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Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III

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A special issue of Water (ISSN 2073-4441). This special issue belongs to the section "Water Resources Management, Policy and Governance".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: 25 June 2025 | Viewed by 12796

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Prof. Dr. Qiting Zuo

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School of Water Conservancy and Transportation, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Interests: human–water harmony; climate change adaptation; integrated water resource management; interconnected river system network; high-quality development for Yellow River; water environment protection
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Prof. Dr. Xiangyi Ding

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Department of Water Resources, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, China
Interests: urban hydrology; urban flood prevention; hydrological cycle simulation; climate change; safety and security of water resources
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Dr. Guotao Cui

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School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
Interests: water management; mountain hydrology; vadose zone; hydrologic modeling; snow
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Dr. Wei Zhang

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Guest Editor

School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
Interests: yellow river environment; emerging pollutant; sediment; microplastics; pollutant control
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Based on the release of the two Special Issues titled “Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration, and Protection I–II”, we have received a large number of excellent submissions, which delve deeply into the issues of ecological environment protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. This fully reflects the enthusiasm and interest of scholars both domestically and internationally in Yellow River research.

Currently, issues such as the coordination of human–water relationships, water security, water resource allocation, ecological environment restoration, water pollutant treatment, and the coexistence of new pollutants continue to constrain the high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin. In light of this, we should further identify the key issues constraining ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin and attempt to propose scientific pathways for resolution. Herein, we welcome submissions on the following themes (but not limited to):

The current status and constraining factors of the ecological environment and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin;
Opportunities and strategies for Yellow River Basin management;
Harmonious regulation of human–water relationships;
Emerging pollutants issues in the Yellow River Basin;
The impact of environmental changes on water security and water resource allocation;
Ecological restoration and protection in the Yellow River Basin.

Prof. Dr. Qiting Zuo
Prof. Dr. Xiangyi Ding
Dr. Guotao Cui
Dr. Wei Zhang
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Yellow River Basin
current state and challenges
human–water relationships
emerging pollutants
water security
high-quality development

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Published Papers (9 papers)

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Research

17 pages, 2618 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Coordination Analysis and Driving Factors of “Water-Land-Energy-Carbon” Coupling in Nine Provinces of the Yellow River Basin

by Daiwei Zhang, Ming Jing, Buhui Chang, Weiwei Chen, Ziming Li, Shuai Zhang and Ting Li

Water 2025, 17(8), 1138; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17081138 - 10 Apr 2025

Viewed by 164

Abstract

As an important ecological barrier and economic belt in China, the sustainable development of the Yellow River Basin (YRB) is of great significance to national ecological security and regional economic balance. Based on the coupled and coordinated development analysis of the water–soil–energy–carbon (W-L-E-C) system in the provinces of the Yellow River Basin from 2002 to 2022, this study systematically analyzed the interaction relationship among the various factors through WLECNI index assessment, factor identification, and driving factor exploration. Thus, it fully reveals the spatiotemporal evolution law of regional coordinated development and its internal driving mechanism. It is found that the coordinated development of the W-L-E-C system in different provinces of the Yellow River Basin presents significant spatiotemporal differentiation, and its evolution process is influenced by multiple factors. It is found that the coordination of the YRB presents a significant spatial difference, and Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, as high coordination areas, have achieved significant improvement in coordination, through ecological restoration and clean energy replacement, arable land intensification, and industrial water-saving technology, respectively. Shandong, Henan, and Shanxi in the middle coordination zone have made some achievements in industrial greening and water-saving technology promotion, but they are still restricted by industrial carbon emissions and land resource pressure. The Ningxia and Gansu regions with low coordination are slow to improve their coordination due to water resource overload and inefficient energy utilization. Barrier factor analysis shows that the water resources utilization rate (W4), impervious area (L4), energy consumption per unit GDP (E1), and carbon emissions from energy consumption (C3) are the core factors restricting coordination. Among them, the water quality compliance rate (W5) of Shanxi and Henan is very low, and the impervious area (L4) of Shandong is a prominent problem. The interaction analysis of the driving factors showed that there were significant interactions between water resource use and ecological protection (W-E), land resource and energy use (L-E), and carbon emissions and ecosystem (C-E). Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, and Shandong achieved coordinated improvement through “scenic energy + ecological restoration”, cultivated land protection, and industrial greening. Shanxi, Henan, and Ningxia are constrained by the “W-L-E-C” complex obstacles. In the future, the Yellow River Basin should implement the following zoning control strategy: for the areas with high coordination, it should focus on consolidating the synergistic advantages of ecological protection and energy development; water-saving technology and energy consumption reduction measures should be promoted in the middle coordination area. In the low coordination area, efforts should be made to solve the problem of resource overload, and the current situation of low resource utilization efficiency should be improved by improving the utilization rate of recycled water and applying photovoltaic sand control technology. This differentiated governance plan will effectively enhance the level of coordinated development across the basin. The research results provide a decision-making framework of “zoning regulation, system optimization and dynamic monitoring” for the sustainable development of the YRB, and provide a scientific basis for achieving high-quality development of the basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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24 pages, 15422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Multi-Scale Variation in Surface Water Area in the Yellow River Basin (1991–2023) Based on Suspended Particulate Matter Concentration and Water Indexes

by Zhiqiang Zhang, Xinyu Guo, Lianhai Cao, Xizhi Lv, Xiuyu Zhang, Li Yang, Hui Zhang, Xu Xi and Yichen Fang

Water 2024, 16(18), 2704; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182704 - 23 Sep 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1187

Abstract

Surface water is a crucial part of terrestrial ecosystems and is crucial to maintaining ecosystem health, ensuring social stability, and promoting high-quality regional economic development. The surface water in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) has a high sediment content and spatially heterogeneous sediment distribution, presenting a significant challenge for surface water extraction. In this study, we first analyze the applicability of nine water indexes in the YRB by using the Landsat series images (Landsat 5, 7, 8) and then examine the correlation between the accuracy of the water indexes and suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations. On this basis, we propose a surface water extraction method considering the SPM concentrations (SWE-CSPM). Finally, we examine the dynamic variations in the surface water in the YRB at four scales: the global scale, the secondary water resource zoning scale, the provincial scale, and the typical water scale. The results indicate that (1) among the nine water indexes, the MBWI has the highest water extraction accuracy, followed by the AWEInsh and WI2021, while the NDWI has the lowest. (2) Compared with the nine water indexes and the multi-index water extraction rule method (MIWER), the SWE-CSPM can effectively reduce the commission errors of surface water extraction, and the water extraction accuracy is the highest (overall accuracy 95.44%, kappa coefficient 90.62%). (3) At the global scale, the maximum water area of the YRB shows a decreasing trend, but the change amount is small. The permanent water area shows an uptrend, whereas the seasonal water area shows a downtrend year by year. The reason may be that the increase in surface runoff and the construction of reservoir projects have led to the transformation of some seasonal water into permanent water. (4) At the secondary water resource zoning scale, the permanent water area of other secondary water resource zonings shows an increasing trend in different degrees, except for the Interior Drainage Area. (5) At the provincial scale, the permanent water area of all provinces shows an uptrend, while the seasonal water areas show a fluctuating downtrend. The maximum water area of Shandong, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Qinghai increases slowly, while the other provinces show a decreasing trend. (6) At the typical water scale, there are significant differences in the water area variation process in Zhaling Lake, Eling Lake, Wuliangsuhai, Hongjiannao, and Dongping Lake, but the permanent water area and maximum water area of these waters have increased over the past decade. This study offers significant technical support for the dynamic monitoring of surface water and helps to deeply understand the spatiotemporal variations in surface water in the YRB. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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18 pages, 5123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Spatiotemporal Changes in the Quantity and Quality of Water in the Xiao Bei Mainstream of the Yellow River and Characteristics of Pollutant Fluxes

by Zhenzhen Yu, Xiaojuan Sun, Li Yan, Yong Li, Huijiao Jin and Shengde Yu

Water 2024, 16(18), 2616; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16182616 - 15 Sep 2024

Viewed by 1150

Abstract

The Xiao Bei mainstream, located in the middle reaches of the Yellow River, plays a vital role in regulating the quality of river water. Our study leveraged 73 years of hydrological data (1951–2023) to investigate long-term runoff trends and seasonal variations in the Xiao Bei mainstream and its two key tributaries, the Wei and Fen Rivers. The results indicated a significant decline in runoff over time, with notable interannual fluctuations and an uneven distribution of runoff within the year. The Wei and Fen Rivers contributed 19.75% and 3.59% of the total runoff to the mainstream, respectively. Field monitoring was conducted at 11 locations along the investigated reach of Xiao Bei, assessing eight water quality parameters (temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), total phosphorus (TP), permanganate index (COD_Mn), and 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅)). Our long-term results showed that the water quality of the Xiao Bei mainstream during the monitoring period was generally classified as Class III. Water quality parameters at the confluence points of the Wei and Fen Rivers with the Yellow River were higher compared with the mainstream. After these tributaries merged into the mainstream, local sections show increased concentrations, with the water quality parameters exhibiting spatial fluctuations. Considering the mass flux process of transmission of the quantity and quality of water, the annual NH₃-N inputs from the Fen and Wei Rivers to the Yellow River accounted for 11.5% and 67.1%, respectively, and TP inputs accounted for 6.8% and 66.18%. These findings underscore the critical pollutant load from tributaries, highlighting the urgent need for effective pollution management strategies targeting these tributaries to improve the overall water quality of the Yellow River. This study sheds light on the spatiotemporal changes in runoff, water quality, and pollutant flux in the Xiao Bei mainstream and its tributaries, providing valuable insights to enhance the protection and management of the Yellow River’s water environment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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19 pages, 16961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Harmony-Based Approach for the Evaluation and Regulation of Water Security in the Yellow River Water-Receiving Area of Henan Province

by Zhiqiang Zhang, Weiwei Wang, Xiuyu Zhang, Hui Zhang, Li Yang, Xizhi Lv and Xu Xi

Water 2024, 16(17), 2497; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172497 - 3 Sep 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1245

Abstract

Water security, as a crucial component of national security, plays a significant role in maintaining regional stability and ensuring the healthy and rapid development of the economy and society. The Yellow River water-receiving area of Henan Province (YRWAR-HN) is selected as the research area in this study. Firstly, a comprehensive evaluation index system is constructed based on the actual water security problems of the research area, and the single index quantification–multiple indices syntheses–poly-criteria integration method (SMI-P) is introduced to quantify the water security degree of 14 cities in the YRWAR-HN from 2010 to 2021. Then, the obstacle degree model is used to identify the key obstacle indexes that restrict the improvement of water security. Finally, the harmonious behavior set optimization method is adopted to carry out the regulation of water security, and the improvement path of water security in the YRWAR-HN is formulated. The results indicate the following: (1) the water security degree of the YRWAR-HN shows a fluctuating upward trend, increasing from 0.4348 (2010) to 0.6766 (2021), a significant rise of 55.61%. The water security level improves from the relatively unsafe level to the relatively safe level. Hebi City exhibits the fastest rate of water security improvement, while Xinxiang City shows the slowest rate. (2) The density of the river network (X1) and the proportion of investment in water conservancy and environmental protection in the total investment (X15) are the two indexes with the highest obstacle degree, with the average obstacle degrees being 15.09% and 10.79%, respectively. (3) The combination of the composite regulation scenario and improvement Path 2 is the optimal regulation strategy for water security in the YRWAR-HN. From the implementation process, Luoyang, Sanmenxia, Jiyuan, Xuchang, and Shangqiu may prioritize improving their flood and drought disaster defense capabilities and emergency response capabilities, continuously enhancing the flood prevention and disaster reduction system. Zhengzhou, Kaifeng, Xinxiang, Jiaozuo, Anyang, Hebi, Pingdingshan, and Zhoukou may prioritize resolving the regional water supply and demand conflicts, balancing development and conservation, actively seeking transboundary and external water transfers, and strengthening the capacity for water conservation and intensive utilization. Puyang City may prioritize enhancing its comprehensive water environment management capabilities, increasing investment in water conservancy and the environment, improving production processes, reducing pollutant emissions, and mitigating agricultural non-point source pollution. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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23 pages, 7908 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Optimization Study on Sequential Emptying and Dredging for Water Diversity Reservoir Group

by Yujun Wang, Changsai Han and Xiping Zhao

Water 2024, 16(17), 2482; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172482 - 31 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1171

Abstract

Reservoir sediment severely impacts water supply in water-scarce regions, making reservoir dredging an urgent global issue. The investment required for deep-water dredging far exceeds that for dry land dredging. Therefore, against the backdrop of the national water network construction, this study focuses on a typical inter-basin water transfer project in Northern China. To increase the proportion of dry land dredging volume and save costs, this study uses compensation reservoirs to replace the emptied reservoir in undertaking water supply tasks as a constraint. Single-objective optimization models for single reservoirs and multi-objective optimization models for reservoir groups are established, using game theory comprehensive subjective and objective weighting methods to select the optimal solution. The following conclusions are drawn from comparing the water supply effects under various emptying sequences: the optimal sequence for emptying reservoirs should be determined through precise quantitative analysis; as the dredging is completed, the water supply tends to stabilize; the satisfaction with the water supply and the variance of the water shortage rate are primarily related to reservoirs with a large inflow and storage capacity; dredging occurs according to the descending order of the storage capacity of reservoirs; and the startup proportion of pump stations shows an increasing trend. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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17 pages, 4969 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Water Quality Status and Its Historical Evolution Trend in the Mainstream and Major Tributaries of the Yellow River Basin

by Zhenzhen Yu, Xiaojuan Sun, Li Yan, Shengde Yu, Yong Li and Huijiao Jin

Water 2024, 16(17), 2413; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16172413 - 27 Aug 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2729

Abstract

The Yellow River basin, an area of extreme water scarcity, has faced significant challenges in water quality management due to rapid economic and social development since the 1980s. This study analyzes the water quality evolution over nearly 40 years, focusing on primary pollutants like chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), and permanganate index (COD_Mn). In the 1990s, sections of the river were severely polluted, with some areas failing to meet the lowest national standards. In 2000, 32% of the river water was classified as inferior Class V. However, enhanced water resource management and stricter pollutant regulations introduced after 2000 have significantly improved water quality. By 2010, water quality reached its nadir, with 16% of water classified as inferior Class V and 25% as Class IV–V. By 2020, water quality showed marked improvement, with a significant reduction in segments classified as inferior Class V and Class IV–V. Recent years have seen water quality stabilize, with COD meeting Class I standards and NH₃-N and COD_Mn meeting Class II standards based on national criteria. The study also highlights discrepancies in water quality between the mainstream and tributaries of the Yellow River. While the mainstream generally maintains good water quality, many tributaries remain severely polluted. In 2022, 85% of the water in tributaries was classified as Class I to III, 12.3% as Class IV to V, and only 2.7% as Class V. However, all water in the mainstream reached Class I–III, with 86% achieving Class II and 14% achieving Class I. A detailed analysis of the Huayuankou section over the past three decades shows a general decline in pollution indicators. Seasonal water quality fluctuations, correlated with flow rates and temperatures, were observed, often exhibiting normal distribution patterns. These findings underscore the effectiveness of sustained pollution control and the need for continuous, adaptive management strategies to improve and maintain water quality in the Yellow River basin. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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20 pages, 9236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Adaptive Multiscale 3D Simulation Platform for the Yellow River Using Sphere Geodesic Octree Grid Techniques

by Bingxuan Li, Jinxin Wang, Yan Zhang and Yongkang Sun

Water 2024, 16(13), 1791; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131791 - 25 Jun 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1219

Abstract

Earth system simulation technology is fundamental for ecological protection and high-quality development in the Yellow River Basin. To address the lack of a Yellow River simulation platform, this study proposes an adaptive multiscale true 3D crust simulation platform using the Sphere Geodesic Octree Grid (SGOG). Twelve models in four categories were designed: single fine-scale models, geomorphic zone-based models, and models using both top-down and bottom-up approaches. The models were evaluated based on terrain feature representation and computational efficiency. The results show that single fine-scale models preserve detailed terrain features but are computationally intensive. They are suitable for the precise simulation of surface processes. Top-down and bottom-up models balance terrain detail and efficiency, and are thereby widely applicable. Geomorphic zone-based models provide detailed focal area representation and higher computational efficiency, being more targeted. Various methods offer flexible scale transformations, each with its own strengths, allowing researchers to select a method according to practical application needs. Consequently, this research demonstrates that spherical discrete grids offer reliable support for constructing basin simulation platforms, providing new technological and scientific insights for the Yellow River Basin’s ecological protection and development. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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13 pages, 2764 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluating the Human–Water Relationship over the Past Two Decades Using the SMI-P Method across Nine Provinces along the Yellow River, China

by Lu Liu, Liuyue He and Qiting Zuo

Water 2024, 16(7), 916; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16070916 - 22 Mar 2024

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1579

Abstract

The foundation for ensuring the sustainable utilization of natural resources and human well-being lies in achieving a harmonious balance between nature and humans. In the Yellow River basin (YRB), numerous water crises, including floods, droughts, soil erosion, and water pollution, threaten its crucial role as a significant economic belt and ecological barrier. Unfortunately, less comprehension regarding the complex human–water relationship in this region has impeded watershed water management decision-makers from identifying key priorities for intervention. Here, we selected 29 evaluation indicators, including water resources, environment, ecology, society, economy, and science and technology from three dimensions: healthy water systems, sustainable human systems, and synergy of human–water system. We applied the entropy weight method, hierarchical analysis, and Single index quantification, multiple index synthesis, and poly-criteria integration (SMI-P) methods to quantify the spatial–temporal variation of the human–water harmony degree (HWHD) in nine provinces of the YRB from 2002 to 2021. We observed a consistent increase in the HWHD across all provinces in the YRB in the past two decades. Notably, five provinces have transitioned from Complete disharmony (0 ≤ HWHD ≤ 0.2) to Nearly complete disharmony (0.2 < HWHD ≤ 0.4). Additionally, the average growth rate of the downstream provinces is faster compared to those upstream. By 2021, the HWHD of upstream provinces like Sichuan and Ningxia, constrained by slower growth, became the two lowest provinces of the YRB, at 0.19 and 0.12 respectively. These findings offer valuable guidance for the region and similar areas grappling with the complex challenges of human–water conflicts, providing insights to navigate and address such dilemmas effectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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13 pages, 6040 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Water Resource Accessibility Assessment of Rural Settlements in the Yellow River Basin

by Heying Li, Huiling Ma, Jianchen Zhang, Xueye Chen and Xuefei Hong

Water 2024, 16(5), 708; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16050708 - 28 Feb 2024

Viewed by 1739

Abstract

Analyzing the spatial relationship between humans and water is crucial for regional development and water allocation schemes, particularly in the face of extreme water scarcity in the Yellow River Basin. A quantitative evaluation model of surface water resource accessibility (SWRA) has been developed, with rural settlements serving as the research unit. This model is built upon three key dimensions: topography, distance, and surface water resources within the Yellow River Basin. The results show that: (1) The SWRA range spans from 0.13 to 0.88, with an average value of 0.47 and a standard deviation of 0.05. Higher SWRA values are concentrated in the eastern and western regions, while lower values are predominantly found in the central area. (2) The gradient of SWRA across the 12 catchments, from low to high, is as follows: Sanmenxia station, Lanzhou station, Shizuishan station, Longmen station, Tongguan station, Toudaoguai station, Xiaolangdi station, Huayuankou station, Lijin station, Gaocun station, Ai Shan station, and Tangnaihai station. (3) At the city scale, the SWRA values are generally higher in the eastern areas of 10 cities, with one exception being higher in the west. Conversely, in the western areas of nine cities, the SWRA values are lower. The remaining cities exhibit SWRA values at a medium level. The correlation coefficient between primary industry gross domestic product (GDP) and SWRA is 0.271 (N = 56, Sig = 0.043, in 0.05 level, the correlation is significant), which confirms that SWRA serves as a factor influencing GDP and is appropriately designed for assessing water accessibility. Consequently, managers can utilize SWRA results to make informed decisions regarding regional development and water allocation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Yellow River Basin Management under Pressure: Present State, Restoration and Protection III)

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