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TropicalMed
Special Issues
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis
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Drug Resistant Tuberculosis

A special issue of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease (ISSN 2414-6366). This special issue belongs to the section "Infectious Diseases".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2023) | Viewed by 13422

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Valeria Rolla

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
Interests: multidrug resistant; tuberculosis; rifampicin-resistant; MDR drugs; treatment outcomes
Dr. Felipe Ridolfi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
National Institute of Infecitous Disease Evandro Chagas - Fiocruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, RJ, Brazil
Interests: tuberculosis; HIV; AIDS; TB-HIV; resistant-TB; MDR-TB; treatment; outcomes
Dr. Pruthu Thekkur

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75000 Paris, France
Interests: tuberculosis; operational research; HIV/AIDS; qualitative research; implementation research; primary care; public health
Dr. Divya Nair

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Centre for Operational Research, International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (The Union), 75000 Paris, France
Interests: tuberculosis; HIV-AIDS; antimicrobial resistance; vulnerable groups; COVID

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a threat to tuberculosis (TB) control. The disease is more aggressive, the lung damage is worse, the duration of therapy is much longer, and the adherence to treatment is low. Nowadays, advances in diagnosis techiniques allows for faster dectetion of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance trough genotyping tests.  Although shorter, more effective treatment regimens, only with orally taken drugs, are already avaiable, most countries with a high burden of TB have not yet incorporated them. The traditional regimen to treat MDR-TB is a 18–24 months long regimen, and the expected cure rates are low (WHO = 59%). One of the greatest challenges to TB treatment outcome, especially in resistant TB cases, is loss to follow-up—due to the risk of acquiring or accumulating resistances and due to transmission cycle maintenace. Some factors, such as people who live in the streets and drug users, are especially challenging, and other aspects out of the therapy itself are of high interest to improve adherence and decrease unfavorable outcomes rates. Therefore, this Special Issue, “Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis”, invites submissions of studies addressing resistant TB treatment outcomes, as well as factors related to unfavorable outcomes that could potentially include clinical characteristics, diagnosis, phamacokinetics of drugs, and outcomes, especially loss to follow-up, to guide new potential approaches and for a better understanding of the challenges managing resistant TB cases.

Dr. Valeria Rolla
Dr. Felipe Ridolfi
Dr. Pruthu Thekkur
Dr. Divya Nair
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 907 KiB  
Article
Genomic Sequencing Profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mandalay Region, Myanmar
by Aye Nyein Phyu, Si Thu Aung, Prasit Palittapongarnpim, Kyaw Ko Ko Htet, Surakameth Mahasirimongkol, Wuthiwat Ruangchai, Bharkbhoom Jaemsai, Htin Lin Aung, Htet Myat Win Maung, Angkana Chaiprasert, Petchawan Pungrassami and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(4), 239; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8040239 - 21 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1841
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize whole-genome sequencing (WGS) information of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the Mandalay region of Myanmar. It was a cross-sectional study conducted with 151 Mtb isolates obtained from the fourth nationwide anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug-resistance survey. Frequency of lineages 1, 2, [...] Read more.
This study aimed to characterize whole-genome sequencing (WGS) information of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the Mandalay region of Myanmar. It was a cross-sectional study conducted with 151 Mtb isolates obtained from the fourth nationwide anti-tuberculosis (TB) drug-resistance survey. Frequency of lineages 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 55, 65, 9, and 22, respectively. The most common sublineage was L1.1.3.1 (n = 31). Respective multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) frequencies were 1, 1, 0, and 0. Four clusters of 3 (L2), 2 (L4), 2 (L1), and 2 (L2) isolates defined by a 20-single-nucleotide variant (SNV) cutoff were detected. Simpson’s index for sublineages was 0.0709. Such high diversity suggests that the area probably had imported Mtb from many geographical sources. Relatively few genetic clusters and MDR-TB suggest there is a chance the future control will succeed if it is carried out properly. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)
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16 pages, 1438 KiB  
Article
Diagnosis and Treatment Pathway of MDR/RR-TB in Taizhou, Zhejiang Province, China
by Jingting Lu, Yuanyuan Xu, Zhipeng Li, Xiaoxiao Chen, Haijiang Lin and Qi Zhao
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2023, 8(2), 79; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed8020079 - 21 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1348
Abstract
This study aims to understand MDR/RR-TB patients’ experience from seeking TB-related health care to diagnosis and treatment completion, as well as the social determinants with the waiting time for DST and treatment, pre-treatment attrition, and treatment outcome based on a retrospective cohort study. [...] Read more.
This study aims to understand MDR/RR-TB patients’ experience from seeking TB-related health care to diagnosis and treatment completion, as well as the social determinants with the waiting time for DST and treatment, pre-treatment attrition, and treatment outcome based on a retrospective cohort study. Univariate and multi-variate logistic regressions were used to analyze the associated factors. The median time of waiting time for DST and treatment was 24.00 and 30.00 days, respectively. Non-residential patients (aOR: 2.89, 95% CI: 1.14–7.70), registered before 2018 (aOR: 19.93, 95% CI: 8.99–48.51), first visited a county-level hospital (aOR: 4.65, 95% CI: 1.08–21.67), sputum smear-negative (aOR: 3.54, 95% CI: 1.28–10.16), and comorbid with pneumoconiosis (aOR: 7.10, 95% CI: 1.23–47.98) had a longer DST delay. The pre-treatment attrition was 26.9% (82/305). Elderly, non-residential patients and patients registered before 2018 were more likely to refuse MDR/RR treatment. However, in housekeeping/unemployment and farmer/fisherman, recurrent patients tended to take therapeutic measures actively. The successful treatment rate was 62.1% (105/169). Elderly, comorbidity with diabetes and sputum smear conversion time >1 month may lead to poorer outcomes. Immediate interventions should be taken to smooth diagnosis and treatment pathways and improve the social protections further so as to encourage patients to cooperate with the treatment actively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)
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12 pages, 570 KiB  
Article
Distribution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Lineages and Drug Resistance in Upper Myanmar
by Aye Nyein Phyu, Si Thu Aung, Prasit Palittapongarnpim, Kyaw Ko Ko Htet, Surakameth Mahasirimongkol, Htin Lin Aung, Angkana Chaiprasert and Virasakdi Chongsuvivatwong
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(12), 448; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7120448 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2717
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is divided into 9 whole genome sequencing (WGS) lineages. Among them, lineages 1–4 are widely distributed. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health threat. For effective TB control, there is a need to obtain genetic information on [...] Read more.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) is divided into 9 whole genome sequencing (WGS) lineages. Among them, lineages 1–4 are widely distributed. Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a major public health threat. For effective TB control, there is a need to obtain genetic information on lineages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and to understand distribution of lineages and drug resistance. This study aimed to describe the distribution of major lineages and drug resistance patterns of Mtb in Upper Myanmar. This was a cross-sectional study conducted with 506 sequenced isolates. We found that the most common lineage was lineage 2 (n = 223, 44.1%). The most common drug resistance mutation found was streptomycin (n = 44, 8.7%). Lineage 2 showed a higher number of MDR-TB compared to other lineages. There were significant associations between lineages of Mtb and drug resistance patterns, and between lineages and geographical locations of Upper Myanmar (p value < 0.001). This information on the distribution of Mtb lineages across the geographical areas will support a lot for the better understanding of TB transmission and control in Myanmar and other neighboring countries. Therefore, closer collaboration in cross border tuberculosis control is recommended. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)
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10 pages, 1726 KiB  
Article
Trend and Spatial Distribution of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Liberty-Deprived Populations in the State of Paraná, Brazil
by Márcio Souza dos Santos, Thaís Zamboni Berra, Alessandro Rolim Scholze, Felipe Mendes Delpino, Antônio Carlos Vieira Ramos, Yan Mathias Alves, Fernanda Bruzadelli Paulino da Costa, Juliane de Almeida Crispim, Clóvis Luciano Giacomet, Heriederson Sávio Dias Moura, Titilade Kehinde Ayandeyi Teibo, Ana Carolina Silva Peres, Giselle Lima de Freitas, Flávia Meneguetti Pieri and Ricardo Alexandre Arcêncio
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(10), 266; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100266 - 25 Sep 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1584
Abstract
(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. This study evaluated the temporal trends, distribution, and spatial associations of drug-resistant tuberculosis in liberty-deprived populations in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (2) Methods: An ecological study was developed using all cases [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Tuberculosis remains a public health problem in the world. This study evaluated the temporal trends, distribution, and spatial associations of drug-resistant tuberculosis in liberty-deprived populations in the state of Paraná, Brazil. (2) Methods: An ecological study was developed using all cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments reported by the Brazilian Notifiable Diseases Information System between 2008 and 2018. For the time trend, the Prais–Winsten method was used. To verify the spatial association, the Getis–Ord Gi* technique was used. (3) Results: During the study period, 653 cases of tuberculosis were reported in the studied population, of which 98 (15%) were drug-resistant. Prais–Winsten autoregression identified an increasing trend, with APC = 15.08% (95% CI: 0.02–0.09) from 2008 to 2018; when analyzed from 2012 to 2018, the trend increased even more, with APC = 23.31% (95% CI: 0.01–0.16). Hotspots were also noted in the north, east, and west macro-regions of the state. (4) Conclusions: The presence of drug-resistant tuberculosis, as well as an increasing trend of these cases, was evidenced in all regions of the state among liberty-deprived populations,. The spatial analysis revealed priority areas for drug-resistant tuberculosis in penal establishments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)
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12 pages, 407 KiB  
Article
The Characteristics and Patterns of Drug-Resistant Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Eastern India
by Vishal Prakash Giri, Om Prakash Giri, Pooja Tripathi Pandey, Kripa Nath Mishra, Ram Shanker Prasad, Prabhat Kumar Lal, Rana Pratap, Nishant Nikhil, Abu Sufian, Reyaz Ahmad and Shubhra Kanodia
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(9), 244; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7090244 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3224
Abstract
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major public health problem throughout the world and accounts for substantial morbidity and mortality rates in India, too. Early diagnosis is the corner stone of tuberculosis treatment. State-level and cluster-wise variations in drug resistance is a possibility and [...] Read more.
Background: Drug-resistant tuberculosis is a major public health problem throughout the world and accounts for substantial morbidity and mortality rates in India, too. Early diagnosis is the corner stone of tuberculosis treatment. State-level and cluster-wise variations in drug resistance is a possibility and should be regularly checked in from time to time. Materials and Methods: The present prospective cohort study (January 2019 to May 2022) was conducted in Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital on drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Sputum specimens were collected from designated centers. Rapid molecular drug-resistance testing (genotypic tests) and growth-based drug-susceptibility testing (DST) (phenotypic tests) were performed in the National Tuberculosis Elimination Program certified Laboratory. Results: A total of 268 patients with drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis were included in the study group. The treatment outcomes revealed as cured in 100 (37.31%); treatment completed in 43 (16.04%); died in 56 (20.89%); treatment failed in 22 (8.21%); loss of follow up in 34 (12.69%); and transferred out in 13 (4.85%) drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Adverse events were recorded in 199 (74.25%) of the drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Conclusions: Drug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis patients are a matter of concern and need to be addressed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)
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9 pages, 621 KiB  
Protocol
Transcriptional Biomarkers for Treatment Monitoring of Pulmonary Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis: Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study in Indonesia
by Ida Parwati, Dian Ayu Eka Pitaloka and Lidya Chaidir
Trop. Med. Infect. Dis. 2022, 7(11), 326; https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7110326 - 22 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1344
Abstract
Many blood-based gene expression biomarkers for monitoring tuberculosis (TB) treatment have been suggested so far, but promising biomarker results for drug-resistant TB treatment response have not been studied. This protocol presents a prospective observational study in Indonesia to profile the human blood transcriptome [...] Read more.
Many blood-based gene expression biomarkers for monitoring tuberculosis (TB) treatment have been suggested so far, but promising biomarker results for drug-resistant TB treatment response have not been studied. This protocol presents a prospective observational study in Indonesia to profile the human blood transcriptome for predicting the response to drug-resistant TB treatment, focusing on pulmonary TB, and to adapt the specific RNA signature to the qRT-PCR platform. Longitudinal blood samples will be collected from 44 subjects with rifampicin resistant TB, confirmed by Xpert MTB/RIF, and 52 healthy controls. RNA-Seq will be performed to identify changes in the transcriptome following TB treatment. A discriminative RNA signature will be chosen and translated into a score for use in a quantitative PCR-based assay. This study will provide crucial information to guide the discovery and design of a clinically implementable tool to monitor the response of TB treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Resistant Tuberculosis)
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