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Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines
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Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines

A special issue of Vaccines (ISSN 2076-393X). This special issue belongs to the section "COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 36882

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Federico De Marco

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of RDAT, the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute IRCCS, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
Interests: viral (HPV) carcinogenesis; oxidative stress; ultraviolet radiation; skin carcinogenesis; cancer progression; cancer microenvironment; proteins' oxidation and carcinogenesis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 is severely threatening both human health and wealth at a global level. Availability of safe and effective vaccines is pivotal to infection containment and mitigation of its social impact. A number of differently formulated vaccines have been released sooner than expected and others are to come. Their extensive use has dramatically reduced both cases and casualties, but it has also underscored a number of critical biological and clinical issues that have to be addressed for a satisfactory control of disease and a safe removal of social restrictions.

We are launching a Vaccines Special Issue to cover these critical aspects of vaccine design, formulation, deployment, and use in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic, aiming to collect recent original research, short notes, letters, reviews, and comments. Issues of interest include but are not restricted to the following:

  • Use, efficacy, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in frail persons such as, but not limited to, patients with cardiopulmonary chronic diseases, COPD, Diabetes, chronical renal failure, renal transplant carriers, and oncological/onco-hematological patients;
  • Use, efficacy, and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in extreme ages (elderly/newborn), in pregnancy, in patients with chronical viral infections (HIV, HBV, or HCV), primary or secondary immune depression, or suffering for immune, allergic, or autoimmune diseases, either in treatment with immune modifying drugs or not;
  • Impact of COVID-19 vaccines in hospitalized/institutionalized persons and personnel and in special communities;
  • Off label use of COVID-19 vaccines: heterologous or mixed primer-booster schedules, extended prime to boost interval, etc.;
  • Interaction between COVID-19 vaccines and other vaccinations in newborns, in frail newborns (to an HIV/HBV/HCV-positive mother), in elderly, in multiple exposed frail patients, etc.;
  • Use and development of COVID-19 vaccines in medium–low-income countries or communities;
  • Next generation, new formulation, and new conception of COVID-19 vaccines.

Dr. Federico De Marco
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Vaccines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

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Published Papers (15 papers)

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12 pages, 2292 KiB  
Article
Immunogenicity Differences of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine According to Pre-Existing Adenovirus Immunity
by Jinnam Kim, Changhyup Kim, Jung Ah Lee, Se Ju Lee, Ki Hyun Lee, Jung Ho Kim, Jin Young Ahn, Su Jin Jeong, Nam Su Ku, Joon-Sup Yeom, Young Goo Song and Jun Yong Choi
Vaccines 2023, 11(4), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11040784 - 1 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1246
Abstract
This study investigated the immunogenicity of, and reactogenicity to, the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine according to pre-existing adenovirus immunity. Individuals scheduled for COVID-19 vaccination were prospectively enrolled in a tertiary hospital with 2400 beds from March 2020 onwards. Pre-existing adenovirus immunity data was obtained [...] Read more.
This study investigated the immunogenicity of, and reactogenicity to, the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine according to pre-existing adenovirus immunity. Individuals scheduled for COVID-19 vaccination were prospectively enrolled in a tertiary hospital with 2400 beds from March 2020 onwards. Pre-existing adenovirus immunity data was obtained before ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination. A total of 68 adult patients administered two doses of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine were enrolled. Pre-existing adenovirus immunity was identified in 49 patients (72.1%), but not in the remaining 19 patients (27.9%). The geometric mean titer of S-specific IgG antibodies was statistically higher in individuals without pre-existing adenovirus immunity at several time points: before the second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose (56.4 (36.6–125.0) vs. 51.0 (17.9–122.3), p = 0.024), 2–3 weeks after the second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose (629.5 (451.5–926.5) vs. 555.0 (287.3–926.0), p = 0.049), and 3 months after the second ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 dose (274.5 (160.5–655.3) vs. 176.0 (94.3–255.3), p = 0.033). In the absence of pre-existing adenovirus immunity, systemic events were observed with higher frequency, especially chills (73.7% vs. 31.9%, p = 0.002). In conclusion, individuals without pre-existing adenovirus immunity showed a higher immune response to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination and a higher frequency of reactogenicity to ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccination was observed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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12 pages, 771 KiB  
Article
Humoral Immunogenicity of mRNA Booster Vaccination after Heterologous CoronaVac-ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or Homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccination in Patients with Autoimmune Rheumatic Diseases: A Preliminary Report
by Porntip Intapiboon, Nawamin Pinpathomrat, Siriporn Juthong, Parichat Uea-Areewongsa, Jomkwan Ongarj and Boonjing Siripaitoon
Vaccines 2023, 11(3), 537; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11030537 - 24 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1543
Abstract
Immunogenicity data on the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster after completing a primary series vaccination, other than the mRNA vaccine, in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) is scarce. In this study, we reported the humoral immunogenicity of an mRNA booster 90–180 days after [...] Read more.
Immunogenicity data on the mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccine booster after completing a primary series vaccination, other than the mRNA vaccine, in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs) is scarce. In this study, we reported the humoral immunogenicity of an mRNA booster 90–180 days after completing heterologous CoronaVac/ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n = 19) or homologous ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (n = 14) vaccination by measuring the anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) IgG levels at one and three months after mRNA booster vaccination. This study included 33 patients with ARDs [78.8% women; mean (SD) age: 42.9 (10.6) years]. Most patients received prednisolone (75.8%, mean [IQR] daily dose: 7.5 [5, 7.5] mg) and azathioprine (45.5%). The seropositivity rates were 100% and 92.9% in CoronaVac/ChAdOx1 and ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1, respectively. The median (IQR) anti-RBD IgG level was lower in the ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1 group than in the CoronaVac/ChAdOx1 group (1867.8 [591.6, 2548.6] vs. 3735.8 [2347.9, 5014.0] BAU/mL, p = 0.061). A similar trend was significant in the third month [597.8 (735.5) vs. 1609.9 (828.4) BAU/mL, p = 0.003]. Minor disease flare-ups occurred in 18.2% of the patients. Our findings demonstrated satisfactory humoral immunogenicity of mRNA vaccine boosters after a primary series, with vaccine strategies other than the mRNA platform. Notably, the vaccine-induced immunity was lower in the ChAdOx1/ChAdOx1 primary series. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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13 pages, 1147 KiB  
Article
Preliminary In Vivo Evidence of Oral Selenium Supplementation as a Potentiating Agent on a Vector-Based COVID-19 Vaccine in BALB/c Mice
by Muunda Mudenda, Josephine Kimani, Johnson Kinyua and James Kimotho
Vaccines 2023, 11(1), 57; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11010057 - 26 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2235
Abstract
Evidence of efficacy and toxicity of oral selenium supplementation in vaccine administration against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) in mice models is scarce. In this study, 4 × 109 virus particles (40 µL) dose of Janssen COVID-19 intramuscular injection vaccine [...] Read more.
Evidence of efficacy and toxicity of oral selenium supplementation in vaccine administration against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) in mice models is scarce. In this study, 4 × 109 virus particles (40 µL) dose of Janssen COVID-19 intramuscular injection vaccine was supplemented with a commercial selenium supplement and sodium selenite orally in BALB/c mice (N = 18). Qualitative determination of anti-spike IgG antibody response using indirect Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) showed significant (p ≤ 0.001) increase in anti-spike IgG antibody response for mice groups immunized with vaccine and supplemented selenium. Furthermore, cytokine profiling using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction also showed an increase in IL-6 and IL-10 mRNA levels normalized using hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (Hprt1) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gadph) housekeeping genes. There was no statistical significance (p < 0.465) among treated and untreated groups for alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), urea, and creatinine parameters. The study presents preliminary findings and suggests that supplementing Janssen COVID-19 vaccines with selenium can generate more robust immune responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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11 pages, 2080 KiB  
Article
Immunogenicity and Durability of Antibody Responses to Homologous and Heterologous Vaccinations with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 Vaccines for COVID-19
by Dong-In Kim, Seo Jin Lee, Soonju Park, Paul Kim, Sun Min Lee, Nakyung Lee, David Shum, Dong Ho Kim and Eui Ho Kim
Vaccines 2022, 10(11), 1864; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111864 - 4 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1626
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were developed based on various platform technologies and were approved for emergency use. However, the comparative analysis of immunogenicity and durability of vaccine-induced antibody responses depending on vaccine platforms or vaccination regimens has not been thoroughly examined for [...] Read more.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccines were developed based on various platform technologies and were approved for emergency use. However, the comparative analysis of immunogenicity and durability of vaccine-induced antibody responses depending on vaccine platforms or vaccination regimens has not been thoroughly examined for mRNA- or viral vector-based vaccines. In this study, we assessed spike-binding IgG levels and neutralizing capacity in 66 vaccinated individuals prime-boost immunized either by homologous (BNT162b2-BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1-ChAdOx1) or heterologous (ChAdOx1-BNT162b2) vaccination for six months after the first vaccination. Despite the discrepancy in intervals for the prime-boost vaccination regimen of different COVID-19 vaccines, we found stronger induction and relatively rapid waning of antibody responses by homologous vaccination of the mRNA vaccine, while weaker boost effect and stable maintenance of humoral immune responses were observed in the viral vector vaccine group over 6 months. Heterologous vaccination with ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 resulted in an effective boost effect with the highest remaining antibody responses at six months post-primary vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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21 pages, 4705 KiB  
Article
Public Opinions on COVID-19 Vaccines—A Spatiotemporal Perspective on Races and Topics Using a Bayesian-Based Method
by Zifu Wang, Yudi Chen, Yun Li, Devika Kakkar, Wendy Guan, Wenying Ji, Jacob Cain, Hai Lan, Dexuan Sha, Qian Liu and Chaowei Yang
Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1486; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091486 - 7 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2175
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has been sweeping across the United States of America since early 2020. The whole world was waiting for vaccination to end this pandemic. Since the approval of the first vaccine by the U.S. CDC on 9 November 2020, nearly 67.5% [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has been sweeping across the United States of America since early 2020. The whole world was waiting for vaccination to end this pandemic. Since the approval of the first vaccine by the U.S. CDC on 9 November 2020, nearly 67.5% of the US population have been fully vaccinated by 10 July 2022. While quite successful in controlling the spreading of COVID-19, there were voices against vaccines. Therefore, this research utilizes geo-tweets and Bayesian-based method to investigate public opinions towards vaccines based on (1) the spatiotemporal changes in public engagement and public sentiment; (2) how the public engagement and sentiment react to different vaccine-related topics; (3) how various races behave differently. We connected the phenomenon observed to real-time and historical events. We found that in general the public is positive towards COVID-19 vaccines. Public sentiment positivity went up as more people were vaccinated. Public sentiment on specific topics varied in different periods. African Americans’ sentiment toward vaccines was relatively lower than other races. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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17 pages, 3268 KiB  
Article
Longitudinal Comparison of Neutralizing Antibody Responses to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines after Second and Third Doses
by Alexa J. Roeder, Megan A. Koehler, Paniz Jasbi, Davis McKechnie, John Vanderhoof, Baylee A. Edwards, Maria J. Gonzalez-Moa, Alim Seit-Nebi, Sergei A. Svarovsky and Douglas F. Lake
Vaccines 2022, 10(9), 1459; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10091459 - 3 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1923
Abstract
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines protect against severe disease and hospitalization. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are a first-line defense mechanism, but protective NAb responses are variable. Currently, NAb testing is not widely available. This study employed a lateral flow assay for monitoring NAb levels postvaccination and [...] Read more.
COVID-19 mRNA vaccines protect against severe disease and hospitalization. Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are a first-line defense mechanism, but protective NAb responses are variable. Currently, NAb testing is not widely available. This study employed a lateral flow assay for monitoring NAb levels postvaccination and natural infection, using a finger-stick drop of blood. We report longitudinal NAb data from BNT162b2 (Pfizer) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna) recipients after second and third doses. Results demonstrate a third dose of mRNA vaccine elicits higher and more durable NAb titers than the second dose, independent of manufacturer, sex, and age. Our analyses also revealed that vaccinated individuals could be categorized as strong, moderate, and poorly neutralizing responders. After the second dose, 34% of subjects were classified as strong responders, compared to 79% after the third dose. The final months of this study coincided with the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and symptomatic breakthrough infections within our study population. Lastly, we show that NAb levels sufficient for protection from symptomatic infection with early SARS-CoV-2 variants were not protective against Omicron infection and disease. This work highlights the need for accessible vaccine response monitoring for use in healthcare, such that individuals, particularly those in vulnerable populations, can make informed vaccination decisions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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15 pages, 1059 KiB  
Article
Intensity of Humoral Immune Responses, Adverse Reactions, and Post-Vaccination Morbidity after Adenovirus Vector-Based and mRNA Anti-COVID-19 Vaccines
by Ioanna Voulgaridi, Styliani Sarrou, Aikaterini Dadouli, Athanasia-Marina Peristeri, Asimina Nasika, Ilias Onoufriadis, Maria A. Kyritsi, Lemonia Anagnostopoulos, Aikaterini Theodoridou, Ioanna Avakian, Dimitra Pappa, Adamos-Konstantinos Konstantinou, Georgia Papadamou, Varvara A. Mouchtouri, Efi Petinaki, Matthaios Speletas and Christos Hadjichristodoulou
Vaccines 2022, 10(8), 1268; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081268 - 6 Aug 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2098
Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 with adenovirus vector- based vaccines in terms of presence of adverse reactions, immunogenicity, and protection against COVID-19. A total of 270 individuals were enrolled, of which 135 were vaccinated with adenovirus vector-based [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to compare mRNA vaccine BNT162b2 with adenovirus vector- based vaccines in terms of presence of adverse reactions, immunogenicity, and protection against COVID-19. A total of 270 individuals were enrolled, of which 135 were vaccinated with adenovirus vector-based vaccines and compared with 135 age- and sex-matched participants who received the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine. Serum sampling was performed on all participants on days 21, 42, 90, and 180 following the first dose, to evaluate anti-spike IgG and IgA responses. Antibodies were quantified by chemiluminescent microplate and ELISA assays. We demonstrate that both mRNA and adenovirus vector-based vaccines caused mild side-effects and were effective in inducing adequate antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2, although BNT162b2 was superior concerning the intensity of antibody responses and protection against severe COVID-19. Moreover, we identify that IgG and IgA responses depended primarily on both history of previous COVID-19 infection and vaccination platform used, with individuals immunized with a single-dose vaccine having lower antibody titers over time. Lastly, all vaccine platforms had limited side-effects, with the most frequent pain at the injection site. Our results provide useful information regarding antibody responses after vaccination with different vaccine platforms, which can be useful for public health vaccination strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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8 pages, 481 KiB  
Article
Immunogenicity and Safety of BNT162b2 Homologous Booster Vaccination in People Living with HIV under Effective cART
by Laura Gianserra, Maria Gabriella Donà, Eugenia Giuliani, Christof Stingone, Martina Pontone, Anna Rita Buonomini, Massimo Giuliani, Fulvia Pimpinelli, Aldo Morrone and Alessandra Latini
Vaccines 2022, 10(8), 1243; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10081243 - 3 Aug 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 1951
Abstract
Data on COVID-19 boosting vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH) are scant. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 homologous boosting vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies (LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG test, DiaSorin®), CD4+, CD8+ and viraemia were monitored [...] Read more.
Data on COVID-19 boosting vaccination in people living with HIV (PLWH) are scant. We investigated the immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 homologous boosting vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies (LIAISON® SARS-CoV-2 S1/S2 IgG test, DiaSorin®), CD4+, CD8+ and viraemia were monitored at T0 (pre-vaccination), T1 (4 weeks after the second dose), T2 (pre-booster) and T3 (4 weeks after the booster dose). Humoral responses were evaluated according to sex, age, BMI, nadir and baseline CD4+ counts, as well as type of cART regimen. Forty-two subjects were included: the median age was 53 years (IQR: 48–61); the median time since HIV was 12.4 years (IQR: 6.5–18.3); the median nadir and baseline CD4+ counts were 165 (IQR: 104–291) and 687 cells/mm3 (IQR: 488–929), respectively. The booster dose was administered at a median of 5.5 months after the second dose. Median anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG concentration had significantly decreased at T2 compared to T1 (107 vs. 377, p < 0.0001). Antibody levels elicited by the booster dose (median: 1580 AU/mL) were significantly higher compared with those of all the other time points (p < 0.0001). None of the investigated variables significantly affected antibody response induced by the booster dose. Local and systemic side-effects were referred by 23.8% and 14.3% of the subjects, respectively. One patient developed sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) 24 h after boosting. He recovered auditory function upon endothympanic administration of corticosteroids. The BNT162b2 boosting vaccination in PLWH is safe and greatly increased the immune response with respect to the primary vaccination. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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12 pages, 276 KiB  
Article
Immunogenicity of BNT162b2 Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant and Attitudes toward a COVID-19 Booster Dose among Healthy Thai Adolescents
by Pavinee Assavavongwaikit, Napaporn Chantasrisawad, Orawan Himananto, Chayapa Phasomsap, Pintusorn Klawaja, Sapphire Cartledge, Rachaneekorn Nadsasarn, Thidarat Jupimai, Surinda Kawichai, Suvaporn Anugulruengkitt, Thanyawee Puthanakit and on behalf of the Study Team
Vaccines 2022, 10(7), 1098; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071098 - 8 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2463
Abstract
Despite the BNT162b2 vaccination coverage, rapid transmission of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 has occurred, which is suspected to be due to the immune escape of the variant or waning vaccine efficacy of multiple BNT162b2 vaccination doses. Our study aims to compare immunogenicity against Omicron prior [...] Read more.
Despite the BNT162b2 vaccination coverage, rapid transmission of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 has occurred, which is suspected to be due to the immune escape of the variant or waning vaccine efficacy of multiple BNT162b2 vaccination doses. Our study aims to compare immunogenicity against Omicron prior to and post a booster dose of BNT162b2 in healthy adolescents, and to evaluate their attitudes toward booster dose vaccination. A cross sectional study was conducted among healthy adolescents aged 12–17 who received two doses of BNT162b2 more than 5 months ago. Participants and their guardians performed self-reported questionnaires regarding reasons for receiving the booster. A 30 ug booster dose of BNT162b2 was offered. Immunogenicity was evaluated by a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) against the Omicron variant, and anti-spike-receptor-binding-domain IgG (anti-S-RBD IgG) taken pre-booster and 14-days post-booster. From March to April 2022, 120 healthy Thai adolescents with a median age of 15 years (IQR 14–16) were enrolled. sVNT against Omicron pre- and post-booster had 11.9 (95%CI 0–23.9) and 94.3 (90.6–97.4) % inhibition. Geometric means (GMs) of anti-S-RBD IgG increased from 837 (728, 953) to 3041 (2893, 3229) BAU/mL. Major reasons to receive the booster vaccination were perceived as vaccine efficacy, reduced risk of spreading infection to family, and safe resumption of social activities. A booster dose of BNT162b2 elicits high immunogenicity against the Omicron variant. Motivation for receiving booster doses is to reduce risk of infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
13 pages, 2581 KiB  
Article
Immunogenicity Following Two Doses of the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine and a Third Booster Dose with a Viral Vector and mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines against Delta and Omicron Variants in Prime Immunized Adults with Two Doses of the BBIBP-CorV Vaccine
by Jira Chansaenroj, Nungruthai Suntronwong, Sitthichai Kanokudom, Suvichada Assawakosri, Ritthideach Yorsaeng, Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana, Sirapa Klinfueng, Lakana Wongsrisang, Donchida Srimuan, Thaksaporn Thatsanatorn, Thanunrat Thongmee, Chompoonut Auphimai, Pornjarim Nilyanimit, Nasamon Wanlapakorn, Natthinee Sudhinaraset and Yong Poovorawan
Vaccines 2022, 10(7), 1071; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10071071 - 3 Jul 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 5115
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccination is being comprehensively evaluated globally due to waning immunity and the emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate antibody responses in individuals vaccinated with two doses of [...] Read more.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) booster vaccination is being comprehensively evaluated globally due to waning immunity and the emergence of new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate antibody responses in individuals vaccinated with two doses of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine and to explore the boosting effect of the different vaccine platforms in BBIBP-CorV-primed healthy adults, including a viral vector vaccine (AZD122) and mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273). The results showed that in the BBIBP-CorV prime group, the total receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin (Ig) and anti-RBD IgG levels waned significantly at three months after receiving the second dose. However, after the booster, RBD-specific binding antibody levels increased. Neutralizing antibody measured by a surrogate neutralization test showed inhibition over 90% against the SARS-CoV-2 delta variant but less than 70% against the omicron variant after the third dose on day 28. All booster vaccines could induce the total IFN-ɣ T-cell response. The reactogenicity was acceptable and well-tolerated without serious adverse events. This study supports the administration of the third dose with either a viral vector or mRNA vaccine for BBIBP-CorV-primed individuals to stimulate antibody and T-cell responses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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13 pages, 763 KiB  
Article
IgG Antibody Responses and Immune Persistence of Two Doses of BBIBP-CorV Vaccine or CoronaVac Vaccine in People Living with HIV (PLWH) in Shenzhen, China
by Guang Zeng, Liumei Xu, Shuidong Feng, Jie Tang, Xiaohui Wang, Guilian Li, Yongxia Gan, Chenli Zheng, Jin Zhao and Zhengrong Yang
Vaccines 2022, 10(6), 880; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10060880 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2470
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to preliminarily evaluate the immunogenicity and immune persistence of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in PLWH in the real world. We collected blood samples from 132 PLWH aged 18–59 years who were vaccinated with two doses of BBIBP-CorV vaccine [...] Read more.
The purpose of this study was to preliminarily evaluate the immunogenicity and immune persistence of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in PLWH in the real world. We collected blood samples from 132 PLWH aged 18–59 years who were vaccinated with two doses of BBIBP-CorV vaccine (Sinopharm) or CoronaVac vaccine (SinoVac) at 28 ± 7 days and 180 ± 20 days the after second dose, to detect the level of Spike receptor binding domain-protein specific IgG (S-RBD-IgG) by using chemiluminescence. We found that the BBIBP-CorV vaccine or the CoronaVac vaccine induced lower S-RBD-IgG antibody seropositivity rates and levels in PLWH than in healthy controls (HCs). The BBIBP-CorV vaccine or the CoronaVac vaccine induced lower humoral immune responses in PLWH, having lower CD4+T cell counts (<350 cells/μL) compared to PLWH, and having higher CD4+T cell counts (≥350 cells/μL) after a second dose of vaccination. The BBIBP-CorV vaccine or the CoronaVac vaccine induced lower S-RBD-IgG antibody levels in PLWH, having CD4+T cell counts ≥350 cells/μL compared to HCs. No negative effects were observed in terms of the CD4+T cell counts and HIV RNA viral load (VL) of PLWH after vaccination. Ninety-nine PLWH and eighty-three HCs completed a second blood collection for testing; we found a statistically significant decrease in the humoral immune response both in PLWH and HCs from 28 days to 180 days after a second dose of BBIBP-CorV vaccine or CoronaVac vaccine. The S-RBD-IgG antibody induced by the BBIBP-CorV vaccine or the CoronaVac vaccine declined faster in the PLWH population than in the healthy population, and two doses of the BBIBP-CorV vaccine or the CoronaVac vaccine may not be enough to provide PLWH with persistent immunity against SARS-CoV-2. It is necessary for PLWH to be prioritized for a third dose over the healthy population, but the immunogenicity of the third dose of the homologous or heterologous vaccine requires further study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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9 pages, 1907 KiB  
Article
IgG Antibody Response to the Pfizer BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Healthcare Workers with Healthy Weight, Overweight, and Obesity
by John T. Bates, Andrew P. Farmer, Michael A. Bierdeman, Dallas R. Ederer, Lauren S. Carney, Denise D. Montgomery, Seth T. Lirette and Gailen D. Marshall
Vaccines 2022, 10(4), 512; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10040512 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2339
Abstract
Obesity is a significant factor for increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with SARS-CoV-2. Because of the higher potential for negative outcomes following infection of individuals with obesity, the impact of body mass index (BMI) on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy is an important [...] Read more.
Obesity is a significant factor for increased morbidity and mortality upon infection with SARS-CoV-2. Because of the higher potential for negative outcomes following infection of individuals with obesity, the impact of body mass index (BMI) on vaccine immunogenicity and efficacy is an important public health concern. Few studies have measured the magnitude and durability of the vaccine-specific response in relation to BMI. We measured the receptor binding domain (RBD)-specific serum IgG and surrogate neutralizing titers in a cohort of 126 vaccinated individuals with no clinical history or serological evidence of previous SARS-CoV-2 infection 50 and 200 days following vaccination. BMI had no significant impact on RBD-specific IgG titers and surrogate neutralizing titers 50 days following immunization, and leptin levels had no correlation with the response to immunization. Two hundred days following immunization, antibody titers in all groups had declined by approximately 90%. The responses were also similar between male and female participants and did not significantly vary across age groups. These results indicate that the magnitude and durability of the antibody response to mRNA-based vaccines are unaffected by BMI in this cohort. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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Review

Jump to: Research, Other

27 pages, 2159 KiB  
Review
Comparison of COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Myocarditis and Viral Myocarditis Pathology
by Kamron Reza Hamedi, Gannett Loftus, Lawson Traylor, Richard Goodwin and Sergio Arce
Vaccines 2023, 11(2), 362; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020362 - 5 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 4553
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant loss of life and severe disability, justifying the expedited testing and approval of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. While found to be safe and effective, there have been increasing reports of myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administration. [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has led to significant loss of life and severe disability, justifying the expedited testing and approval of messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. While found to be safe and effective, there have been increasing reports of myocarditis after COVID-19 mRNA vaccine administration. The acute events have been severe enough to require admission to the intensive care unit in some, but most patients fully recover with only rare deaths reported. The pathways involved in the development of vaccine-associated myocarditis are highly dependent on the specific vaccine. COVID-19 vaccine-associated myocarditis is believed to be primarily caused by uncontrolled cytokine-mediated inflammation with possible genetic components in the interleukin-6 signaling pathway. There is also a potential autoimmune component via molecular mimicry. Many of these pathways are similar to those seen in viral myocarditis, indicating a common pathophysiology. There is concern for residual cardiac fibrosis and increased risk for the development of cardiomyopathies later in life. This is of particular interest for patients with congenital heart defects who are already at increased risk for fibrotic cardiomyopathies. Though the risk for vaccine-associated myocarditis is important to consider, the risk of viral myocarditis and other injury is far greater with COVID-19 infection. Considering these relative risks, it is still recommended that the general public receive vaccination against COVID-19, and it is particularly important for congenital heart defect patients to receive vaccination for COVID-19. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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Other

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7 pages, 568 KiB  
Brief Report
A Third Dose COVID-19 Vaccination in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Patients
by Marika Watanabe, Kimikazu Yakushijin, Yohei Funakoshi, Goh Ohji, Hiroya Ichikawa, Hironori Sakai, Wataru Hojo, Miki Saeki, Yuri Hirakawa, Sakuya Matsumoto, Rina Sakai, Shigeki Nagao, Akihito Kitao, Yoshiharu Miyata, Taiji Koyama, Yasuyuki Saito, Shinichiro Kawamoto, Katsuya Yamamoto, Mitsuhiro Ito, Tohru Murayama, Hiroshi Matsuoka and Hironobu Minamiadd Show full author list remove Hide full author list
Vaccines 2022, 10(11), 1830; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10111830 - 29 Oct 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1695
Abstract
We previously reported that a second dose of BNT162b2 was safe and effective for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. Here, we investigated the safety and efficacy of a third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in allogeneic HSCT patients. Antibody titers against [...] Read more.
We previously reported that a second dose of BNT162b2 was safe and effective for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) patients. Here, we investigated the safety and efficacy of a third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine in allogeneic HSCT patients. Antibody titers against the S1 spike protein were measured using the QuaResearch COVID-19 Human IgM IgG ELISA kit. The previous study included 25 allogeneic HSCT patients who received two doses of BNT162b2. Following the exclusion of three patients because of the development of COVID-19 (n = 2) and loss to follow-up (n = 1), the study evaluated 22 allogeneic HSCT patients who received a third dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine (BNT162b2 [n = 15] and mRNA-1273 [n = 7]). Median age at the time of the first vaccination was 56 (range, 23–71) years. Five patients were receiving immunosuppressants at the third vaccination, namely calcineurin inhibitors (CI) alone (n = 1), steroids alone (n = 2), or CI combined with steroids (n = 2). Twenty-one patients (95%) seroconverted after the third dose. None of our patients had serious adverse events, new-onset graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), or GVHD exacerbation after vaccination. A third dose of the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccines was safe and effective for allogeneic HSCT patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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8 pages, 600 KiB  
Brief Report
Systemic Cancer Therapy Does Not Significantly Impact Early Vaccine-Elicited SARS-CoV-2 Immunity in Patients with Solid Tumors
by Adam T. Waickman, Joseph Lu, Corey Chase, Hengsheng Fang, Erinn McDowell, Erin Bingham, Jeffrey Bogart, Stephen Graziano, Stephen J. Thomas and Teresa Gentile
Vaccines 2022, 10(5), 738; https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10050738 - 9 May 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1531
Abstract
mRNA vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective in individuals with cancer. It is unclear, however, if systemic anti-cancer therapy impacts the coordinated cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed SARS-CoV-2 [...] Read more.
mRNA vaccines have been shown to be safe and effective in individuals with cancer. It is unclear, however, if systemic anti-cancer therapy impacts the coordinated cellular and humoral immune responses elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines. To fill this knowledge gap, we assessed SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-elicited immunity in a cohort of patients with advanced solid tumors either under observation or receiving systemic anti-cancer therapy. This analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine-elicited cellular and humoral immunity was not significantly different in individuals with cancer receiving systemic anti-cancer therapy relative to individuals under observation. Furthermore, even though some patients exhibited suboptimal antibody titers after vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 specific cellular immune responses were still detected. These data suggest that antibody titers offer an incomplete picture of vaccine-elicited SARS-CoV-2 immunity in cancer patients undergoing active systemic anti-cancer therapy, and that vaccine-elicited cellular immunity exists even in the absence of significant quantities of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Immune Responses to COVID-19 Vaccines)
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