Zoonotic Diseases

Viral zoonoses represent a critical intersection of global health, ecology, and ethical issues. Pathogens that pass from animals to humans. This review examines the complex landscape of viral zoonoses, including their mechanisms, impact, and mitigation strategies. We begin with insights into the historical context and significance of these diseases and then explore spillover mechanisms influenced by genetic, ecological, and anthropogenic factors. This review covers the host range, transmission dynamics, and immunological barriers, including viral detection, adaptation, and immune evasion. Genomic insights have revealed the genetic determinants of host switching and adaptation, illuminating the dynamics of viral spillover events. We emphasize the anticipation and prevention of zoonotic events, highlighting surveillance, early warning systems, and the “One Health” approach. Using case studies of outbreaks such as Ebola, avian influenza, and COVID-19, this review examines the real-world consequences of zoonotic diseases. We then discuss interventions, including mitigation strategies and vaccination, and their ethical and social implications. Drawing on past outbreaks, we provide recommendations for the future, aiming to balance human health, conservation, and animal welfare. This review aims to inform professionals, academics, and policymakers by offering a multidisciplinary perspective on the complex world of viral zoonoses and strategies to protect global health.

Our article presents a holistic analysis aimed at discerning patterns from ancient–modern comparative contexts of malaria. The article’s interdisciplinary and consilient methodology is drawn from a range of disciplines: the humanities and social sciences, medical knowledge (particularly epidemiology and pathology), molecular phylogenetics, demography, archaeology, paleopathology, numismatics, complex systems theory, etc. The article begins with a detailed exploration of a 463 BCE epidemic event that likely marked the, ultimately transformative, debut of P. falciparum evolutionary lineage malaria for ancient Roman civilization. It is important to note that the concept of evolutionary lineage is defined herein as a sequence of organisms, descended from a common ancestor and culminating, for the present at least, in the form existing currently. An interdisciplinary retrospective diagnosis methodology is utilized to establish, with what we believe to be a high degree of probability, a conclusion that effectively marks the beginning point for the ancient side of our comparative example. The deep interdisciplinary/historical methods used to elucidate the ancient side of the disease equation both lead to a clear conclusion and suggest potential modern analogies or even “prophecies.” These are used to highlight the threats emanating from the current spread of zoonotic P. knowlesi malaria in Southeast Asia. The article also utilizes six broader holistic and interdisciplinary factors in its contextual and comparative analysis: (A) political, military and security contexts; (B) the effects of cultural perceptions; (C) the role of climate and climate change; (D) additional anthropogenic environmental factors; (E) perceptions, practices and capabilities of prevailing medical systems and (F) holistic underlying states of the health of affected populations.

Campylobacter spp. are significant zoonotic pathogens, increasingly recognized for their role in the transmission of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) between animals and humans. This study aims to determine the occurrence, antimicrobial resistance profiles, and characterization of multidrug resistance indices of Campylobacter spp. isolated from domestic pets in Kelantan, Malaysia. Methods: Rectal swabs (n = 150) were collected from both healthy and diarrheic cats. Campylobacter spp. were isolated and confirmed by PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed using the disk diffusion method. Results: Campylobacter spp. were detected in 35.3% of cats (53/150; SE = 0.04; 95% CI: 28.1–43.3%), with C. upsaliensis identified as the predominant species (33.3%; SE = 0.05; 95% CI: 24.5–43.6%), followed by C. jejuni (17.8%; SE = 0.04; 95% CI: 11.3–26.9%) and C. coli (7.8%; SE = 0.03; 95% CI: 3.8–15.2%). Isolates exhibited high resistance rates to amoxicillin (90.6%), ampicillin (81.1%), tetracycline (67.9%), erythromycin (62.3%), and sulphonamides (54.7%). Conclusion: The study reveals a substantial prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and notable levels of antimicrobial resistance among feline isolates, highlighting the zoonotic threat in Malaysia. These findings emphasize the importance of integrated surveillance and prudent antimicrobial stewardship under a One Health framework.