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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2023) | Viewed by 12196

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Qiting Zuo

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Guest Editor

School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Interests: human–water harmony; climate change adaptation; integrated water resource management; interconnected river system network; high-quality development for Yellow River; water environment protection
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Prof. Dr. Fuqiang Wang

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Guest Editor

College of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou, China
Interests: ecological hydrology; wetland protection and restoration; water resources planning and management; eco-hydrological process of wetland
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Prof. Dr. Jiaqi Zhai

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Guest Editor

China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, China
Interests: water cycle model; mechanism of water resources attenuation; efficient utilization of water resources; eco-hydrological process in arid area
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Prof. Dr. Xiuyu Zhang

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Guest Editor

College of Water Resources, North China University of Water Resources and Hydropower, Zhengzhou, China
Interests: water resources dynamic carrying capacity; water security under climate change; high efficient utilization of water resources; utilization of rainwater and flood resources in river basin; construction and application of water cycle model
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Prof. Dr. Dunxian She

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School of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
Interests: climate change and extreme hydrological events; urban hydrology
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Dr. Lei Zou

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Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
Interests: satellite remote sensing; hydrological modeling; climate and land use change
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Dr. Rong Gan

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School of Water Conservancy Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Interests: distributed hydrological model; effects of climate change on hydrological processes; uncertainties of hydrological models; baseflow separation
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Prof. Dr. Zengliang Luo

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Guest Editor

School of Geography and Information Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
Interests: hydrological modelling; water budget assessment; precipitation merging technologies and products based on multiple remote sensing
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Affected by global climate change and rapid socio-economic development, China faces serious water security issues, especially in terms of water shortages, flood disasters, and water-related ecological and environmental problems. These challenges related to China’s water issues have restricted China's social and economic development, and highly valued by the world. Therefore, water issues in China are complex and need to be addressed urgently. This requires comprehensive research across different disciplines.

Focusing on discussing China's water issues, we have carried out a series of academic exchanges for a long time. The well known “China Water Forum”, launched in 2003 and held annually, focuses on discussing solutions to China's water issues. By 2022, the forum has been successfully held for 19 sessions. “Water Science Development Forum”, launched in 2007 and held annually, focuses on promoting the multidisciplinary integration of other disciplines with water science research. By 2022, the forum has been successfully held for 15 sessions. “Water Science Lectures” launched in 2021 is an open, shared and non-profit public welfare lecture. A repot will be arranged for each lecture, lectured and presided by invited famous researchers.

The Editorial Department of Water Journal cooperates with “China Water Forum”, “Water Science Development Forum”, and “Water Science Lectures” for setting up a series of columns. At least one column is planned each year currently. The column established in 2023 is “China Water Forum 2023”. We welcome scholars and graduate students participating in the above mentioned conferences as well as scholars who study water issues of China, to submit full texts of their unpublished manuscripts. The received papers will be professionally peer reviewed and recommended for publication by the editorial board.

4 volumes (working Group):

We invite submissions in, but not limited to, the following topics:

（1）Climate change and hydrology. Director: Dunxian She, Rong Gan

（2）Water problems and human-water relationship control. Director: Zengliang Luo, Qiting Zuo

（3）Water environment and ecology. Director: Fuqiang Wang, Jiaqi Zhai

（4）Water information technology and modeling. Director: Lei Zou, Xiuyu Zhang.

Prof. Dr. Qiting Zuo
Prof. Dr. Fuqiang Wang
Prof. Dr. Jiaqi Zhai
Dr. Xiuyu Zhang
Dr. Dunxian She
Dr. Lei Zou
Dr. Rong Gan
Prof. Dr. Zengliang Luo
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Water is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

climate change and hydrological evolution
water resources evaluation, planning and management flood, drought and water security
human-water relationship and comprehensive control
ecohydrology and water environment protection
groundwater resources and environment
water information technology and digital twin basins
national water network and major water conservancy projects
water policy and water control strategy
“carbon peak and neutrality” target and water resources

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2301 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Estimating the Economic Effect of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project on Beijing—An Applied Computable General Equilibrium Analysis

by Yinsheng Xu, Yanjie Bi, Jing Zhao and Jingjing Duan

Water 2023, 15(23), 4179; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15234179 - 04 Dec 2023

Viewed by 895

Abstract

What exactly is the contribution of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project (SNWTP)? This is a subject of much debate. There are concerns about the possible effects on the macroeconomy. Most previous studies have tried to answer this question. In order to answer this question quantitatively, it is necessary to separate the effect of SNWTP from many influencing factors. A computable general equilibrium model (SICGE) was built to estimate the economic effect of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project on Beijing. This CGE model was modified by joining the subdivided water substitution module, the total water constraints module, and the water-capital substitution module. Two scenarios were set: one with SNWTP and one without SNWTP. The what-if scenario (without SNWTP) indicates that the water reduction poses a direct threat to economic growth. Employment, capital, and GDP are lower, largely due to water shortages suffered by many industries by comparative analysis with or without SNWTP. The water utilization for the water-intensive industry will decrease the most, and its output will also decrease the most. Without SNWTP, groundwater extraction will increase, which suggests that SNWTP water will tentatively replace groundwater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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19 pages, 8438 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Predicting Future Flood Risks in the Face of Climate Change: A Frequency Analysis Perspective

by Cristian Gabriel Anghel and Cornel Ilinca

Water 2023, 15(22), 3883; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15223883 - 07 Nov 2023

Viewed by 1122

Abstract

The frequency analysis of maximum flows represents a direct method to predict future flood risks in the face of climate change. Thus, the correct use of the tools (probability distributions and methods of estimating their parameters) necessary to carry out such analyzes is required to avoid possible negative consequences. This article presents four probability distributions from the generalized Beta families, using the L- and LH-moments method as parameter estimation. New elements are presented regarding the applicability of Dagum, Paralogistic, Inverse Paralogistic and the four-parameter Burr distributions in the flood frequency analysis. The article represents the continuation of the research carried out in the Faculty of Hydrotechnics, being part of larger and more complex research with the aim of developing a normative regarding flood frequency analysis using these methods. According to the results obtained, among the four analyzed distributions, the Burr distribution was found to be the best fit model because the theoretical values of the statistical indicators calibrated the corresponding values of the observed data. Considering the existence of more rigorous selection criteria, it is recommended to use these methods in the frequency analysis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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20 pages, 1595 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Dimensional Collaborative Operation Model and Evaluation of Cascade Reservoirs in the Middle Reaches of the Yellow River

by Xinjie Li, Qiang Wang, Yuanjian Wang, Hongtao Zhang, Jieyu Li and Donglin Li

Water 2023, 15(19), 3523; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193523 - 09 Oct 2023

Viewed by 934

Abstract

Reservoir operation optimization is a technical measure for flood control and is beneficial owing to its reasonable and reliable control and application of existing water conservancy and hydropower hubs, while ensuring dam safety and flood control, as well as the normal operation of power supply and water supply. Considering the beneficial functions of reservoirs, namely flood control and ecological protection, this paper firstly established a two-objective optimal operation model for the reservoir group in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. We aim to maximize the average output of the cascade reservoir group and minimize the average change in ecological flow during the operation period under efficient sediment transport conditions, with the coordination degree of water and sediment as the constraints of reservoir discharge flows. The paper aims to construct an evaluation index system for reservoir operation schemes, apply a combined approach of objective and subjective evaluations, and introduce the gray target and cumulative prospect theories. By uniformly quantifying the established scheme evaluation index system, screening the reservoir operation schemes with the fuzzy evaluation method, and selecting the recommended scheme for each typical year, this paper provides a new scientific formulation of the operation schemes of reservoirs in the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The selected schemes are compared with actual data, demonstrating the effectiveness of joint reservoir operation and for multidimensional benefits in terms of power generation, ecology, and flood control. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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13 pages, 3116 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Groundwater Ecological Water Requirement in the Southeast Margin of Otindag Sandy Land Based on Allowable Groundwater Depth Drawdown

by Gaoqiang Zhang, Yutong Cheng, Haodong Liu, Chunlei Xiao, Hongfeng Nie, Zhenzhou Zhu, Dan Zhao and Yourang Zan

Water 2023, 15(19), 3504; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193504 - 07 Oct 2023

Viewed by 737

Abstract

Water resources in arid and semi-arid areas are limiting factors for ecosystem health and economic development. Therefore, an accurate and reasonable assessment of ecological water demand is crucial for efficient water resource utilization. In this study, we used vegetation coverage and groundwater depth to assess the state of vegetation growth in the Zhenglanqi, located at the southeastern edge of Otindag Sandy Land. Our results indicate the existence of a statistical power index function between vegetation coverage and groundwater depth scatter plots, where even minor changes in groundwater depth can have a significant impact on vegetation growth. In order to quantitatively assess the impact of subsidence on vegetation ecology, we propose a maximum allowable subsidence level under conditions that maintain normal ecological conditions, based on the initial subsidence depth and ecological guarantee rate. Our findings suggest that regions with shallower initial groundwater depths are more sensitive to changes in their environment than regions with deeper groundwater depths. The total groundwater consumption in the study area was 83 million cubic meters while maintaining an ecological guarantee rate of 80%; thus, while ensuring normal environmental conditions, human exploitation of shallow groundwater accounts for only 16 percent. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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15 pages, 2148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Optimization of Water Storage Timing in Upper Yangtze Reservoirs Affected by Water Transfer Projects

by Fan Wen, Wenhai Guan, Mingxiang Yang, Jixue Cao, Yibo Zou, Xuan Liu, Hejia Wang and Ningpeng Dong

Water 2023, 15(19), 3393; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193393 - 27 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 741

Abstract

To alleviate regional disparities in water resource distribution and consequent scarcity, China has initiated and planned a series of inter-basin water transfer projects using the Yangtze River Basin as the source. These projects are expected to divert approximately 33.4 billion cubic meters of water annually from the Yangtze River Basin. The implementation of these water transfer projects will inevitably alter the hydrological conditions in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, impacting the reservoir storage strategies of cascading hydroelectric stations under current end-of-flood-season operational plans. This study quantitatively assesses the impact of water transfer projects on end-of-flood-season reservoir storage in cascading systems using the reservoir fullness ratio as an indicator. Employing reservoir storage analysis models, optimization techniques, and flood risk assessment methods, we simulated reservoir storage processes to evaluate associated flood risks and derive an optimized timing strategy for cascading reservoir storage. The results indicate that advancing the reservoir filling schedule by five days for both the Baihetan and Three Gorges dams can offset the adverse impacts of water transfer projects on reservoir storage efficiency. This adjustment restores the reservoir fullness ratio to levels observed in scenarios without water transfers while still meeting flood control requirements. After optimizing the timing of reservoir filling, the electricity generation capacity for the Baihetan and Three Gorges dams increased by 1.357 and 3.183 billion kWh, respectively, under non-transfer scenarios. In water transfer scenarios, the electricity generation for the Baihetan and Three Gorges dams increased by 1.48 and 2.759 billion kWh, respectively. By optimizing reservoir filling schedules, we not only improved the reservoir fullness ratio but also enhanced the electricity generation efficiency of the cascading systems, offering valuable insights for future reservoir operation optimization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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20 pages, 8199 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship Identification between Water-Energy Resource Utilization Efficiency and Ecological Risk in the Context of Assessment-Decoupling Two-Stage Framework—A Case Study of Henan Province, China

by Tao Zhong, Qiting Zuo, Junxia Ma, Qingsong Wu and Zhizhuo Zhang

Water 2023, 15(19), 3377; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193377 - 26 Sep 2023

Viewed by 843

Abstract

The situation of resource utilization and eco-environment protection remains critical globally. The harmony between eco-environment health and water-energy utilization efficiency is a strong support for the realization of high-quality development. In this paper, an Assessment-Decoupling two-stage framework was developed to investigate the relationship between water-energy resource utilization and ecological security. In detail, an improved input-output indicator system was constructed to assess the water-energy resource utilization efficiency (WEUE), and its influencing factors were examined from multiple system perspectives; then, we intended to evaluate the ecological risk (ER) from a raster-scale perspective based on land-use types; and finally, the decoupling idea was introduced to quantify the fitness relationship of the above two aspects. The framework was applied to Henan Province, China. The study found that: (1) the WEUE of Henan Province shows a “W” pattern of development during 2000–2020; in 2000–2010, the WEUE of South Henan declined, while in 2010–2020, the WEUE of Henan Province gradually improved, with significant increases in various districts. (2) The ecological risk index (ERI) in Henan Province generally shows a decreasing trend, and the spatial difference is more obvious, with the high-risk areas mainly concentrated in the central, east, and south Henan, and the west of Henan is mainly a low-risk area. (3) There is strong spatial variation in the decoupling states of WEUE and ERI of the 18 districts in Henan Province, and the differences become more pronounced over time. The number of districts with a strong negative decoupling state has been increasing during the entire period, and a total of 14 districts have reached the above state in 2020. The developed framework offers a new idea for clarifying the relationship between resource utilization and ecological conditions, and the obtained results can provide data support for the realization of sustainable development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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17 pages, 2962 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Replenishment Impacts on Hydrogeochemistry and Water Quality in the Hutuo River Plain

by Ruolin Zhang, Baoyun Zhang, Yuntong Guo, Xiangke Kong, Yasong Li, Yaci Liu, Lining Chen and Qiuli Gong

Water 2023, 15(19), 3326; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15193326 - 22 Sep 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 628

Abstract

To investigate the influence of the Hutuo River (North China) ecological water replenishment project on the hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater, 64 groundwater samples collected at different time intervals after four replenishment events, and four samples from the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project water, were analyzed for water chemistry. Hydrogeochemical methods such as the Piper diagram, chloride-alkalinity index, and ion correlation were employed to analyze the characteristics of groundwater chemical evolution through replenishment. The results demonstrated that the hydrochemical types of groundwater in the study area underwent significant changes during continuous replenishment in the Hutuo River region. During the initial replenishment period (October 2019), the dominant hydrochemical type of groundwater in the study area was Mg-Na-HCO₃-SO₄, whereas the dominant type in the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project water was Ca-Na-SO₄-HCO₃. As the replenishment continued, the hydrochemical types of groundwater in the study area evolved into Ca-Na-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄, Na-Ca-Mg-HCO₃-SO₄, and Ca-Na-Mg-SO₄-HCO₃. The groundwater experienced a dissolution of calcite, gypsum, nitratine, carbonate rocks, and gypsum, accompanied by dilution effects, resulting in reduced ion exchange as replenishment progressed. The input of the high quality Middle Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project water effectively promoted groundwater quality improvement, leading to an overall decrease or stabilization of components other than Ca²⁺ in the groundwater. Water quality was assessed using the entropy water quality index, with indicators including Na⁺, SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻, pH, total dissolved solids, NO₃⁻-N, NO₂⁻-N, F⁻, Al, As, and Zn. The evaluation results showed that, except for one medium-quality water sample, the water quality of the other samples was suitable for drinking and domestic purposes during the early replenishment period. The Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project exhibited excellent quality (Rank 1), and as replenishment progressed, all water samples demonstrated good quality by October 2020, with a gradual improvement. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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20 pages, 7532 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Measurement of Green Water Resource Utilization Efficiency for Carbon Neutrality: A Multiple Water Use Sectoral Perspective Considering Carbon Emission

by Chenguang Zhao, Qiting Zuo, Junxia Ma, Chao Zang and Qingsong Wu

Water 2023, 15(18), 3312; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15183312 - 20 Sep 2023

Viewed by 932

Abstract

Green and high-efficiency water resource utilization patterns hold paramount importance in promoting sustainable economic and social development, as well as in attaining the goal of carbon neutrality. Most research on water utilization efficiency have taken a general perspective to quantify it, neglecting independent relationships and green effects among water use sectors. This study proposed an integrated measurement model of green water resource utilization efficiency (GWRUE), combined with the carbon dioxide emission equivalent analysis method of water resource behaviors, and constructed an input–output indicator system of GWRUE from four dimensions: domestic, industrial, agricultural, and ecological water. The aim is to achieve the measurement of GWRUE towards carbon neutrality. In this paper, 18 cities in Henan Province were used as instances to carry out the study. The results show that (1) The CO₂ emission equivalent from multiple water use sectors in Henan Province showed a tendency of fluctuating reduction during the study period, from a peak of 21,090,100 tons in 2012 to a low of 12,351,900 tons in 2021, with large spatial variations, and the CO₂ emission effect existed in most cities, with Zhengzhou being the highest. (2) The GWRUE of domestic, industrial, and agricultural water in Henan Province and 18 cities exhibited an overall upward trend, while that of ecological water presented a downward trend and was at the lowest level among the four sectors. (3) Consolidated GWRUE in Henan Province tended to decrease and then increase; its value was 0.512 in 2011, 0.448 in 2017, and 0.586 in 2021, and most of its cities were at a Medium level. The findings of this study can serve as a theoretical and practical basis for improving the level of green and efficient utilization of water resources, as well as offer references for relevant water use sectors to formulate CO₂ emission reduction policies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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18 pages, 8956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Deficit Caused by Land Use Changes and Its Implications on the Ecological Protection of the Endorheic Dalinor Lake Watershed in Inner Mongolia, China

by Longfeng Wang, Wenpeng Li, Yuejun Zheng, Xuefei Zhang, Fuqiang Yuan and Xia Wu

Water 2023, 15(16), 2882; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15162882 - 09 Aug 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 693

Abstract

Dalinor Lake, the second-largest endorheic salt lake in Inner Mongolia, has shown a shrinking trend given the lack of a significant decrease in precipitation (PRE). Based on high-spatial-resolution datasets, we employed a linear regression model, Theil–Sen median trend analysis, the Mann–Kendall test, and a land use transfer matrix to identify the spatio-temporal distribution and trends of PRE and actual evapotranspiration (AET) at the watershed scale during 2001–2019; then, the water deficit (WD) caused by land use changes in different surface lithology zones was analyzed. The results showed that the annual PRE and WD of the Dalinor Lake watershed showed insignificant upward trends, while the annual AET showed a significant upward trend. Spatially, about 89% of the watershed showed a significant upward trend for AET, while 12% showed a weak significant upward trend for PRE. The WDs of the aeolian sand zone and the sand, gravel, and silt accumulation zone were most heavily affected by the new increased land use from 2001 to 2019, accounting for 43.14% and 25.56% of the total WD of the watershed, respectively. Specifically, the WD of the aeolian sand zone caused by the new increased grassland and farmland in 2019 accounted for 41.92% and 18.52% of the total WD of the zone, respectively. The WD of the sand, gravel, and silt accumulation zone caused by the new increased grassland and farmland in 2019 accounted for 37.07% and 35.59% of the total WD of the zone, respectively. The WD caused by the new increased land use was increased by 7.78 million m³ in 2019 compared with the corresponding land use type in 2001, which would decrease the water yield. It is necessary to strengthen the protection of regional forest ecosystems in the granite and terrigenous clastic rock zone; standardize pasture management and reduce farmland reclamation in the sand, gravel, and silt accumulation zone, the aeolian sand zone, and the basalt platform zone; and reduce unnecessary impervious land construction in the aeolian sand zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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18 pages, 9019 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of Drought Characteristic of Sichuan Province, Southwestern China

by Yin Zhang, Jun Xia, Fang Yang, Dunxian She, Lei Zou, Si Hong, Qiang Wang, Fei Yuan and Lixiang Song

Water 2023, 15(8), 1601; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081601 - 20 Apr 2023

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1918

Abstract

Drought is a widespread and destructive natural hazard and is projected to occur more frequently and intensely, with more severe impacts in a changing environment. In this study, we used the standardized precipitation index (SPI) at various time scales (i.e., 3, 6, and 12 months) to provide an overall view of drought conditions across Sichuan Province, southwestern China, from 1961 to 2016. Then, the relationship between the SPI and the soil moisture anomalies was analyzed. Furthermore, the causes of SPI drought from the perspective of large-scale atmospheric circulation were assessed in the study area. The results showed that most stations with decreasing trends were located in the eastern part of Sichuan Province, while most stations with increasing trends were located in the northwestern part, indicating that the eastern region presented a drying trend, while the northwestern part exhibited a wetting trend. The specific analysis focused on extreme drought indicated an increasing occurrence the probability of extreme drought events, which could induce a high potential drought risk in the study area. The SPI values had a strong relationship with the soil moisture anomalies, and the linear correlation coefficients decreased as the time scale increased. This result indicated that SPI3 (3-month SPI) could be regarded as a good predictor of soil moisture drought. The cross wavelet analysis revealed that the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) had statistically significant correlations with the SPIs in Sichuan Province. The results of this study are useful for assessing the change in local drought events, which will help reduce the losses caused by drought disasters in Sichuan Province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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20 pages, 6249 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Driving Factors of Industrial Water Use Change Based on Carbon Emission and Sectoral Perspectives in Hebei Province, China

by Xiaoling Li, Lizhen Wang, Haihong Li, Yong Zhao, Hao Wang, Changhai Qin and Jiaqi Zhai

Water 2023, 15(7), 1311; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15071311 - 27 Mar 2023

Viewed by 1260

Abstract

Hebei Province in China is facing a serious water shortage, which is further aggravated by the pressure of industrial transfer and the unreasonable structure of industrial water use. To explore the relationship between industrial water use and carbon emissions, in this study, a refined logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI) decomposition method was developed to analyze the driving factors of industrial water use in Hebei Province during 2008–2019 from carbon emission and sectoral perspectives. The results show that the carbon emission effect, the water–carbon effect, and the industrial structure effect were the main factors contributing to the decrease in industrial water use during the study period. The carbon emission effect made a great contribution to its decline. The cumulative contributions of these factors were −1425, −533, and −763 million m³ from 2008 to 2019. The contribution of the industrial structure effect was −106.93%, with a large potential for water saving. According to the sectoral analysis, the 32 sectors in Hebei Province exhibited significant sectoral heterogeneity, and the strong promoting industries were identified as the main sectors contributing to the increase in the promotion of industrial water use. This paper provides a reference for the scientific formulation of water-saving and emission-reduction policies and research on the water–carbon relationship in Hebei Province. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue China Water Forum 2023)

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