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4 pages, 131 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation

by Andrea Zanini and Fulvio Celico

Water 2025, 17(3), 421; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17030421 - 3 Feb 2025

Viewed by 518

Abstract

The impact of human activities and climate change on water systems is becoming severe [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation)

Research

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25 pages, 36381 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Delineation of Groundwater Potential Using the Bivariate Statistical Models and Hybridized Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Models

by Müsteyde Baduna Koçyiğit and Hüseyin Akay

Water 2024, 16(22), 3273; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16223273 - 14 Nov 2024

Viewed by 1045

Abstract

Identifying groundwater potential zones in a basin and developing a sustainable management plan is becoming more important, especially where surface water is scarce. The main aim of the study is to prepare the groundwater potential maps (GWPMs) considering the bivariate statistical models of [...] Read more.

Identifying groundwater potential zones in a basin and developing a sustainable management plan is becoming more important, especially where surface water is scarce. The main aim of the study is to prepare the groundwater potential maps (GWPMs) considering the bivariate statistical models of frequency ratio (FR), weight of evidence (WoE), and the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) model of Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) hybridized with FR and WoE. Two distance measures, Euclidean and Manhattan, were used in TOPSIS to evaluate their effect on GWPMs. The research focused on the Burdur Lake catchment located in the southwest of Türkiye. In total, 74 wells with high yields were chosen randomly for the analysis, 52 (70%) for training, and 22 (30%) for testing processes. Sixteen groundwater conditioning factors were selected. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) and true skill statistics (TSS) were utilized to examine the goodness-of-fit and prediction accuracy of approaches. The TOPSIS-WoE-Manhattan model and the FR and WoE models gave the best AUROC values of 0.915 and 0.944 for the training and testing processes, respectively. The best TSS values of 0.827 and 0.864 were obtained by the TOPSIS-FR-Euclidean and WoE models for the training and testing processes, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation)

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17 pages, 3236 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Flash Flood Potential Analysis and Hazard Mapping of Wadi Mujib Using GIS and Hydrological Modelling Approach

by Moayyad Shawaqfah, Yazan Ababneh, Alhaj-Saleh A. Odat, Fares AlMomani, Alaa Alomush, Fayez Abdullah and Hatem H. Almasaeid

Water 2024, 16(13), 1918; https://doi.org/10.3390/w16131918 - 5 Jul 2024

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1481

Abstract

Jordan experienced flash floods that resulted in numerous fatalities and injuries. This research focuses on identifying the Wadi Mujib’s flash flood potential zones and evaluating their potential magnitude. In this work, hydrological models were developed by integrating GIS settings with HEC-HMS software (V. [...] Read more.

Jordan experienced flash floods that resulted in numerous fatalities and injuries. This research focuses on identifying the Wadi Mujib’s flash flood potential zones and evaluating their potential magnitude. In this work, hydrological models were developed by integrating GIS settings with HEC-HMS software (V. 4.11). The hydrological model for Wadi Mujib is simulated in this research by means of the Soil Conservation Service (curve number method) while using rainfall data from 1970 to 2022. The results show that the optimum curve number values (CN) were 78.5 at normal antecedent moisture content. Additionally, in order to aid in the decision-making process for flash flood warnings, a flash flood potential index (FFPI) was also introduced based on four main physiographic parameters (slope, land use, plant cover, and soil texture) ranging from 1 to 10. The accumulative chart’s FFPI threshold, which indicates the areas with the highest potential for flash floods, was set at 95% or above. The FFPI threshold was chosen using the accumulative chart of FFPI, which shows that the FFPM threshold value is 7 and covers 13.39% of the study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation)

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18 pages, 3297 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Groundwater Vulnerability to Nitrate Contamination from Fertilizers Using Modified DRASTIC Frameworks

by Maryam Torkashvand, Aminreza Neshat, Saman Javadi, Hossein Yousefi and Ronny Berndtsson

Water 2023, 15(17), 3134; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15173134 - 31 Aug 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2206

Abstract

Vulnerability maps of groundwater provide an efficient means of identifying environmental trends and prioritizing regions for prevention plans. The GIS-based DRASTIC method, however, does not consider the impact of contamination, so there is a need to modify it according to the specifics of [...] Read more.

Vulnerability maps of groundwater provide an efficient means of identifying environmental trends and prioritizing regions for prevention plans. The GIS-based DRASTIC method, however, does not consider the impact of contamination, so there is a need to modify it according to the specifics of the region and its contamination load. The aim of this study is to investigate a suitable DRASTIC modification for vulnerability assessment by changes in its rating and weighting systems. The goal is to explore and compare the impact of both objective and subjective weighting methods in the vulnerability assessment of a smaller aquifer situated beneath agricultural land. The frequency ratio (FR) method is used to adjust the DRASTIC index rates based on nitrate contamination as the main contamination from fertilizers extensively used in the study area. The DRASTIC parameters’ weights are determined using two objective and subjective methods, including Shannon entropy and single-parameter sensitivity analysis (SPSA), respectively. In total, five frameworks, including FR-DRASTIC, DRASTIC-Entropy, DRASTIC-SPSA, FR-SPSA, and FR-Entropy are developed and evaluated. We validate these proposed vulnerability indices based on the nitrate concentrations in 14 samples. The results show that the vulnerability map obtained from the FR-Entropy framework is superior, showing a 0.85 correlation with nitrate concentrations. Notably, Shannon entropy as an objective weighting method outperformed the subjective SPSA approach. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation)

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14 pages, 3311 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling of Distributed Control System for Network of Mineral Water Wells

by Ivan M. Pershin, Elena G. Papush, Tatyana V. Kukharova and Vladimir A. Utkin

Water 2023, 15(12), 2289; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122289 - 19 Jun 2023

Cited by 56 | Viewed by 2578

Abstract

The article is devoted to solving the problem of designing a distributed control system for a network of production wells on the example of mineral water deposits in the Caucasus Mineral Waters region, Russia. The purpose was to determine the set of parameters [...] Read more.

The article is devoted to solving the problem of designing a distributed control system for a network of production wells on the example of mineral water deposits in the Caucasus Mineral Waters region, Russia. The purpose was to determine the set of parameters of the control system to ensure technologically effective and safe operating modes of mineral water deposits. A mathematical model of the deposit was developed taking into account the given configuration and production rate of the network of the wells. The detailed algorithm is presented for designing the control system under consideration based on the frequency concept of analysis and synthesis for distributed control systems. The experimental tests and model validation were performed at the production wells facility of “Narzan”, Kislovodsk, Russia. The results of modeling and field experiments confirmed the adequacy of the mathematical model and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm. The authors came to the conclusion that the adapted mathematical model can be used to create a regional automated field cluster management system for monitoring, operational management and forecasting the nature of real hydrogeological processes and ensuring their stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation)

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34 pages, 17958 KiB

Open AccessArticle

How to Minimize the Environmental Contamination Caused by Hydrocarbon Releases by Onshore Pipelines: The Key Role of a Three-Dimensional Three-Phase Fluid Flow Numerical Model

by Alessandra Feo, Riccardo Pinardi, Emanuele Scanferla and Fulvio Celico

Water 2023, 15(10), 1900; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15101900 - 17 May 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1866

Abstract

The contamination impact and the migration of the contaminant into the surrounding environment due to the presence of a spilled oil pipeline will cause significant damage to the natural ecosystem. For this reason, developing a rapid response strategy that might include accurate predictions [...] Read more.

The contamination impact and the migration of the contaminant into the surrounding environment due to the presence of a spilled oil pipeline will cause significant damage to the natural ecosystem. For this reason, developing a rapid response strategy that might include accurate predictions of oil migration trajectories from numerical simulation modeling is decisive. This paper uses a three-dimensional model based on a high-resolution shock-capturing conservative method to resolve the nonlinear governing partial differential equations of the migration of a spilled light nonaqueous liquid oil contaminant in a variably saturated zone employed to investigate the migration of the oil pipeline leakage with great accuracy. The effects of the oil type density, gasoline, and diesel oil, the unsaturated zone depth, its saturation, the hydraulic gradient, and the pressure oil pipeline are investigated through the temporal evolution of the contaminant migration following the saturation profiles of the three-phase fluid flow in the variably saturated zone. The calculation results indicate that the leaking oil’s pressure is the parameter that significantly affects the contaminants’ arrival time at the groundwater table. Additionally, the water saturation of the unsaturated zone influences the arrival time, as the water saturation increases at a fixed depth. The unsaturated zone depth significantly influences the contaminant migration in the unsaturated zone. At the same time, the oil density and the hydraulic gradient have limited effects on the contaminant migration in the variably saturated zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation)

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13 pages, 5737 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Migration of DNAPL in Saturated Porous Media: Validation of High-Resolution Shock-Capturing Numerical Simulations through a Sandbox Experiment

by Alessandra Feo, Fulvio Celico and Andrea Zanini

Water 2023, 15(8), 1471; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15081471 - 10 Apr 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

This paper shows a comparison between experiments carried out in a laboratory-scale sandbox where the migration of a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL), hydrofluoroether (HFE-7100), in a saturated porous medium was investigated, and validation was performed using high-resolution shock-capturing numerical simulations to resolve [...] Read more.

This paper shows a comparison between experiments carried out in a laboratory-scale sandbox where the migration of a dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL), hydrofluoroether (HFE-7100), in a saturated porous medium was investigated, and validation was performed using high-resolution shock-capturing numerical simulations to resolve the nonlinear governing coupled partial differential equations of a three-phase immiscible fluid flow. The contaminant was released using a colored fluid as a tracer for a fixed time and pressures different from the atmospheric one into the saturated zone, first by using a column laboratory experiment, and then a sandbox-scale example with a hydraulic gradient. A digital image analysis procedure was used to determine the saturation distribution of the contaminant during its migration. These results are compared with the values determined for a DNAPL migration in a similar porous media through a numerical simulation. They show good agreement with the experimental results and also show that CactusHydro can follow the migration of a plume evolution very precisely and can also be used to evaluate the effects and environmental impacts deriving from leaks of DNAPL in saturated zones. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation)

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16 pages, 4111 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Distributed Control System for the Hydrodynamic Processes of Aquifers, Taking into Account Stochastic Disturbing Factors

by Yury Valeryevich Ilyushin and Mir-Amal Mirrashidovich Asadulagi

Water 2023, 15(4), 770; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15040770 - 15 Feb 2023

Cited by 32 | Viewed by 2616

Abstract

Uncontrolled, intensive extraction of water from mineral water deposits can lead to negative consequences, the penetration of sewage beyond the water-resistant layers, the destruction of the structure of aquifers and the further loss of the mineral water source. This paper deals with the [...] Read more.

Uncontrolled, intensive extraction of water from mineral water deposits can lead to negative consequences, the penetration of sewage beyond the water-resistant layers, the destruction of the structure of aquifers and the further loss of the mineral water source. This paper deals with the issues of control of hydrodynamic processes under random impacts in the aquifers of mineral water deposits using mathematical models. The analysis of the technological process of mineral water extraction and statistical analysis of retrospective monitoring data of the deposit were carried out in order to confirm the hypothesis of the stationarity of the processes under consideration. A mathematical model of hydrogeological processes occurring under random disturbances has been constructed. The influence of such disturbances is expressed in deviations of the head in the aquifer from the desired value. Controlling consists of maintaining the head of aquifers at a given level in order to preserve the hydro-mineral base of the region. Lumped and distributed controllers are proposed as corrective blocks, the parameters of which are calculated by frequency methods of controller synthesis. The use of a closed loop control system minimizes the influence of random effects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Aquifer Systems Analysis: Flows, Interactions, Quality Status, and Remediation)

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