8.5, 2081–2100 years), the results show that approximately 85% of the total suitable habitat for M. flabellifolius will be lost, with an 85% reduction in high-suitability areas and almost complete loss of the original mid-low suitability areas. Concurrently, about 29% of the total suitable habitat for M. moschatus will be lost, with a 34% reduction in high suitability areas and roughly 60% of the original mid-low suitability areas becoming unsuitable. This suggests that M. flabellifolius will face greater threats under future climate change. This study contributes novel insight into niche differentiation in Myrothamnaceae and provides useful information for the conservation of this distinctive African lineage. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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15 pages, 7782 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Physiological Response and Comprehensive Resistance Evaluation of East African Endemic Aeollanthus repens under Water and Heat Stress

by Yingying Tu, Jitao Li, Yiying Liao, Yuvenalis Morara Mbuni, Xiaoning Li and Qiyan Khong

Int. J. Plant Biol. 2024, 15(2), 397-411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijpb15020031 - 30 Apr 2024

Viewed by 1300

Abstract

Aeollanthus repens, native to East Africa, thrives in seasonally dry tropical biomes and boasts qualities ideal for both ornamental and ground cover purposes. However, despite its potential, its current resistance levels remain uncertain. Assessing its adaptability could offer valuable insights for its [...] Read more.

Aeollanthus repens, native to East Africa, thrives in seasonally dry tropical biomes and boasts qualities ideal for both ornamental and ground cover purposes. However, despite its potential, its current resistance levels remain uncertain. Assessing its adaptability could offer valuable insights for its wider adoption and utilization. In this study, researchers employed 3-month-old cuttings of A. repens, subjecting them to six distinct environments by manipulating the temperature (25/20 °C and 35/30 °C) and soil moisture levels (100%, 20%, and 40%). Their leaf physiological and photosynthetic indices were assessed at intervals of 5, 10, and 15 days following exposure to stress. The findings unveiled that exposure to prolonged moisture, elevated temperatures, or a combination of both led to an increase in osmoregulatory substances in the leaves. This increase was accompanied by heightened enzyme activity and an increased intercellular carbon dioxide concentration, followed by a subsequent decline. Additionally, chlorophyll content, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate exhibited a decreasing trend over time. Through a comprehensive assessment of stress tolerance utilizing a composite affiliation function value index, the study concluded that A. repens exhibits optimal growth in a certain high-temperature environments and demonstrates substantial resistance to waterlogging, drought, and simultaneous high-temperature stress. However, the resilience of A. repens appears to diminish under the compounded stresses of high temperature and drought. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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18 pages, 4642 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Practice and Biodiversity of Informal Ornamental Horticulture in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

by Léa Mukubu Pika, Trésor Mbavumoja Selemani, Roselande Jesuka, Jean Pierre Pitchou Meniko To Hulu, Kouagou Raoul Sambieni, Yannick Useni Sikuzani and Jan Bogaert

Ecologies 2024, 5(1), 83-100; https://doi.org/10.3390/ecologies5010006 - 8 Feb 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1466

Abstract

Biodiversity conservation is a key factor in meeting sustainable development goals. This is even more important in cities, where green spaces are becoming increasingly scarce. This study analyzes Kinshasa’s proliferating ornamental plant nurseries, known as informal horticultural sites (IHSs). The analysis focused on [...] Read more.

Biodiversity conservation is a key factor in meeting sustainable development goals. This is even more important in cities, where green spaces are becoming increasingly scarce. This study analyzes Kinshasa’s proliferating ornamental plant nurseries, known as informal horticultural sites (IHSs). The analysis focused on characterizing the profile of horticulturists, their production conditions, and the ornamental species produced. A total of 15 IHSs were sampled using the “snowball” technique, and 178 horticulturists were surveyed. Based on the socio-professional profile of the horticulturists, five groups of IHS are distinguished after a hierarchical clustering of principal components (HCPC). We found that IHSs exclusively employed men, most of whom were new to the trade, from all levels of education, and most of whom ranged from 19 to 45 years old. Production conditions are relatively similar from one site to another. However, all IHSs are characterized by permanent land insecurity, the use of phytosanitary products, plant-conditioning methods that are not very diversified and calibrated to growers’ investment capacities, and diversified seed acquisition methods. A total of 139 ornamental species, most of them exotic, were identified. Of these, 37% are phanerophytes, and 24% are considered potentially invasive. We suggest ways of professionalizing the activity and protecting the urban environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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22 pages, 1568 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Polyherbal Combinations Used by Traditional Health Practitioners against Mental Illnesses in Bamako, Mali, West Africa

by Nastaran Moussavi, Pierre Pakuy Mounkoro, Seydou Mamadou Dembele, Nfla Ngolo Ballo, Adiaratou Togola, Drissa Diallo, Rokia Sanogo, Helle Wangensteen and Berit Smestad Paulsen

Plants 2024, 13(3), 454; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13030454 - 4 Feb 2024

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Abstract

This study explores the traditional knowledge of plants used by traditional health practitioners (THPs) in the treatment of symptoms or syndromes related to mental illnesses in the district of Bamako in Mali, along with the identification of affiliated traditional treating methods. An exploratory [...] Read more.

This study explores the traditional knowledge of plants used by traditional health practitioners (THPs) in the treatment of symptoms or syndromes related to mental illnesses in the district of Bamako in Mali, along with the identification of affiliated traditional treating methods. An exploratory and cross-sectional ethnopharmacological survey was conducted in the district of Bamako. The Malian Federation of Associations of Therapists and Herbalists (FEMATH) assisted in the identification and inclusion of the THPs. Data sampling included semi-structured interviews, questionnaires, and in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were evaluated by analysing reports of the use of different medicinal plants and the number of participants. Fifteen THPs belonging to the district of Bamako participated. In total, 43 medicinal plants belonging to 22 plant families were used by the THPs. The most cited plant species was Securidaca longepedunculata (violet tree), followed by Khaya senegalensis (African mahogany) and Boscia integrifolia (rough-leaved shepherds tree). A great number of herbal combinations, preparation methods, and administration routes were used, often with honey as an adjuvant. To our knowledge, this is the first ethnobotanical survey on the use of medicinal plants in the treatment of all types of mental disorders in Bamako. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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11 pages, 1174 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Population Structure of an African Cycad: Fire May Stimulate the Coning Phenology of Encephalartos lanatus (Zamiaceae) and Also Predispose Its Cones to Damage

by Memory N. Sigasa, Kowiyou Yessoufou, Anathi Magadlela, Wilfred Otang-Mbeng and Terence N. Suinyuy

Diversity 2023, 15(10), 1075; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15101075 - 10 Oct 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2317

Abstract

Cycads are the most threatened group in the plant kingdom. Fire is identified as one of the major factors heightening cycad extinction risk. However, compared to South American cycads, we know little about how fire negatively affects the demography of African cycads. Here, [...] Read more.

Cycads are the most threatened group in the plant kingdom. Fire is identified as one of the major factors heightening cycad extinction risk. However, compared to South American cycads, we know little about how fire negatively affects the demography of African cycads. Here, we collected a snapshot of demographic data on the largest known population of South Africa’s cycad species, Encephalartos lanatus, in unburnt and regularly burnt habitats. We fitted several statistical models to investigate the effects of fire on the population structure of E. lanatus. First, we found that the population follows a ‘J’ structure with more adults than any other life stage. Contrary to popular belief, this ‘J’ structure may not necessarily imply the future of the population is at risk, given that E. lanatus is a long-lived species. Second, we found that the abundance of adults explains 25% of the abundance of seedlings but does not predict the abundance of suckers, perhaps suggesting the adults ensure preferential seedling rather than clonal recruitment. Third, irrespective of life stages, the subpopulation in fire-prone habitats is, in term of size, proportionately lower than the subpopulation in unburnt areas, suggesting that fire may negatively affect the dynamic of the population. However, fire is not linked to differences in sex ratio across the population; not only do fire-prone subpopulations have more cones, but they also tend to have more damaged cones than unburnt populations. Overall, although we raised some limitations of the present study, we also inferred that fire may shape the observed ‘J’ structure of the population of E. lanatus, but, contrary to traditional belief, the ‘J’ structure is not enough to raise concern about the future of the population. A population dynamics study is required to determine if the future of the population is at risk. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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12 pages, 662 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Seeding African Forest and Landscape Restoration: Evaluating Native Tree Seed Systems in Four African Countries

by Fiona L. Giacomini, John A. Prempeh, Riina Jalonen, Barbara Vinceti, Marius Ekue, Ennia Bosshard, David F. R. P. Burslem and Chris J. Kettle

Diversity 2023, 15(9), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15090981 - 30 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3204

Abstract

Commitments to Forest and Landscape Restoration are rapidly growing and being implemented globally to tackle the climate and biodiversity crises. Restoration initiatives largely based on tree planting necessitate an increased supply of high-quality and suitably adapted tree planting material. We evaluated the native [...] Read more.

Commitments to Forest and Landscape Restoration are rapidly growing and being implemented globally to tackle the climate and biodiversity crises. Restoration initiatives largely based on tree planting necessitate an increased supply of high-quality and suitably adapted tree planting material. We evaluated the native tree seed supply systems in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, and Kenya, four countries with large commitments to increase tree cover. We applied an established indicator framework to assess the adequacy of any current tree seed system to meet national needs. The study aimed to analyse (i) how well-established the native tree seed supply systems are, (ii) how public and non-public actors differ regarding the perception of existing seed systems, and (iii) the main barriers to strengthening current seed systems. Our findings identified significant gaps in the native tree seed supply systems of the four countries, arising particularly from shortfalls in the enabling environment. We found a lack of involvement of local community members in the seed systems, with a crucial need for strengthening policy, capacity building and investment in seed systems. We propose a multi-stakeholder approach and the application of online tools to improve seed systems to meet the demand for high-quality native tree seeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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18 pages, 808 KiB  

Open AccessArticle

Impacts of Diffuse Land-Use on Plant Diversity Patterns in the Miombo Woodlands of Western Zambia

by Priscilla Sichone, Jens Oldeland, Patrick Phiri, Norbert Jürgens and Ute Schmiedel

Diversity 2023, 15(6), 739; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15060739 - 3 Jun 2023

Viewed by 2107

Abstract

Land use is known to influence the diversity of vascular plants in the Miombo woodlands. However, little is known about the interaction between soil and land use in herbaceous and woody species. We compared the diversity of vascular plants at the plot level [...] Read more.

Land use is known to influence the diversity of vascular plants in the Miombo woodlands. However, little is known about the interaction between soil and land use in herbaceous and woody species. We compared the diversity of vascular plants at the plot level (20 m × 50 m) and site level for three sites in the Miombo woodlands of western Zambia subject to different levels of intensity classes of diffuse land use (e.g., livestock herbivory and selective timber harvesting). For each of the sites, twenty plots were randomly selected for assessment of species composition of vascular plant species, indicators of land-use intensity, and soil chemistry per plot. We hypothesized that the site with the lowest human impact would have the highest richness and diversity of woody and herbaceous species. At the site level, we found that richness and diversity of woody species were unaffected by land-use intensity, whereas herbaceous species richness was higher for the protected site (28 species on average per 1000 m²) than the two other sites (23 and 21 species on average per 1000 m²). At the plot level, herbaceous species richness was positively associated with woodcutting and soil pH. We interpret the positive effect of woodcutting on herbaceous species richness as the effect of lower competition by the woody component for resources such as water, nutrients, and light. With regard to the absence of any effect of land-use intensity on the richness of woody species, we conclude that in our study areas selective timber harvesting may be at a sustainable level and might even have a positive effect on the diversity of the herbaceous layer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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11 pages, 6220 KiB  

Open AccessReview

Contributions to the Flora of Tropical East Africa

by Shenglan Du, Miaoxuan Wang, Neng Wei, Geoffrey Mwachala, Guangwan Hu, Lin Wu, Shengwei Wang and Qingfeng Wang

Plants 2023, 12(6), 1336; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061336 - 16 Mar 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 4019

Abstract

Tropical East Africa (TEA) is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots on the planet. Its rich flora diversity and inventory have been clearly recognized after the publication of the last volume of the Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA) in 2012. However, [...] Read more.

Tropical East Africa (TEA) is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots on the planet. Its rich flora diversity and inventory have been clearly recognized after the publication of the last volume of the Flora of Tropical East Africa (FTEA) in 2012. However, many new and newly recorded taxa have been named and documented since the publication of the first volume of FTEA in 1952. In this study, we comprehensively compiled new taxa and new records by reviewing the literature on the taxonomic contributions of vascular plants in TEA from 1952 to 2022. Our list includes 444 new and newly recorded species belonging to 81 families and 218 genera. Among these taxa, 94.59% of the plants are endemic to TEA and 48.42% are herbs. Additionally, members of Rubiaceae and Aloe are the most numerous family and genus respectively. These new taxa are unevenly distributed in TEA, but are found mainly in areas of high species richness, such as coastal, central and western areas of Kenya, central and southeastern Tanzania. This study offers summative assessment of the newly recorded flora inventory in TEA and provides recommendations for future research on plant diversity survey and conservation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Diversity and Conservation of Flora in Africa)

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