Innovations in Neurochemical and Electrophysiological Sensing: Materials, Devices, and Techniques

A special issue of Biosensors (ISSN 2079-6374). This special issue belongs to the section "Nano- and Micro-Technologies in Biosensors".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 31 October 2025 | Viewed by 1996

Special Issue Editors


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Guest Editor
1. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
2. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
3. Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 15213, USA
Interests: electrochemical sensors; neural microelectrodes; glassy carbon; nanomaterials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Guest Editor
1. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
2. Institute for Quantitative Health Science & Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
3. Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, MI, USA
Interests: biomedical microelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS); neuroprosthetic devices; microsensors
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Understanding brain function requires advanced neural probes capable of monitoring both electrical and chemical signaling across multiple timescales and brain regions. The integration of electrochemical neurotransmitter detection with traditional electrical recording in implantable multielectrode probes has opened new frontiers in neuroscience research. These advancements offer deeper insights into the complex dynamics of neurochemical and electrophysiological processes.

This Special Issue aims to spotlight recent developments in materials, devices, and techniques that have enabled or have the potential to advance dual-mode recordings. The focus is on innovations that not only enhance the functionality of neural probes but also address critical challenges such as sensor fouling and long-term biocompatibility, thereby minimizing brain damage from chronic implantation.

We welcome original research articles, reviews, and mini-reviews that cover a range of topics:

  • Advances in the microfabrication processes of neural probes to improve reproducibility, durability, and cost-effectiveness.
  • New developments in carbon microelectrodes for dual-mode recordings.
  • New detection techniques for longitudinal neurotransmitter detection, such as innovations aimed at the sustained, accurate monitoring of neurotransmitter levels over extended periods.
  • Research focused on enhancing the stability and biocompatibility of neural microelectrodes for reliable, long-term recordings of neurochemical and/or electrophysiological signals.
  • Development of novel materials and nanocoatings to enhance the sensitivity, selectivity, and stability of neural probes.
  • Incorporation of enzyme and aptamer-based recognition methods to improve precision and speficifity.
  • Techniques to acquire electrochemical and electrophysiological measurements from the same device (including hardware, software, and devices).

Dr. Elisa Castagnola
Dr. Wen Li
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • electrochemical sensors
  • neural interfaces
  • fast scan cyclic voltammetry
  • neurotransmitters

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Published Papers (1 paper)

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Review

37 pages, 7797 KiB  
Review
Recent Progress in Flexible Microelectrode Arrays for Combined Electrophysiological and Electrochemical Sensing
by Umisha Siwakoti, Steven A. Jones, Deepak Kumbhare, Xinyan Tracy Cui and Elisa Castagnola
Biosensors 2025, 15(2), 100; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15020100 - 10 Feb 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1699
Abstract
Understanding brain function requires advanced neural probes to monitor electrical and chemical signaling across multiple timescales and brain regions. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used to record neurophysiological activity across various depths and brain regions, providing single-unit resolution for extended periods. Recent advancements [...] Read more.
Understanding brain function requires advanced neural probes to monitor electrical and chemical signaling across multiple timescales and brain regions. Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are widely used to record neurophysiological activity across various depths and brain regions, providing single-unit resolution for extended periods. Recent advancements in flexible MEAs, built on micrometer-thick polymer substrates, have improved integration with brain tissue by mimicking the brain’s soft nature, reducing mechanical trauma and inflammation. These flexible, subcellular-scale MEAs can record stable neural signals for months, making them ideal for long-term studies. In addition to electrical recording, MEAs have been functionalized for electrochemical neurotransmitter detection. Electroactive neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, serotonin, and adenosine, can be directly measured via electrochemical methods, particularly on carbon-based surfaces. For non-electroactive neurotransmitters like acetylcholine, glutamate, and γ-aminobutyric acid, alternative strategies, such as enzyme immobilization and aptamer-based recognition, are employed to generate electrochemical signals. This review highlights recent developments in flexible MEA fabrication and functionalization to achieve both electrochemical and electrophysiological recordings, minimizing sensor fowling and brain damage when implanted long-term. It covers multi-time scale neurotransmitter detection, development of conducting polymer and nanomaterial composite coatings to enhance sensitivity, incorporation of enzyme and aptamer-based recognition methods, and the integration of carbon electrodes on flexible MEAs. Finally, it summarizes strategies to acquire electrochemical and electrophysiological measurements from the same device. Full article
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