Search Results (4,755)

This research presents a comprehensive evaluation of semi-elastic polyurethane adhesives used for bonding wooden flooring, with a particular focus on both domestic (oak) and exotic hardwood species (teak, iroko, wenge, merbau). Given the increasing interest in sustainable construction practices and the growing use of diverse wood species in flooring systems, this study aimed to assess the mechanical, morphological, and surface properties of adhesive joints under both standard laboratory and thermally aged conditions. Mechanical testing was conducted according to PN-EN ISO 17178 standards and included shear and tensile strength measurements on wood–wood and wood–concrete assemblies. Specimens were evaluated in multiple aging conditions, simulating real-world application environments. Shear strength increased post-aging, with the most notable improvement observed in wenge (21.2%). Tensile strength between wooden lamellas and concrete substrates remained stable or slightly decreased (up to 18.8% in wenge), yet all values stayed above the 1 MPa minimum requirement, confirming structural reliability. Surface properties of the wood species were characterized through contact angle measurements and 3D optical roughness analysis. Teak exhibited the highest contact angle (74.9°) and the greatest surface roughness, contributing to mechanical interlocking despite its low surface energy. Oak and iroko showed high wettability and balanced roughness, supporting strong adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed stable adhesive penetration across all species and aging conditions, with no signs of delamination or interfacial failure. The study confirms the suitability of polyurethane adhesives for durable, long-lasting bonding in engineered and solid wood flooring systems, even when using extractive-rich or dimensionally sensitive tropical species. The results emphasize the critical role of surface morphology, wood anatomy, and adhesive compatibility in achieving optimal bond performance. These findings contribute to improved material selection and application strategies in flooring technology. Future research should focus on bio-based adhesive alternatives, chemical surface modification techniques, and in-service performance under cyclic loading and humidity variations to support the development of eco-efficient and resilient flooring systems. Full article

Aiming at the key problems of the material removal rate and surface integrity of existing tools in the lapping of sapphire hard and brittle crystals, an efficient lapping tool has been developed to explore a new process for HFVCD (hot filament chemical vapor deposition) diamond tools to efficiently lap sapphire wafers. With the premise of ensuring the surface roughness of the wafer is Ra ≤ 0.5 μm, the material removal rate is increased to more than 1 μm/h. To explore a high-efficiency lapping process for sapphire wafers using HFCVD diamond tools. The influence of key preparation parameters on the surface characteristics of CVD (chemical vapor deposition) diamond films was systematically investigated. Three types of CVD diamond coating tools with distinct surface morphologies were fabricated. These tools were subsequently employed to conduct lapping experiments on sapphire wafers in order to evaluate their processing performance. The experimental results demonstrate that the gas pressure, methane concentration, and substrate temperature collectively influenced the surface morphology of the diamond coatings. The fabricated coatings exhibited well-defined grain boundaries and displayed pyramidal, prismatic and spherical features, corresponding to high-quality microcrystalline and nanocrystalline diamond layers. In the lapping experiments, the prismatic CVD diamond coating tool exhibited the highest material removal rate, reaching approximately 1.7 μm/min once stabilized. The spherical diamond coating tool produced the lowest surface roughness on the lapped sapphire wafers, with a value of about 0.35 μm. Surface morphology-controllable diamond tools were used for the lapping processing of the sapphire wafers. This achieved a good surface quality and high removal rate and provided new ideas for the precision machining of brittle hard materials in the plane or even in the curved surface. Full article

In this study, ZnO thin films were prepared on the flexible stainless steel (FSS) substrates by the sol–gel method. ZnO nanorods were then hydrothermally grown in the presence of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) to obtain polymer/nanooxide composites. The microstructure and resistive switching properties of the composites were investigated. X-ray diffraction results confirmed that the PVP-doped ZnO nanorods retained the hexagonal wurtzite structure and had a preferred (002) orientation despite a slight decrease in crystallinity. Surface morphology analysis showed that the addition of PVP resulted in an increase in the nanorod density and a more regular hexagonal structure. Electrical measurements showed a significant improvement in the resistive switching behavior, with a high-resistance state to low-resistance state (HRS/LRS) ratio of 4.67 × 10³. In addition, radiation-tolerant cyclic tests demonstrated that the polymer–oxide hybrid structure effectively buffered irradiation-induced defects, stabilized conductive filament pathways, and preserved switching reliability. These results highlight the potential of PVP-doped ZnO nanorod composites as reliable, flexible, and radiation-tolerant RRAM devices for future aerospace and high-radiation electronics applications. Full article

Cellulose nanofibers/metal-organic framework (CNFs/MOF) composites hold promise for energy storage thanks to high porosity, large specific surface area, and inherent flexibility, but their poor conductivity limits applications to environmental remediation and gas adsorption. Herein, flexible CNFs served as substrates for in situ growth of continuous ZIF-8 nanolayers via interfacial synthesis, with a CNFs/ZIF-8 gel network built to enhance structural integrity and flexibility. A novel strategy first regulated the layered pore structure: ZIF-8 in CNFs/ZIF-8 nanofibers was etched in the acidic environment of aniline in situ polymerization, constructing a hierarchical porous architecture with interconnected micropores and mesopores. CNFs/ZIF-8/PANI gel composite membranes were then fabricated. As self-supporting electrodes for symmetric supercapacitors, the composites showed excellent electrochemical performance: 1350 F/g at 1 A/g for the electrode, and the flexible solid-state device delivered a specific capacitance of 220.9 F/g at 0.5 A/g, along with a capacitance retention rate of 74% after 5000 charge–discharge cycles at 10 A/g. The superior performance stems from synergistic hierarchical pore structure regulation via partial MOF sacrificial templating and gel matrix-mediated rapid ion diffusion, offering a feasible approach for high-performance flexible energy storage devices. Full article

Background: Exercise-induced fatigue (EIF) impairs performance and recovery and may contribute to overreaching/overtraining and adverse health outcomes. Beyond classical explanations (substrate depletion, metabolite accumulation, oxidative stress), accumulating evidence indicates that the gut microbiota modulates fatigue-related physiology through metabolic, immune, barrier, and neurobehavioral pathways. Methods: We conducted a structured narrative review of PubMed and Web of Science covering 1 January 2015 to 30 November 2025 using predefined keywords related to EIF, gut microbiota, recovery, and nutritional interventions. Human studies, animal experiments, and mechanistic preclinical work (in vivo/in vitro) were included when they linked exercise load, microbial features (taxa/functions/metabolites), and fatigue-relevant outcomes. Results: Across models, high-intensity or prolonged exercise is consistently associated with disrupted gut homeostasis, including altered community structure, reduced abundance of beneficial taxa, increased intestinal permeability, and shifts in microbial metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids). Evidence converges on four interconnected microbiota-mediated pathways relevant to EIF: (1) energy availability and metabolic by-product clearance; (2) redox balance and inflammation; (3) intestinal barrier integrity and endotoxemia risk; and (4) central fatigue and exercise motivation via microbiota–gut–brain signaling. Nutritional strategies—particularly targeted probiotics, prebiotics/plant polysaccharides, and selected bioactive compounds—show potential to improve fatigue biomarkers and endurance-related outcomes, although effects appear context-dependent (exercise modality, baseline fitness, diet, and baseline microbiota). Conclusions: Current evidence supports a mechanistic role of the gut microbiota in EIF and highlights microbiota-targeted nutrition as a promising adjunct for recovery optimization. Future work should prioritize causal validation (e.g., fecal microbiota transplantation and metabolite supplementation), athlete-focused randomized trials with standardized fatigue endpoints, and precision approaches that stratify individuals by baseline microbiome features and training load. Full article

Background: Cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (COMET/CAOMECS) is an autologous, immunosuppression-sparing option for ocular surface reconstruction in limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). After two decades, indications, platforms and outcome definitions vary, and COMET’s position relative to limbal-derived epithelium remains uncertain. Methods: We conducted a PRISMA-ScR scoping review of human clinical studies (PubMed, 2000–30 December 2025) with hand-searching and regulatory sources. Eligible reports included COMET/CAOMECS series and comparative cohorts (CLET/ACLET, SLET, KLAL/CLAL). The primary outcome was anatomical success (stable epithelialised cornea without recurrent persistent epithelial defect, progressive conjunctivalisation or uncontrolled neovascularisation at last assessment). Given heterogeneity in definitions and analytic frames (fixed-time vs. Kaplan–Meier [KM]), results were synthesised narratively by indication and platform. Results: Twenty-five reports (893 eyes; 821 patients) were included. Aetiologies were predominantly burns and SJS/TEN. Across amniotic membrane-based mixed-aetiology series, 12-month anatomical success clustered around 55–70%. Aggregated descriptively across COMET eyes, 211/467 (45%) had a stable surface at last follow-up. Epithelialisation was generally rapid in quiet AM-based reconstructions and slower with severe adnexal disease or carrier-free platforms. Mean BCVA improved from 1.8 ± 0.7 to 1.4 ± 0.7 logMAR (471 eyes); ≥2-line gains occurred in 308/471 (65.4%). A matched comparison suggested better 12-month survival, less neovascularisation and better BCVA with substrate-free versus AM-carried COMET; a biomaterial-/feeder-free platform reconstructed most eyes but failed more often with four-quadrant symblepharon. Observational comparative cohorts suggested higher surface survival and average visual gain with limbal-derived epithelium, at the cost of systemic immunosuppression. Conclusions: In appropriately selected bilateral LSCD, COMET offers immunosuppression-sparing reconstruction with moderate, durable surface stability and clinically meaningful visual gains when performed on a quiet, optimised surface. Platform refinements—particularly substrate-free constructs—and prospective, indication-defined comparative studies with harmonised outcomes are needed to define COMET’s role relative to limbal-derived epithelium. Full article

Amid global freshwater scarcity and soil salinization, brackish irrigation is a potential alternative, yet its effects under low-leaching soilless systems remain unclear. We tested brackish irrigation (30 mmol L⁻¹ NaCl; EC ≈ 4.8 dS m⁻¹, including fertilizer) on lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in peat–perlite substrates with non-saline (CK), mildly saline (M), and moderately–severely saline (S) initial salinity. Substrate moisture and bulk electrical conductivity (EC_b) were monitored at upper, middle, and deep layers with multi-depth sensors; lettuce physiological and growth traits were measured. Under negligible drainage, salt moved downward promptly after irrigation in CK, accumulated at the surface in M, and remained high with spatiotemporal variability in S. Brackish irrigation had minimal effects on biomass and water use efficiency in CK and M, but significantly reduced both in S. These findings support tailoring brackish irrigation to initial salinity severity and motivate future work to measure drainage and calibrate EC indices to establish operational thresholds. Full article

In electric vehicle (EV) drivetrains, lubricant films must not only mitigate friction and wear but also manage stray currents to safely dissipate stray charge and avoid micro-arcing. This study directly compares how a conventional antiwear additive (ZDDP) and a long-chain, ashless, sulfur-free phosphite ester (Duraphos AP240L) manage this balance under current-carrying boundary lubrication conditions. Reciprocating steel-on-steel tests were conducted at fixed load and speed with applied current densities of 0, 0.02, and 42.4 A/cm². Friction and four-probe electrical contact resistance (ECR) were measured in situ, and impedance of tribofilms was measured over a 1–10⁵ Hz range after friction test. In the presence of ZDDP, ECR initially increased and then decreased to a value that was as low as the initial direct contact of two solid surfaces or even lower sometimes. During the initial stage with high ECR, a well-defined impedance semicircle was observed in the Nyquist plot; after forming the tribofilm with low ECR, frequency dependence of impedance could not be measured due to the very low resistance. The decrease in ECR suggested a structural evolution of the anti-wear film on the substrate. However, post-test wear analysis indicated that the formation of this film was accompanied by tribochemical polishing of the countersurface and sometimes pitting of the substrate, which may have been due to localized electrical discharge producing trenches deeper than ~0.5 µm; in additive-free base oil, wear was dominated by ploughing with micro-cutting of the substrate. In contrast, AP240L performed better in terms of friction and wear, showing a remarkable ~30% lower coefficient of friction, while the overall cycle dependence of ECR was similar to the ZDDP case. AP240L showed negligible boundary film controlled wear producing a shallow, smooth track (depth < 0.2 µm) during the friction test, and there was no sign of electrical arc damage. These findings support long-chain, ashless, sulfur-free phosphite esters as promising candidates for EV boundary lubrication where both mechanical and electrical protection are required. Full article

Background/Objectives: The widespread development of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes constitutes a major production-limiting factor in grazing ruminants. Resistance mechanisms often involve drug efflux transporters like P-glycoprotein (P-gp). This study aimed to evaluate the potential of the phytochemicals cinnamaldehyde (CNM) and thymol (TML) to modulate P-gp activity and enhance the pharmacokinetic profile and efficacy of levamisole (LVM) in lambs. Methods: An ex vivo diffusion assay using sheep ileum was conducted to assess the influence of CNM, TML, and LVM on the transport of the P-gp substrate Rhodamine 123 (Rho123). Subsequently, a clinical trial was performed in lambs naturally infected with resistant nematodes. Animals received LVM (3.75 mg/kg) subcutaneously, either alone or co-administered with CNM or TML (80 mg/kg). Plasma LVM concentrations were analyzed by HPLC, and anthelmintic efficacy was determined via the Fecal Egg Count Reduction (FECR) test. Results: Ex vivo assays demonstrated that CNM, TML and LVM significantly reduced the efflux ratio of Rho123, confirming P-gp inhibition. The pharmacokinetic parameters of LVM did not differ significantly in the co-administered groups. However, the combination of LVM + TML tended to increase the total systemic exposure of LVM. Although all experimental groups showed a significant reduction in EPG between day 0 and day 7 (FECR 50–58%), the magnitude of this reduction did not differ significantly among treatments. Conclusions: While CNM and TML effectively inhibited P-gp activity ex vivo and slightly modified LVM pharmacokinetics, these effects were insufficient to yield clinically meaningful improvements in its efficacy against nematodes under the tested conditions. Future strategies should focus on optimizing delivery systems to maximize phytochemical–drug interactions. Full article

Snakebite envenoming remains a critical public health issue, and the molecular variability of venoms limits the cross-species efficacy of conventional antivenoms. Here, we conducted a comparative proteomic analysis of Bitis arietans venom to identify conserved peptide regions derived from enzymatic toxins and evaluate their potential relevance for complementary immunotherapeutic applications. Enzyme-enriched venom fractions were isolated through sequential affinity and ion-exchange chromatography and were subsequently characterized using fluorogenic FRET substrates and inhibitor assays. LC–MS/MS analysis identified 1099 proteins and revealed 36 conserved peptides within snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), serine proteases (SVSPs), and phospholipase A₂ (PLA₂), particularly located near catalytic residues and structurally essential motifs such as the HExxHxxGxxH zinc-binding site in SVMPs, the His-Asp-Ser catalytic triad in SVSPs, and the Ca²⁺-binding loop in PLA₂, across Viperidae venoms. These conserved regions were also observed in homologous toxin isoforms from additional Viperidae genera, supporting the evolutionary conservation of key functional domains. While sequence conservation alone does not guarantee neutralization capacity, the identified regions represent strong candidates for structural epitope mapping and targeted antibody development. This study provides a peptide-level framework for advancing complementary antibody-based therapies designed to broaden cross-species toxin recognition, reduce antivenom dosage requirements, and improve clinical outcomes in snakebite envenoming. Full article

Background: The heart depends on a continuous and flexible energy supply from fatty acids, glucose, and other substrates. Emerging evidence shows that gut microbiota-derived metabolites—such as trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), secondary bile acids, indoles, phenylacetylglutamine (PAGln), and branched-chain amino acids—modulate cardiac metabolism and function. Although clinical evidence linking these metabolites to cardiovascular outcomes is expanding, most data remain associative, with limited causal or interventional proof. Methods: A comprehensive narrative review was conducted (PubMed 2010–2025) to integrate preclinical, clinical, and Mendelian randomization studies on microbiota-derived metabolites and cardiovascular disease, complemented by evidence from dietary and interventional trials. Results: Gut-derived metabolites regulate mitochondrial energetics, inflammatory, immune system, and oxidative pathways, and endothelial and platelet activation. Elevated plasma TMAO and PAGln levels are often associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes, while SCFAs and indole derivatives may related to protective effects. However, findings across cohorts remain heterogeneous, largely due to differences in diet, renal function, and analytical methods. Dietary patterns rich in fiber and plant-based nutrients favor beneficial metabolite profiles, underscoring the nutritional modulation of the gut–heart axis. Conclusions: The diet–microbiota–metabolite axis represents an emerging pathway connecting nutrition to cardiovascular health. Translating this knowledge into prevention and therapy will require large-scale randomized studies and integrated multi-omics approaches. Dietary modulation of microbial metabolism may ultimately become a novel strategy for cardiometabolic protection. Full article

The intensive cultivation of greenhouse tomatoes generates massive quantities of vegetative residues often laden with potentially complex pesticide contaminants, posing a dual challenge of waste management and environmental toxicity. This study investigated the biological feasibility and system tolerance of valorizing these hazardous residues through vermicomposting with Eisenia fetida, using mixtures of cattle manure and tomato residues (TR) at varying ratios (0–60%) over a 45-day incubation period. The process was monitored through physicochemical parameters (pH, EC, C/N ratio) and sensitive biological indicators (Basal Respiration and Microbial Biomass Carbon). While TR inclusion rates exceeding 30% induced acute inhibitory effects (100% mortality within 5 days) due to acute toxicity, mixtures containing up to 30% were successfully processed. The biological monitoring revealed a distinct “biphasic response”: an initial “metabolic lag phase” (days 0–15) driven by chemical stress, followed by a robust “biological recovery” where microbial activity surged significantly after day 30. Correlation analyses confirmed that this recovery was mechanically linked to the acidification of the substrate, as indicated by strong negative correlations between pH and biological activity (r_s = −0.70). Ultimately, vermicomposting significantly reduced Electrical Conductivity (EC) and lowered the C/N ratio below 15 in all viable treatments, confirming the stabilization of waste into an agronomically mature product. The results demonstrate that the earthworm gut functions as an effective bioreactor, facilitating biological stabilization and the mitigation of toxicity in pesticide-laden biomass. This study concludes that vermicomposting is a robust strategy for converting toxic agro-wastes into a stabilized organic amendment, provided that the residue load is managed within the identified physiological tolerance threshold of 30%. Full article

The nickel (Ni)-based alloy cladding layers on the surface of 6061 aluminum alloy are fabricated successfully using an optimized laser cladding process. An analysis has been conducted to compare the influence of two types of Ni-based powders on the phase composition, macroscopic morphology and microstructure of the cladding layers. The study also elucidates the micro-hardness and friction property of the cladding layers fabricated by two types of Ni-based powders. The results reveal that phases including Al₃Ni, Al₃Ni₂, and α-Al are formed in the pure Ni cladding layer. Nonetheless, in the Ni–Cr–B–Si cladding layer, a new phase characterized by needle-shaped Cr₇C₃ is observed. Mechanical properties characterization of the cladding layers reveals a notable improvement in microhardness and friction properties compared to the 6061 aluminum alloy substrate. The best properties are achieved in the Ni–Cr–B–Si cladded layer, which demonstrates a microhardness of 714 HV, almost 8.1 times superior to that of the substrate. Its friction and wear rate is merely 21% of that of the base aluminum. Our results are expected to provide significant insights into the design and production of aluminum materials with great resistance to wear. Full article

Background: Chronic diabetic wounds, particularly diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs), are prone to recurrent infection and delayed healing, resulting in substantial morbidity, mortality, and economic burden. Multifunctional wound dressings that combine antibacterial, antioxidant, conductive, and self-healing properties may help to address the complex microenvironment of chronic diabetic wounds. Methods: In this study, ε-poly-L-lysine and amino-terminated polyethylene glycol were grafted onto carboxylated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) via amide coupling to obtain ε-PL-CNT-PEG. Aminated chondroitin sulfate (CS-ADH) and a catechol–metal coordination complex of protocatechualdehyde and Fe³⁺ (PA@Fe) were then used to construct a dynamic covalently cross-linked hydrogel network through Schiff-base chemistry. The obtained hydrogels (Gel0–3, Gel4) were characterized for photothermal performance, rheological behavior, microstructure, swelling/degradation, adhesiveness, antioxidant capacity, electrical conductivity, cytocompatibility, hemocompatibility, and antibacterial activity in the presence and absence of near-infrared (NIR, 808 nm) irradiation. Results: ε-PL-CNT-PEG showed good aqueous dispersibility, NIR-induced photothermal conversion, and improved cytocompatibility after surface modification. Incorporation of ε-PL-CNT-PEG into the PA@Fe/CS-ADH network yielded conductive hydrogels with porous microstructures and storage modulus (G′) higher than loss modulus (G′′) over the tested frequency range, indicating stable gel-like behavior. The hydrogels exhibited self-healing under alternating strain and macroscopic rejoining after cutting. Swelling and degradation studies demonstrated pH-dependent degradation, with faster degradation in mildly acidic conditions (pH 5.0), mimicking infected chronic diabetic wounds. The hydrogels adhered to diverse substrates and tolerated joint movements. Gel4 showed notable DPPH• and H₂O₂ scavenging (≈65% and ≈60%, respectively, within several hours). The electrical conductivity was 0.19 ± 0.0X mS/cm for Gel0–3 and 0.21 ± 0.0Y mS/cm for Gel4 (mean ± SD, n = 3), falling within the range reported for human skin. In vitro, NIH3T3 cells maintained >90% viability in the presence of hydrogel extracts, and hemolysis ratios remained below 5%. Hydrogels containing ε-PL-CNT-PEG displayed enhanced antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, and NIR irradiation further reduced bacterial survival, with some formulations achieving near-complete inhibition under low-power (0.2–0.3 W/cm²) 808 nm irradiation. Conclusions: A dynamic, conductive hydrogel based on PA@Fe, CS-ADH, and ε-PL-CNT-PEG was successfully developed. The hydrogel combines photothermal antibacterial activity, antioxidant capacity, electrical conductivity, self-healing behavior, adhesiveness, cytocompatibility, and hemocompatibility. These properties suggest potential for application as a wound dressing for chronic diabetic wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers, although further in vivo studies are required to validate therapeutic efficacy. Full article

Aniline (ANI) was electropolymerized on ITO substrates with different surface resistivities. The process was performed by cyclic voltammetry from an aqueous, homogeneous solution containing sulfuric acid and the aniline monomer using various numbers of cycles and scan rates. The resulting polymer films (PANI) were characterized by ATR-IR spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy. The influence of ITO surface resistivity on the electropolymerization process, the quality of the obtained PANI layers, and their optical properties was evaluated. Homogeneous PANI films were produced on ITO substrates with surface resistivities of 15–25 Ω/sq, encompassing both emeraldine salt and emeraldine base forms. Although the film’s growth was rapid, it also led to adhesion issues. In contrast, for ITO substrates with surface resistivities of 70–100 Ω/sq and 80–100 Ω/sq, the resulting films showed improved adhesion but were less homogeneous. Nevertheless, the conductive emeraldine salt form of polyaniline was successfully obtained. The conductive form of polyaniline was obtained without any additional modifications to the electropolymerization procedure. Notably, the literature provides no systematic analysis of electropolymerization on ITO substrates with different surface resistivities, which opens up new research opportunities and provides a basis for the rational design and optimization of PANI-based electro-optical coatings for advanced sensing applications. Full article